Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Express necessity in Hindi by using the dative case (ko) followed by the infinitive verb and 'hai'.
- Use 'ko' after the person: 'Mujhe' (Mujh + ko) = To me.
- Use the infinitive verb ending in '-na': 'Jana' = To go.
- Add 'hai' at the end: 'Mujhe jana hai' = I have to go.
Overview
ko ... -nā hai。对于我们学习印地语的中国人来说，这个结构初看可能会觉得有点绕，因为它和我们中文的表达逻辑不太一样。在中文里，我们习惯说“我必须去”或者“我有任务要做”，主语是动作的发出者。但在印地语中，这个结构表达的是“某种义务/需求存在于某人身上”。ko 变成“受事者”（Experiencer）。这在中文语法里是没有直接对应的概念的。中文里我们强调主语，而印地语这个结构强调的是“义务的归属”。当你明白了这个逻辑，你会发现它在日常生活中极其有用，比如跟朋友约饭、在办公室谈工作，或者规划行程时，几乎每三句话就会用到它。记住，这不是强迫，而是一种客观存在的“待办事项”。-nā 结尾的形式）必须根据宾语的“性”（Gender）和“数”（Number）进行变化。- 1无宾语情况：如果句子只是说“我得走了”，没有具体的对象，动词默认为阳性单数
-nā。
mujhe jānā hai(我得走了。字面：对我来说，去是必须的。)
- 1有宾语情况：如果宾语是阳性单数，动词结尾就是
-nā；如果是阴性单数，结尾就变成-nī；如果是复数，则分别变成-ne(阳性) 或-nīṇ(阴性)。
mujhe rotī khānī hai (我得吃饼)，因为 rotī (饼) 是阴性，所以动词用了 khānī。这种“宾语决定动词”的逻辑，在印地语中被称为“作格性”（Ergativity）的延伸。对于中文母语者，这就像是给动词穿上了不同性别的“外衣”，你需要根据宾语的性别来给动词挑选外衣。mujhe kām karnā hai | 我得做工作 |mujhe kitāb paṛhnī hai | 我得读书 |mujhe do gīt gāne hain | 我得唱两首歌 |mujhe kitābeṇ paṛhnī hain | 我得读这些书 |- 1日常琐事：比如在微信上跟朋友说“我得去买菜了”，印地语就是
mujhe sabjī kharīdnī hai。这里的sabjī(蔬菜) 是阴性，所以动词是kharīdnī。
- 1工作安排：在办公室，老板问你进度，你可以说
mujhe report likhnī hai(我得写报告)。
- 1表达计划：如果你明天有事，可以用过去式
thā或者将来式hogā。比如mujhe kal jānā hogā(我明天得去)。
- 1主语混淆：中文习惯说“我必须……”，所以很多人会说
main jānā hai。这是绝对错误的！因为main是主格，而这里必须用斜格mujhe。原因是我们中文没有“斜格”的概念，我们认为“我”就是“我”。记住，在印地语里，动词前面的“我”必须是mujhe。
- 1动词不随宾语变化：我们习惯了中文动词“一成不变”，所以很容易写出
mujhe kitāb karnā hai。这在印地语里听起来就像外国人说“我吃书”一样奇怪。一定要记住，kitāb是阴性，动词必须是paṛhnī。
- 1忽略复数鼻音：在处理阴性复数宾语时，很多人会漏掉
nīṇ结尾的鼻音。这在印地语中是区分单复数的关键。中文没有名词复数变位，所以我们对这种细节不够敏感。
- 1问：我可以把
mujhe换成main吗？
main 是主格，用于主动动作；mujhe 是斜格，用于这种需求/义务结构。这是印地语语法的硬性规定。- 1问：如果宾语是代词，动词怎么变？
- 1问：将来时怎么变？
hai 变成 hogā (阳性单数) 或 hogī (阴性单数) 等即可。例如 mujhe jānā hogā (我将不得不去)。Dative Pronoun Table
| Person | Pronoun | Dative Form |
|---|---|---|
|
1st Sing
|
Main
|
Mujhe
|
|
2nd Sing (Inf)
|
Tu
|
Tujhe
|
|
2nd Sing (Formal)
|
Tum
|
Tumhe
|
|
2nd Sing (Respect)
|
Aap
|
Aapko
|
|
3rd Sing
|
Vah
|
Use
|
|
1st Plural
|
Hum
|
Hamein
|
|
3rd Plural
|
Ve
|
Unhe
|
Meanings
This structure expresses external or internal necessity, obligation, or a planned future action.
