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B2 adjective #25,000 最常用 15分钟阅读

troposphere

例句
解析 troposphere in your Level:
The troposphere is the air that is all around us. It is the part of the sky where we live. When you look up and see blue sky or white clouds, you are looking at the troposphere. It is very important because it has the oxygen we need to breathe. It also has the water that makes rain. Most birds fly in this part of the air. It starts at the ground and goes up very high, about where big airplanes fly. When it is a sunny day or a rainy day, that is happening in the troposphere. It is the lowest part of the Earth's air. Think of it like the first floor of a very tall building made of air. We spend all of our time here. Without the troposphere, there would be no weather and no life on Earth. It is the layer of air that touches the grass, the trees, and the ocean. Even though we cannot see the air, it is very thick here compared to the space where stars are. The air here is warm near the ground and gets colder as you go up high, like on a big mountain.
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The troposphere is the first layer of the atmosphere around the Earth. It is the place where all our weather happens. If you see clouds, rain, or snow, it is all inside the troposphere. It is the densest layer, which means it has the most air molecules. About eighty percent of all the air on Earth is in this layer. It starts at the surface of the Earth and goes up to about ten or twelve kilometers. This is also the layer where most airplanes fly, although some very big planes fly at the very top of it. In the troposphere, the temperature usually gets colder as you go higher up. This is why there is often snow on top of high mountains even in the summer. It is a very busy place with lots of moving air. This moving air creates wind. The troposphere also contains almost all the water vapor in the atmosphere. This water vapor is what makes clouds and rain. It is the only layer of the atmosphere where humans can breathe normally.
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The troposphere is the lowest and most important layer of Earth's atmosphere for living things. It extends from the Earth's surface up to an average height of about twelve kilometers, though it is taller at the equator and shorter at the poles. One of the most interesting things about the troposphere is that it contains nearly all of the atmosphere's water vapor and dust particles. Because of this, it is the primary site for weather phenomena like storms, clouds, and precipitation. As you ascend through the troposphere, the air pressure and temperature both decrease. This is known as the lapse rate. For every thousand meters you go up, the temperature drops by about six point five degrees Celsius. This layer is constantly 'turning' or mixing, which is where its name comes from. This mixing helps to distribute heat and moisture around the planet. Most of the greenhouse effect, which keeps our planet warm enough for life, occurs here because greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are most concentrated in this lower layer. Scientists monitor the troposphere closely to predict the weather and study how the climate is changing.
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The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude and intense vertical mixing. It contains approximately eighty percent of the atmosphere's total mass and ninety-nine percent of its water vapor and aerosols. The boundary that separates the troposphere from the layer above it, the stratosphere, is called the tropopause. The height of the troposphere varies geographically; it is roughly eighteen kilometers high at the tropics but can be as low as seven kilometers at the poles during winter. This variation is due to the thermal expansion of the air at the equator and the Earth's rotation. In the troposphere, the air is in a constant state of motion, driven by the sun's heating of the Earth's surface. This heat causes air to rise, creating convection currents that lead to the formation of different weather systems. Environmental issues such as smog and 'bad' ozone (tropospheric ozone) are major concerns in this layer. Unlike the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere, ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant that can harm human health and damage crops. Understanding the dynamics of the troposphere is essential for meteorology and for predicting the long-term effects of global warming.
The troposphere is the most complex and dynamic region of the Earth's atmosphere, serving as the interface between the planet's surface and the rest of the gaseous envelope. It is defined by a negative temperature gradient, where temperature typically decreases with height at an average rate of six point five degrees Celsius per kilometer—a process governed by adiabatic cooling. This layer is where the majority of the atmosphere's energy exchange occurs, driven by solar radiation and the subsequent release of latent heat from water vapor condensation. The troposphere is divided into several sub-layers, most notably the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is directly influenced by surface friction and diurnal heating cycles. Above the PBL lies the 'free troposphere,' where the wind is less affected by the surface and follows geostrophic patterns. The tropopause, the upper limit of the troposphere, acts as a thermodynamic barrier that limits the vertical transport of moisture and pollutants into the stratosphere. However, 'stratosphere-troposphere exchange' (STE) does occur, particularly near jet streams and during intense convective events. From a chemical perspective, the troposphere is a highly oxidizing environment where various trace gases are processed and removed. The study of tropospheric chemistry is vital for understanding air quality and the radiative forcing of the climate system.
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The troposphere is the thermally unstable, convective layer of the atmosphere that extends from the planetary surface to the tropopause. Its structure is fundamentally dictated by the balance between radiative heating and convective adjustment. Within this layer, the vertical distribution of temperature is primarily controlled by the moist adiabatic lapse rate, especially in the tropics where deep convection is prevalent. The troposphere is the primary reservoir for the Earth's hydrological cycle, containing nearly the entire atmospheric moisture content, which plays a pivotal role in the planet's energy budget through the release of latent heat during phase changes. Dynamically, the troposphere is characterized by a wide spectrum of motions, from microscale turbulence within the planetary boundary layer to the planetary-scale Rossby waves that dictate mid-latitude weather patterns. The 'tropopause fold' is a critical phenomenon where stratospheric air, rich in ozone and low in water vapor, is injected into the troposphere, significantly influencing the chemical composition of the upper troposphere. Furthermore, the troposphere is the site of complex chemical cycles involving nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and the hydroxyl radical, which serves as the primary atmospheric detergent. As the climate warms, the troposphere is observed to be expanding, with the tropopause height rising—a clear fingerprint of anthropogenic climate change. Advanced modeling of tropospheric dynamics is essential for improving the accuracy of long-range weather forecasting and for refining our projections of future climatic states.
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例句
The troposphere represents the most vital and dynamic portion of our planet's gaseous envelope, serving as the immediate environment for almost all terrestrial life. To understand the troposphere, one must envision a turbulent, ever-shifting sea of air that begins exactly where your feet touch the ground and extends upward to the heights where commercial airliners cruise. The term itself is derived from the Greek word 'tropos,' which translates to 'turning' or 'change,' a fitting name for a layer characterized by constant mixing, convection currents, and the chaotic beauty of weather patterns. Unlike the higher layers of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere or mesosphere, the troposphere is densely packed with the molecules we need to survive, containing approximately eighty percent of the atmosphere's total mass and nearly all of its water vapor.
Scientific Classification
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, bounded by the Earth's surface below and the tropopause above. It is the only layer where the air is sufficiently dense and oxygenated to support life without specialized pressurized equipment.
When people speak of the 'air' or the 'sky' in a general sense, they are almost always referring to the troposphere. Meteorologists focus their primary attention on this layer because it is the stage upon which the drama of weather unfolds. From the formation of a single dewdrop on a blade of grass to the massive, rotating systems of supercell thunderstorms and hurricanes, the troposphere provides the medium for these phenomena.

