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C1 noun 9分钟阅读

διαφθορά

corruption

At the A1 level, 'διαφθορά' is a very difficult word that you probably won't use. You can think of it as 'bad people doing bad things for money.' It is a long word, so just remember it means 'corruption.' You might hear it on the news. In simple terms: 'Bad people take money' = Διαφθορά. For now, focus on simpler words like 'κακός' (bad) or 'λεφτά' (money). If you see this word, just know it's about something not honest.
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At the A2 level, you can start to recognize 'διαφθορά' in newspapers or news titles. It is a feminine noun: η διαφθορά. You can use it in simple sentences like 'Η διαφθορά είναι κακή' (Corruption is bad). You might learn that it is related to politics. It is a 'big' word for a 'big' problem. It's helpful to know it's the opposite of being 'honest' (τίμιος).
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'διαφθορά' in discussions about social problems. You know it means corruption and is used for politicians or businesses. You can say 'Πολλοί άνθρωποι μιλούν για τη διαφθορά' (Many people talk about corruption). You start to see it in phrases like 'κατά της διαφθοράς' (against corruption). You also understand that it's a serious word, not used for small mistakes.
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At the B2 level, you can use 'διαφθορά' fluently in essays and debates. You understand collocations like 'πολιτική διαφθορά' (political corruption) and 'καταπολέμηση της διαφθοράς' (combating corruption). You can explain why corruption is a problem for a country's economy. You also know the adjective 'διεφθαρμένος' (corrupt) and can use it to describe a person or a system. You are aware of its etymological connection to decay.
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At the C1 level, you have a deep understanding of 'διαφθορά.' You use it to describe systemic issues, moral decay, and institutional failures. You can distinguish it from synonyms like 'δωροδοκία' (bribery) or 'σήψη' (rot). You use the genitive case with precision (e.g., 'η διαφθορά των συνειδήσεων'). You can discuss the 'Transparency International' reports in Greek and use the word in complex legal or sociological contexts. You also know not to use it for computer data (using 'αλλοίωση' instead).
At the C2 level, you use 'διαφθορά' with native-like nuance. You understand its philosophical implications and its use in historical texts to describe the decline of civilizations. You can use derivative forms and rare synonyms like 'εκφαυλισμός.' You are comfortable with the word in all registers, from high-level academic discourse to cynical street slang. You can analyze the 'structure of corruption' (η δομή της διαφθοράς) and its impact on the 'social fabric' (κοινωνικός ιστός) with ease.
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例句

διαφθορά 30秒了解

  • Διαφθορά means corruption, primarily used in political and moral contexts to describe dishonesty and the abuse of power for personal gain.
  • It is a feminine noun (η διαφθορά) stressed on the last syllable, derived from the ancient Greek word for decay or destruction.
  • Commonly paired with verbs like 'καταπολεμώ' (fight) and 'πατάσσω' (suppress), it is a central theme in Greek news and social discourse.
  • While it translates to 'corruption,' it is not used for computer files in Greek; for that, use 'αλλοίωση' or 'καταστροφή' instead.

The Greek word διαφθορά (pronounced thia-ftho-RÁ) is a heavyweight noun in the Greek language, primarily denoting the concept of corruption. While in English 'corruption' can refer to a computer file or a political scandal, in Greek, the word carries a profound etymological weight rooted in the concept of 'decay' or 'total destruction.' It is derived from the ancient verb διαφθείρω (diaphtheirō), where the prefix δια- suggests a sense of completion or 'throughout,' and φθείρω means to ruin, destroy, or spoil. Therefore, at its core, διαφθορά is the state of something being thoroughly spoiled or morally ruined.

Political Context
In modern Greece, this is the most frequent usage. It refers to the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It covers everything from 'fakelaki' (small envelopes with bribes) to multi-million euro state contract scandals. When Greeks talk about the 'system,' the word διαφθορά is almost always the centerpiece of the critique.
Moral and Ethical Context
Beyond money, it describes the erosion of values. Phrases like 'διαφθορά των συνειδήσεων' (corruption of consciences) or 'διαφθορά των ηθών' (corruption of morals) suggest a societal rot where integrity is replaced by opportunism.

Η διαφθορά στην πολιτική ζωή του τόπου αποτελεί το μεγαλύτερο εμπόδιο για την ανάπτυξη. (Corruption in the political life of the country constitutes the greatest obstacle to development.)

The word is also used in biological or physical contexts, though less frequently in common daily speech compared to its metaphorical counterparts. It can refer to the decomposition of organic matter, echoing its ancient roots where it described the 'spoiling' of food or the 'wasting away' of a body. In a legal sense, specifically in the Greek Penal Code, you will encounter terms like 'διαφθορά ανηλίκων' (corruption of minors), which is a serious criminal offense involving the moral perversion of young people.

Η διαφθορά διαβρώνει τα θεμέλια της δημοκρατίας. (Corruption erodes the foundations of democracy.)

Social Perception
In the Greek consciousness, διαφθορά is often viewed as a systemic 'disease' (νόσος). It is not seen as an isolated incident but as a structural failure that requires 'κάθαρση' (catharsis/purification) to be resolved.

Ultimately, to master this word at a C1 level, one must understand its gravity. It is not just 'dishonesty'; it is a fundamental breakdown of the social contract. Whether you are reading an editorial in 'Kathimerini' or listening to a heated debate at a café in Syntagma Square, διαφθορά is the word that captures the frustration of a citizenry against perceived unfairness and institutional decay.

Using διαφθορά correctly requires an understanding of its syntax and the verbs it typically attracts. As a feminine noun ending in -α, it follows the standard first declension pattern (η διαφθορά, της διαφθοράς, τη διαφθορά). Because it is an abstract concept, it is almost always used with the definite article.

As a Subject
When the word initiates the action, it is often personified as a force that destroys or spreads.

Η διαφθορά εξαπλώθηκε σε όλα τα επίπεδα της δημόσιας διοίκησης. (Corruption spread to all levels of public administration.)

As an Object
Common verbs used with it include 'πατάσσω' (to strike/suppress), 'καταγγέλλω' (to denounce), and 'αντιμετωπίζω' (to face/deal with).

Η κυβέρνηση υποσχέθηκε να πατάξει τη διαφθορά με νέα νομοθετικά μέτρα. (The government promised to suppress corruption with new legislative measures.)

In C1-level writing, you should aim for more complex structures using the genitive case to describe the 'corruption of' something specific. For example, 'η διαφθορά των θεσμών' (the corruption of institutions). This indicates that the institutions themselves have become corrupt. Alternatively, you can use it after prepositions like 'λόγω' (due to) or 'κατά' (against).

Consider the following variations to enrich your Greek prose:

  • Genitive of Origin: Τα κέρδη της διαφθοράς (The profits of corruption).
  • Prepositional Phrase: Αγώνας κατά της διαφθοράς (Fight against corruption).
  • Compound Adjectives: Διαφθοροποιός (Corruption-inducing - rare/literary).

Δεν υπάρχει τίποτα πιο επικίνδυνο για μια κοινωνία από τη γενικευμένη διαφθορά. (There is nothing more dangerous for a society than generalized corruption.)

When writing about history, 'διαφθορά' is often used to explain the fall of empires, such as the Roman Empire. In this context, it implies a loss of the original virtues that made the empire strong. You might say: 'Η εσωτερική διαφθορά οδήγησε στην κατάρρευση της αυτοκρατορίας' (Internal corruption led to the collapse of the empire).

If you live in Greece or follow Greek media, διαφθορά is unavoidable. It is a staple of the evening news (τα δελτία των οκτώ), political talk shows, and investigative journalism. However, its presence isn't limited to formal broadcasts; it permeates daily life in various shades.

In the Media
Headline: 'Έκθεση-κόλαφος για τη διαφθορά στην Ελλάδα' (Scathing report on corruption in Greece). You will often see it linked with international organizations like Transparency International (Διεθνής Διαφάνεια).

Σύμφωνα με τον δείκτη αντίληψης της διαφθοράς, η χώρα μας σημείωσε μικρή βελτίωση. (According to the corruption perception index, our country noted a slight improvement.)

In Legal and Police Reports
There is a specific police unit called 'Διεύθυνση Εσωτερικών Υποθέσεων,' often referred to by the public as 'οι Αδιάφθοροι' (The Untouchables/Incorruptibles), who handle cases of police corruption.