As the mountain climbers ascended toward the summit, they noticed the air thinning significantly, a physical reminder that they were reaching the upper limits of the troposphere where oxygen is scarce.

The thickness of this layer is not uniform across the globe; it is influenced by the Earth's rotation and the resulting centrifugal force, as well as the intense heat at the equator. Consequently, the troposphere is deepest at the equator, reaching heights of up to eighteen kilometers, while it compresses to a mere seven or eight kilometers at the North and South Poles during the winter months. This variation is critical for global climate modeling and aviation flight planning. In daily conversation, the word might appear in discussions about air quality, climate change, or aviation. Environmental scientists often discuss the 'tropospheric ozone,' which is considered 'bad' ozone because it acts as a pollutant and a greenhouse gas, unlike the 'good' ozone layer found in the stratosphere that protects us from ultraviolet radiation.
Environmental Context
In the context of global warming, the troposphere is where the greenhouse effect is most pronounced, as gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat radiating from the Earth's surface, leading to a rise in global temperatures.

The pilot announced that once we cleared the turbulence of the troposphere, the flight would become much smoother as we entered the calmer stratosphere.

Furthermore, the troposphere is where the planetary boundary layer exists—the lowest part of the troposphere that is directly influenced by its contact with the Earth's surface. This sub-layer responds to surface heating and cooling within an hour or less, creating the daily cycles of wind and temperature that we experience.
Aviation Importance
Commercial pilots must navigate the troposphere carefully, as it contains the majority of atmospheric turbulence, storms, and icing conditions that can affect aircraft performance and safety.

Weather balloons are frequently launched into the troposphere to collect vital data on humidity and pressure for local forecasts.

The concentration of pollutants within the troposphere can lead to the formation of smog in densely populated urban areas.

Satellite imagery allows scientists to monitor the movement of air masses through the troposphere with incredible precision.

Ultimately, the troposphere is not just a scientific concept; it is the very breath of life, the source of our rain, and the shield that keeps our planet habitable by maintaining a stable temperature range.
Using the word 'troposphere' correctly requires an understanding of its role as a noun describing a physical location or a scientific domain. While it is primarily a technical term used in meteorology, geography, and environmental science, it can be integrated into broader discussions about the Earth and its systems. When constructing sentences, it is often paired with verbs that describe movement, containment, or observation. For instance, you might say that gases 'accumulate' in the troposphere, or that a weather system 'moves through' the troposphere.
Descriptive Usage
When describing the atmosphere, use 'troposphere' to specify the lowest layer. Example: 'The troposphere is characterized by a steady decrease in temperature as one moves further from the Earth's surface.'
In academic writing, the word is frequently used as a subject to explain atmospheric processes. You might write, 'The troposphere acts as a heat sink for the planet,' or 'The vertical mixing within the troposphere ensures that oxygen levels remain relatively constant at different altitudes.' It is important to remember that the troposphere is a singular entity in the context of Earth, so it is almost always preceded by the definite article 'the.'

Because the troposphere contains the vast majority of our air's moisture, it is the only layer where we see significant cloud formation.

For those interested in environmental advocacy, the word is essential when discussing smog or ground-level ozone. A sentence might look like this: 'Tropospheric ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by the reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.' Note here the use of the adjectival form 'tropospheric,' which is very common when describing things that exist within or pertain to that layer. In more poetic or descriptive prose, you might refer to the troposphere to emphasize the scale of the Earth's systems. 'The storm clouds towered at the very edge of the troposphere, unable to penetrate the warmer air of the stratosphere above.' This highlights the physical boundary known as the tropopause.
Comparative Usage
Use 'troposphere' when comparing different atmospheric layers. Example: 'While the stratosphere is known for its stability, the troposphere is defined by its constant state of flux and movement.'

The chemical composition of the troposphere has been significantly altered by industrial emissions over the last century.

Most of the Earth's weather, including the jet stream, occurs within the upper reaches of the troposphere.

Scientists use sophisticated LIDAR technology to map the distribution of aerosols throughout the troposphere.

Global Variations
It is useful to mention height. Example: 'The troposphere extends to about 17 kilometers at the equator but only 7 kilometers at the poles.'

The greenhouse effect primarily occurs in the troposphere, where heat-trapping gases are most concentrated.

Air pressure decreases rapidly as you move higher into the troposphere, making it harder for humans to breathe without adjustment.

By mastering these sentence structures, you can discuss complex atmospheric concepts with clarity and scientific accuracy.
While 'troposphere' is not a word you will hear every day at the grocery store, it is a staple of specific professional and educational environments. If you are a student of the natural sciences, you will encounter this word in almost every introductory course on Earth science, geography, or environmental studies. Professors use it to establish the foundational layers of our world. In the media, you will hear 'troposphere' during in-depth weather reports or documentaries about climate change. High-level meteorologists on news channels like the BBC or CNN might use the term when explaining why a particular storm system is behaving in an unusual way or when discussing the 'tropospheric polar vortex.'
Educational Media
Educational programs like National Geographic or PBS Nova frequently use 'troposphere' to describe the habitat of birds, the path of airplanes, and the origin of rain.
In the world of aviation, pilots and air traffic controllers are intimately familiar with the troposphere. During pre-flight briefings, pilots review the 'tropopause height' to determine the best cruising altitude to avoid weather and maximize fuel efficiency. If you ever listen to a cockpit recording or a technical aviation podcast, the word will appear in the context of 'clearing the troposphere' to reach the smoother air above.

In today's lecture, we will examine how the troposphere traps heat and the role of water vapor in this process.

Environmental policy discussions are another common venue for this word. When politicians and scientists gather for climate summits, they often discuss 'tropospheric warming' versus 'stratospheric cooling,' a key signature of human-induced climate change. You might read this in reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or in the science section of major newspapers like The New York Times.
News and Journalism
Scientific journalists use the term to differentiate between 'good' ozone (stratosphere) and 'bad' ozone (troposphere) when writing about urban air quality.