In casual conversation, Greeks might use 'διαφθορά' to express cynical resignation. When someone gets a job through 'μέσον' (nepotism/connections) or when a public project is delayed for years, a typical comment might be: 'Παντού υπάρχει διαφθορά' (Corruption is everywhere). Here, it serves as a catch-all term for the lack of meritocracy (αξιοκρατία).

Literature and cinema also frequently explore the theme. From the tragedies of ancient Greece (though they used different terms for specific types of ruin) to modern Greek noir novels, the 'διεφθαρμένος' (corrupt) protagonist is a common trope. In these stories, διαφθορά is the antagonist—an invisible, pervasive force that the hero must navigate or succumb to.

Η ταινία αναδεικνύει το βάθος της κοινωνικής διαφθοράς. (The movie highlights the depth of social corruption.)

Finally, in academic circles—specifically sociology and political science—'διαφθορά' is analyzed as a 'systemic phenomenon' (συστημικό φαινόμενο). You will hear professors discussing 'θεσμική διαφθορά' (institutional corruption) and its impact on 'κοινωνική συνοχή' (social cohesion). This level of usage is precisely what a C1 learner should aim for: moving from the simple 'bad behavior' to a structural analysis.

Even advanced learners can stumble when using διαφθορά. Because the word exists in English as 'corruption,' there is a tendency to use it as an exact one-to-one mapping, which isn't always correct in Greek.

Mistake 1: Computer Files
In English, you can say 'the file is corrupted.' In Greek, you cannot say 'το αρχείο έχει διαφθορά.' Instead, you use the verb 'αλλοιώνομαι' (to be altered/spoiled) or 'καταστρέφομαι' (to be destroyed). So, it's 'κατεστραμμένο αρχείο' (corrupted/destroyed file).

Incorrect: Η διαφθορά των δεδομένων.
Correct: Η αλλοίωση των δεδομένων.

Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Δωροδοκία'
Learners often use 'διαφθορά' when they specifically mean 'bribery.' While 'διαφθορά' is the general state, 'δωροδοκία' is the specific act of giving money. If you want to say 'He was arrested for taking a bribe,' use 'δωροληψία' (receiving a bribe) or 'δωροδοκία' (giving/taking a bribe), not 'διαφθορά.'

Another common error involves the adjective. The adjective for 'corrupt' is διεφθαρμένος. However, there is another related word, φθαρμένος, which means 'worn out' (like old clothes or tires). Calling a politician 'φθαρμένος' means they are politically 'worn out' or 'exhausted,' whereas 'διεφθαρμένος' means they are morally 'corrupt.' It's a subtle but vital distinction in political commentary.

Προσοχή: Διεφθαρμένος (corrupt) vs Φθαρμένος (worn out).

Finally, avoid using 'διαφθορά' to describe simple mistakes or errors. If a process is inefficient, it's 'αναποτελεσματικότητα' (inefficiency). Only use 'διαφθορά' if there is an element of moral failing or illegal gain involved. Using it too lightly can sound overly dramatic or accusatory in the wrong context.

To achieve a C1 level of fluency, you must be able to swap διαφθορά with more specific or more evocative terms depending on the register. Here are the most common alternatives and how they differ:

Σήψη (Sipsi) - Rot/Putrefaction
This is a very powerful, metaphorical synonym. It literally means the biological rotting of meat. In politics, it implies a state of corruption so advanced that the system is 'smelling' and falling apart. Example: Η σήψη του πολιτικού συστήματος.
Χρηματισμός (Chrimatismos) - Money-taking
This is a more formal and specific term for bribery or being 'on the take.' It focuses strictly on the financial aspect. Example: Κατηγορείται για χρηματισμό.
Εξαχρείωση (Exachreiosi) - Degradation/Depravity
This refers to the moral corruption of a person's character. It's often used when discussing the negative influence of certain environments or habits. Example: Η ηθική εξαχρείωση της κοινωνίας.

Η λέξη αδιαφάνεια (lack of transparency) χρησιμοποιείται συχνά ως ευφημισμός για τη διαφθορά.