The documentary explained that most of the smoke from the wildfires was trapped within the lower troposphere, causing health alerts across the state.

Meteorologists are tracking a disturbance in the upper troposphere that could bring heavy snow to the region by Friday.

The weather balloon burst after reaching the top of the troposphere, having sent back vital data on air pressure.

Professional Research
Researchers studying the Earth's radiation budget often measure how much solar energy is absorbed within the troposphere compared to what reaches the surface.

The study found that the troposphere has been expanding in height due to rising global temperatures.

Dust from the Sahara Desert can be carried thousands of miles through the troposphere before settling in the Americas.

In summary, while 'troposphere' is a technical term, it is pervasive in any discussion that involves the air we breathe, the weather we experience, and the global systems that regulate our climate.
Despite its specific definition, the word 'troposphere' is often the subject of several common misconceptions and linguistic errors. The most frequent mistake is confusing it with the 'stratosphere.' Many people use the two terms interchangeably to mean 'high in the sky,' but they are distinct layers with very different characteristics. The troposphere is where weather happens and where the temperature cools as you go up; the stratosphere is the layer above it where the ozone layer resides and where the temperature actually increases with altitude. Confusing these two in a scientific or academic context can lead to significant misunderstandings of atmospheric dynamics.
Layer Confusion
Mistake: Saying 'The weather is bad in the stratosphere.' Correction: 'The weather is bad in the troposphere.' Most weather does not exist in the stratosphere.
Another common error involves the spelling and pronunciation. The prefix 'tropo-' is often misspelled as 'troppo-' or 'trouppo-.' It is essential to remember the Greek root 'tropos.' In terms of pronunciation, some speakers struggle with the placement of the stress, which should be on the first syllable: TRO-po-sphere.

Incorrect: 'The plane reached the troposphere to avoid the clouds.' Correct: 'The plane reached the stratosphere to avoid the clouds of the troposphere.'

A more nuanced mistake occurs when people assume the troposphere is a uniform height around the world. As mentioned previously, it varies significantly between the equator and the poles. Failing to account for this variation can lead to errors in calculating atmospheric pressure or flight paths. There is also a tendency to use 'troposphere' when one simply means 'atmosphere.' While the troposphere is part of the atmosphere, it is only the bottom-most layer. Using the specific term 'troposphere' when you mean the entire atmosphere (which includes the thermosphere and exosphere) can be technically inaccurate.
Ozone Misconception
Mistake: Believing that the troposphere protects us from UV rays. Correction: The stratosphere's ozone layer does that. The troposphere's ozone is actually harmful to breathe.

Incorrect: 'Satellites orbit within the troposphere.' Correct: 'Satellites orbit far above the troposphere, mostly in the exosphere or thermosphere.'

Incorrect: 'The troposphere is the only layer with air.' Correct: 'The troposphere is the layer with the densest air, but air exists in higher layers in much thinner concentrations.'

Lapse Rate Errors
Mistake: Thinking it gets warmer as you go higher in the troposphere. Correction: It gets colder. The 'inversion layer' is the only exception where this rule is briefly flipped.

Incorrect: 'The aurora borealis occurs in the troposphere.' Correct: 'The aurora borealis occurs in the thermosphere, much higher than the troposphere.'

Finally, many people fail to realize that the 'tropopause' is the boundary, not the layer itself. You don't live in the tropopause; you live in the troposphere. By avoiding these common pitfalls, you will demonstrate a much more sophisticated understanding of Earth science and atmospheric physics.
When discussing the lower regions of the atmosphere, 'troposphere' is the most precise scientific term, but there are several related words and alternatives depending on the context. If you are speaking to a general audience, you might simply use the word 'atmosphere,' although this is much broader and includes all layers up to space. Another common alternative in weather-related contexts is 'lower atmosphere.' This is often used by meteorologists when they want to describe the region where weather events are taking place without using the more technical 'troposphere.'
Comparison: Troposphere vs. Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the whole gaseous shell of Earth. The troposphere is specifically the bottom layer. Use 'atmosphere' for general life, and 'troposphere' for weather and density discussions.
In the field of fluid dynamics and meteorology, you might hear the term 'planetary boundary layer' (PBL). The PBL is actually the lowest part of the troposphere, the part that is directly influenced by the Earth's surface. While not a direct synonym, it is a closely related concept used when discussing air pollution and local wind patterns.

While the general public talks about the 'sky,' scientists focus on the troposphere to understand how heat moves through our environment.

Another related term is 'biosphere.' While the biosphere refers to all living things on Earth, it overlaps almost entirely with the troposphere, as this is the only atmospheric layer that can sustain life. When discussing where birds fly or where insects are found, 'lower atmosphere' or 'airspace' might be used as more common alternatives.
Comparison: Troposphere vs. Stratosphere
The troposphere is the 'weather layer' with falling temperatures. The stratosphere is the 'calm layer' with rising temperatures. They are opposites in many ways.
In aviation, 'airspace' is often used as a synonym for the parts of the troposphere where planes fly. However, 'airspace' is a legal and regulatory term, while 'troposphere' is a physical one. If you are discussing the chemistry of the air, you might use 'ambient air' to refer to the air in the troposphere that we breathe.

The troposphere is often called the 'weather sphere' because it is the only place where clouds and storms are born.

Understanding the 'lower atmosphere' is crucial for predicting how pollutants will spread from a factory chimney.

The 'tropopause' serves as a lid, preventing the moist air of the troposphere from leaking into the dry stratosphere.

Comparison: Troposphere vs. Tropopause
The troposphere is the room (the layer). The tropopause is the ceiling (the boundary). You cannot live in a boundary; you live in the layer.

The 'homosphere' is a broader term that includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, where gases are well-mixed.

For most of human history, our experience of the world was confined entirely to the lowest kilometer of the troposphere.

Choosing the right word depends on whether you want to be scientifically precise, legally accurate, or poetically evocative.
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按水平分级的例句

1

The troposphere is where the clouds are.

La troposphère est l'endroit où se trouvent les nuages.

Uses the simple 'is where' structure.

2

We live in the troposphere.

Nous vivons dans la troposphère.

Uses the preposition 'in'.

3

The air in the troposphere is good to breathe.

L'air dans la troposphère est bon à respirer.

Subject is 'The air'.

4

Rain falls from the troposphere.

La pluie tombe de la troposphère.

Uses the verb 'falls' with 'from'.

5

Birds fly in the troposphere.

Les oiseaux volent dans la troposphère.

Simple present tense.

6

The troposphere is the first layer of air.

La troposphère est la première couche d'air.

Uses 'the first layer' as a complement.

7

It is cold at the top of the troposphere.

Il fait froid au sommet de la troposphère.

Uses 'It' as an impersonal subject.

8

The troposphere has most of the air.

La troposphère contient la majeure partie de l'air.

Uses the verb 'has' to show containment.

1

All of our weather happens in the troposphere.

Tout notre temps se passe dans la troposphère.

Uses 'happens in' to describe location.

2

The troposphere is about ten kilometers high.

La troposphère fait environ dix kilomètres de haut.

Uses 'high' as an adjective of measurement.

3

In the troposphere, the temperature goes down as you go up.

Dans la troposphère, la température baisse à mesure que l'on monte.

Uses 'as you go up' to show relationship.

4

Most airplanes stay inside the troposphere for their flights.

La plupart des avions restent à l'intérieur de la troposphère pendant leurs vols.

Uses 'stay inside' to show containment.

5

The troposphere contains water vapor which makes clouds.

La troposphère contient de la vapeur d'eau qui forme des nuages.

Uses a relative clause starting with 'which'.

6

The troposphere is thicker at the equator than at the poles.

La troposphère est plus épaisse à l'équateur qu'aux pôles.

Comparative structure 'thicker than'.

7

Wind is just moving air in the troposphere.

Le vent n'est que de l'air en mouvement dans la troposphère.

Simple definition structure.

8

The troposphere is the densest part of the atmosphere.

La troposphère est la partie la plus dense de l'atmosphère.

Superlative 'the densest'.

1

The troposphere is characterized by constant air movement and mixing.

La troposphère est caractérisée par un mouvement et un mélange d'air constants.

Passive voice 'is characterized by'.

2

If the troposphere were thinner, life on Earth would be very different.

Si la troposphère était plus mince, la vie sur Terre serait très différente.

Second conditional 'If... were... would be'.

3

Scientists study the troposphere to better understand climate change.

Les scientifiques étudient la troposphère pour mieux comprendre le changement climatique.