Another important word is αδιαφάνεια (lack of transparency). While not a synonym for corruption, they are 'cousins.' In Greek political discourse, 'αδιαφάνεια' is often the condition that allows 'διαφθορά' to flourish. If a government is accused of 'αδιαφάνεια,' the implication is that they are hiding 'διαφθορά.'

If you want to sound more literary, you can use αποχαλίνωση (unbridledness/excess), though this refers more to a lack of restraint in behavior rather than institutional corruption. For a very formal, almost archaic tone, εκφαυλισμός (debasement) can be used to describe the corrupting influence of something on the public's morals.

Η συναλλαγή (transaction) χρησιμοποιείται υποτιμητικά για να δηλώσει τη διαπλοκή (collusion/interweaving of interests).

Mastering these nuances allows you to describe different 'flavors' of corruption. You aren't just saying things are 'bad' anymore; you are specifying whether they are 'rotting' (σήψη), 'money-driven' (χρηματισμός), or 'lacking clarity' (αδιαφάνεια).

发音指南

UK /ði.af.θo.ˈra/
US /ði.ɑf.θo.ˈrɑ/
The stress is on the fourth and final syllable: ra (ρά).
押韵词
φορά (time/tur
常见错误
  • Stressing the second syllable (like the English 'corruption').
  • Pronouncing the 'δ' as a hard 'd' instead of 'th'.
  • Merging the 'φ' and 'θ' sounds into a single blurry sound.
  • Forgetting the definite article 'η' in front of the noun.
  • Confusing the pronunciation with 'διαφορά' (difference), which has an 'α' instead of 'θ'.
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按水平分级的例句

1

Η διαφθορά είναι κακό πράγμα.

Corruption is a bad thing.

Simple subject-verb-complement structure.

2

Δεν μου αρέσει η διαφθορά.

I do not like corruption.

Use of the definite article 'η' is mandatory.

3

Είναι η διαφθορά πρόβλημα;

Is corruption a problem?

Simple question structure.

4

Η διαφθορά έχει πολλά λεφτά.

Corruption has a lot of money.

Third person singular of 'έχω'.

5

Βλέπω τη διαφθορά στις ειδήσεις.

I see corruption on the news.

Accusative case 'τη διαφθορά'.

6

Η διαφθορά είναι παντού.

Corruption is everywhere.

Use of the adverb 'παντού'.

7

Λέμε όχι στη διαφθορά.

We say no to corruption.

Preposition 'στη' (to the).

8

Η διαφθορά σταματάει εδώ.

Corruption stops here.

Present tense verb 'σταματάει'.

1

Η πολιτική διαφθορά βλάπτει τη χώρα.

Political corruption harms the country.

Adjective 'πολιτική' matching the feminine noun.

2

Πρέπει να σταματήσουμε τη διαφθορά.

We must stop corruption.

Modal verb 'πρέπει' + subjunctive.

3

Υπάρχει πολλή διαφθορά στην πόλη.

There is much corruption in the city.

Adjective 'πολλή' (feminine) vs 'πολύ' (adverb).

4

Διάβασα ένα βιβλίο για τη διαφθορά.

I read a book about corruption.

Preposition 'για' takes the accusative.

5

Η διαφθορά είναι ένα σοβαρό θέμα.

Corruption is a serious issue.

Adjective 'σοβαρό' modifying 'θέμα'.

6

Οι άνθρωποι μισούν τη διαφθορά.

People hate corruption.

Plural subject 'οι άνθρωποι'.

7

Η αστυνομία πολεμάει τη διαφθορά.

The police fight corruption.

Verb 'πολεμάω' + accusative.

8

Η διαφθορά φέρνει φτώχεια.

Corruption brings poverty.

Simple cause-effect sentence.

1

Η διαφθορά των πολιτικών εξοργίζει τους πολίτες.

The corruption of politicians enrages the citizens.

Genitive plural 'των πολιτικών'.

2

Είναι δύσκολο να νικήσεις τη διαφθορά.

It is difficult to defeat corruption.

Impersonal expression 'είναι δύσκολο'.

3

Η διαφθορά επηρεάζει την οικονομία της Ελλάδας.

Corruption affects the economy of Greece.

Verb 'επηρεάζω' (to affect).

4

Χρειαζόμαστε διαφάνεια για να μειωθεί η διαφθορά.

We need transparency for corruption to be reduced.

Subjunctive passive 'να μειωθεί'.

5

Η διαφθορά δεν είναι μόνο ελληνικό φαινόμενο.

Corruption is not only a Greek phenomenon.

Adjective 'ελληνικό' modifying 'φαινόμενο'.

6

Οι νόμοι κατά της διαφθοράς πρέπει να είναι αυστηροί.

The laws against corruption must be strict.

Preposition 'κατά' + genitive.

7

Η διαφθορά καταστρέφει την εμπιστοσύνη μας.

Corruption destroys our trust.

Abstract noun 'εμπιστοσύνη'.

8

Ακούμε συχνά για σκάνδαλα διαφθοράς.

We often hear about corruption scandals.

Genitive of category 'σκάνδαλα διαφθοράς'.

1

Η καταπολέμηση της διαφθοράς απαιτεί πολιτική βούληση.

Combating corruption requires political will.

Noun 'καταπολέμηση' (combating).

2

Η διαφθορά έχει ριζώσει βαθιά στο σύστημα.

Corruption has taken deep root in the system.

Perfect tense 'έχει ριζώσει'.

3

Οι διεφθαρμένοι υπάλληλοι απολύθηκαν αμέσως.

The corrupt employees were fired immediately.

Adjective 'διεφθαρμένος' (corrupt).

4

Η διαφθορά υπονομεύει τους δημοκρατικούς θεσμούς.

Corruption undermines democratic institutions.

Verb 'υπονομεύω' (to undermine).

5

Πολλές επενδύσεις χάνονται λόγω της διαφθοράς.

Many investments are lost due to corruption.

Preposition 'λόγω' + genitive.

6

Η κοινωνική διαφθορά ξεκινά από την παιδεία.

Social corruption starts from education.

Noun 'παιδεία' (education/upbringing).

7

Η διαφθορά των ηθών οδηγεί στην παρακμή.

The corruption of morals leads to decline.

Genitive plural 'των ηθών'.

8

Υπάρχουν σοβαρές καταγγελίες για διαφθορά.

There are serious allegations of corruption.

Noun 'καταγγελίες' (allegations/complaints).

1

Η διαφθορά αποτελεί τροχοπέδη για την οικονομική ανάπτυξη.

Corruption constitutes a brake on economic growth.

Metaphorical use of 'τροχοπέδη' (brake/obstacle).

2

Η διαφθορά των συνειδήσεων είναι η χειρότερη μορφή σήψης.

The corruption of consciences is the worst form of rot.

Abstract genitive 'των συνειδήσεων'.

3

Η θεσμική διαφθορά διαβρώνει την κοινωνική συνοχή.

Institutional corruption erodes social cohesion.

Verb 'διαβρώνω' (to erode).

4

Είναι επιτακτική η ανάγκη για την πάταξη της διαφθοράς.

The need for the suppression of corruption is imperative.

Adjective 'επιτακτική' (imperative).

5

Η διαφθορά συχνά καλύπτεται πίσω από νόμιμες διαδικασίες.

Corruption is often covered behind legal procedures.

Passive voice 'καλύπτεται'.

6

Το κράτος δικαίου απειλείται από τη γενικευμένη διαφθορά.

The rule of law is threatened by generalized corruption.

Phrase 'κράτος δικαίου' (rule of law).

7

Η διαφθορά ανηλίκων είναι ένα ειδεχθές έγκλημα.

The corruption of minors is a heinous crime.

Legal term 'διαφθορά ανηλίκων'.

8

Η διαπλοκή και η διαφθορά συμβαδίζουν συχνά.

Collusion and corruption often go hand in hand.

Verb 'συμβαδίζω' (to walk together/go hand in hand).

1

Η διαφθορά εκλαμβάνεται ως ενδημικό χαρακτηριστικό του συστήματος.

Corruption is perceived as an endemic characteristic of the system.

Passive verb 'εκλαμβάνεται' (to be perceived/taken as).

2

Η ηθική διαφθορά προηγείται συνήθως της πολιτικής κατάρρευσης.