Infinitive of purpose 'to better understand'.

4

The troposphere ends at a boundary known as the tropopause.

La troposphère se termine par une limite connue sous le nom de tropopause.

Uses the past participle 'known as' as an adjective.

5

Nearly all the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere.

Presque toute la vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère se trouve dans la troposphère.

Passive voice 'is found in'.

6

The troposphere absorbs heat from the Earth's surface.

La troposphère absorbe la chaleur de la surface de la Terre.

Simple present active voice.

7

Mount Everest's peak is near the top of the troposphere.

Le sommet du mont Everest se trouve près du sommet de la troposphère.

Possessive 'Mount Everest's'.

8

Pollution in the troposphere can cause health problems for people.

La pollution dans la troposphère peut causer des problèmes de santé aux populations.

Modal verb 'can' for possibility.

1

The greenhouse effect primarily occurs within the troposphere, trapping thermal energy.

L'effet de serre se produit principalement dans la troposphère, emprisonnant l'énergie thermique.

Present participle phrase 'trapping thermal energy' adding detail.

2

Tropospheric ozone is a significant pollutant that affects urban air quality.

L'ozone troposphérique est un polluant important qui affecte la qualité de l'air urbain.

Use of the adjective 'tropospheric'.

3

The height of the troposphere varies depending on the latitude and the season.

La hauteur de la troposphère varie selon la latitude et la saison.

Phrase 'depending on' used as a preposition.

4

Convection currents in the troposphere are responsible for the development of storms.

Les courants de convection dans la troposphère sont responsables du développement des tempêtes.

Noun phrase 'Convection currents' as the subject.

5

Most commercial aircraft cruise at the very edge of the troposphere to avoid turbulence.

La plupart des avions commerciaux croisent à la limite même de la troposphère pour éviter les turbulences.

Prepositional phrase 'at the very edge of'.

6

The lapse rate describes how temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere.

Le gradient thermique décrit comment la température diminue avec l'altitude dans la troposphère.

Relative clause 'how temperature decreases'.

7

Water vapor and carbon dioxide are the most influential greenhouse gases in the troposphere.

La vapeur d'eau et le dioxyde de carbone sont les gaz à effet de serre les plus influents de la troposphère.

Compound subject with a superlative adjective.

8

Weather balloons are essential tools for measuring the physical properties of the troposphere.

Les ballons-sondes sont des outils essentiels pour mesurer les propriétés physiques de la troposphère.

Gerund phrase 'for measuring'.

1

The troposphere's dynamic nature is driven by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface.

La nature dynamique de la troposphère est dictée par le chauffage inégal de la surface de la Terre.

Possessive 'troposphere's' with an abstract noun.

2

Anthropogenic emissions have significantly altered the chemical composition of the troposphere.

Les émissions anthropiques ont considérablement modifié la composition chimique de la troposphère.

Present perfect tense with 'significantly'.

3

The tropopause acts as a ceiling that prevents most tropospheric moisture from entering the stratosphere.

La tropopause agit comme un plafond qui empêche la majeure partie de l'humidité troposphérique de pénétrer dans la stratosphère.

Relative clause 'that prevents... from entering'.

4

Vertical mixing within the troposphere ensures that trace gases are distributed throughout the layer.

Le mélange vertical au sein de la troposphère garantit que les gaz traces sont répartis dans toute la couche.

Noun clause 'that trace gases are distributed'.

5

The depth of the troposphere is influenced by both thermal expansion and the Earth's rotation.

La profondeur de la troposphère est influencée à la fois par la dilatation thermique et par la rotation de la Terre.

Passive voice with 'both... and'.

6

In the upper troposphere, the jet stream flows as a narrow band of high-speed winds.

近义词

lower atmosphere weather layer atmospheric base inner atmosphere biosphere layer

反义词

stratosphere exosphere outer space
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aquifer

B2

含水层是地下含水岩石、砾石、沙子或粉土的层，可以通过水井从中提取地下水。它是一个天然的储存系统，可满足世界大部分淡水需求。（An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock, gravel, sand, or silt from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. It is a natural storage system that meets much of the world's freshwater needs.）

arid

C1

“干旱”描述的是由于降雨很少而极其干燥的土地或气候，使得植物难以生长。

aridity

C2

该地区的干旱（aridity）使得农业变得困难。

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