Moral corruption usually precedes political collapse.

Verb 'προηγείται' (to precede) + genitive.

3

Η ρητορική κατά της διαφθοράς συχνά στερείται ουσίας.

Rhetoric against corruption often lacks substance.

Verb 'στερείται' (to lack) + genitive.

4

Η διαφθορά λειτουργεί ως μηχανισμός αναδιανομής πλούτου προσόδου.

Corruption functions as a mechanism for the redistribution of rent-seeking wealth.

Academic term 'πλούτος προσόδου' (rent wealth).

5

Η εξάλειψη της διαφθοράς απαιτεί ριζική αναδιάρθρωση των θεσμών.

The elimination of corruption requires radical restructuring of institutions.

Noun 'εξάλειψη' (elimination).

6

Η διαφθορά διαποτίζει τον κοινωνικό ιστό, καθιστώντας την κάθαρση αδύνατη.

Corruption permeates the social fabric, making catharsis impossible.

Verb 'διαποτίζω' (to permeate/soak through).

7

Παρατηρείται μια ανησυχητική έξαρση της διαφθοράς στον ιδιωτικό τομέα.

A worrying surge of corruption is observed in the private sector.

Noun 'έξαρση' (surge/outbreak).

8

Η διαφθορά είναι το τίμημα της απουσίας ελεγκτικών μηχανισμών.

Corruption is the price of the absence of oversight mechanisms.

Phrase 'ελεγκτικοί μηχανισμοί' (oversight mechanisms).

常见搭配

πολιτική διαφθορά
καταπολέμηση της διαφθοράς
σκάνδαλο διαφθοράς
δείκτης διαφθοράς
διαφθορά ανηλίκων
γενικευμένη διαφθορά
πάταξη της διαφθοράς
θύμα διαφθοράς
διαφθορά των θεσμών
εστία διαφθοράς

常用短语

βουτηγμένος στη διαφθορά

η διαφθορά ξεκινά από το κεφάλι

μηδενική ανοχή στη διαφθορά

το σαράκι της διαφθοράς

διαφθορά και διαπλοκή

καταγγελία για διαφθορά

υπόθεση διαφθοράς

κύκλωμα διαφθοράς

ρίζες της διαφθοράς

διαφθορά των συνειδήσεων

习语与表达

"τα παίρνω"

To take (bribes). The most common informal way to say someone is corrupt.

Όλοι ξέρουν ότι ο δήμαρχος 'τα παίρνει'.

Informal

"λαδώνω"

To oil (someone). This means to bribe someone to 'grease the wheels.'

Έπρεπε να τον λαδώσω για να πάρω την άδεια.

Informal/Slang

"φακελάκι"

Little envelope. The iconic Greek idiom for a bribe given to doctors or officials.

Του ζήτησαν φακελάκι για το χειρουργείο.

Colloquial

"κάνω τα στραβά μάτια"

To turn a blind eye. Often part of a corrupt deal.

Έκανε τα στραβά μάτια και πήρε το μερίδιό του.

Informal

"φάγανε, φάγανε, φάγανε"

They ate, they ate, they ate. Referring to politicians stealing public money.

Όλοι οι πολιτικοί τα φάγανε.

Slang/Cynical

"μαζί τα φάγαμε"

We ate them together. A famous controversial phrase by a politician implying shared responsibility for corruption.

Η φράση 'μαζί τα φάγαμε' έμεινε στην ιστορία.

Political/Historical

"στήνω το παιχνίδι"

To rig the game. Refers to corrupt fixing of results or contracts.

Το παιχνίδι ήταν στημένο από την αρχή.

Informal

"κάτω από το τραπέζι"

Under the table. Secret, corrupt transactions.

Η συμφωνία έγινε κάτω από το τραπέζι.

Neutral/Informal

"μιλημένος"

Spoken for/Tipped off. Someone who has been contacted as part of a corrupt deal.

Ο διαιτητής ήταν μιλημένος.

Slang

"αρπάχτη"

A 'grab.' A quick, often corrupt way to make a lot of money illegally.

Έκανε μια αρπάχτη και έφυγε στο εξωτερικό.

Slang
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