Strong Obligation
Must do something due to duty or external pressure.
“मुझे पढ़ना है।”
“उसे दवा लेनी है।”
Planned Future
A scheduled or intended action.
“मुझे कल दिल्ली जाना है।”
“उसे आज फिल्म देखनी है।”
Interrogative Necessity
Asking about requirements.
“क्या तुम्हें जाना है?”
“उसे क्या करना है?”
Reference Table
| 主语 + ko | 宾语 (性别) | 动词形式 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mujhe (मुझे)
|
无
|
Jana hai (जाना है)
|
我得走了
|
|
Tumhe (तुम्हें)
|
茶 (阴性)
|
Pini hai (पीनी है)
|
你得喝茶
|
|
Hamein (हमें)
|
食物 (阳性)
|
Khana hai (खाना है)
|
我们得吃饭
|
|
Aapko (आपको)
|
书 (阴性)
|
Parhni thi (पढ़नी थी)
|
你（当时）得读书
|
|
Usko (उसको)
|
工作 (阳性)
|
Karna hoga (करना होगा)
|
他/她将不得不工作
|
|
Inhe (इन्हें)
|
罗提面饼 (阴性)
|
Khani hai (खानी है)
|
他们得吃面饼
|
正式程度
मुझे जाना है। (Leaving a meeting or hangout.)
मुझे जाना है। (Leaving a meeting or hangout.)
मुझे निकलना है। (Leaving a meeting or hangout.)
चलना है। (Leaving a meeting or hangout.)
印地语中的义务类型
中性 (计划/需要)
- ko ... -na hai 必须 / 需要
强制 (被迫)
- ko ... -na padta hai 不得不 / 强迫
道德 (建议)
- ko ... -na chahiye 应该
动词一致性规则
如何选择正确的“必须”
是中性的计划还是简单的需要？
是道德义务或建议吗？
常用的与格主语
代词
- • Mujhe (我)
- • Tumhe (你)
- • Hamein (我们)
指示词
- • Ise (这个)
- • Use (那个)
- • Inhe (这些)
按水平分级的例句
मुझे जाना है।
I have to go.
मुझे खाना है।
I have to eat.
मुझे सोना है।
I have to sleep.
मुझे पढ़ना है।
I have to study.
क्या तुम्हें काम करना है?
Do you have to work?
उसे आज नहीं आना है।
He doesn't have to come today.
हमें दिल्ली जाना है।
We have to go to Delhi.
तुम्हें क्या खरीदना है?
What do you have to buy?
मुझे बहुत सारा काम खत्म करना है।
I have to finish a lot of work.
क्या उसे कल जल्दी उठना है?
Does he have to wake up early tomorrow?
हमें यह फिल्म देखनी है।
We have to watch this movie.
मुझे अपनी माँ को फोन करना है।
I have to call my mother.
उसे इस प्रोजेक्ट पर ध्यान देना है।
He has to pay attention to this project.
क्या तुम्हें आज रात पार्टी में जाना है?
Do you have to go to the party tonight?
हमें इस समस्या का समाधान ढूंढना है।
We have to find a solution to this problem.
मुझे लगता है कि उसे अब निकलना है।
I think he has to leave now.
उसे अपनी जिम्मेदारियों को समझना है।
He has to understand his responsibilities.
हमें इस अवसर का लाभ उठाना है।
We have to take advantage of this opportunity.
क्या तुम्हें वास्तव में यह करना है?
Do you really have to do this?
उसे अपनी गलती स्वीकार करनी है।
He has to admit his mistake.
हमें इस जटिल स्थिति का सामना करना है।
We have to face this complex situation.
उसे अपनी कला को दुनिया के सामने लाना है।
He has to bring his art before the world.
क्या हमें इस परंपरा को जारी रखना है?
Do we have to continue this tradition?
उसे अपने सिद्धांतों पर अडिग रहना है।
He has to remain firm on his principles.
容易混淆
Learners mix up 'should' and 'have to'.
Both mean 'have to'.
Mixing habits with obligations.
常见错误
Main jana hai
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe ja hai
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe jana hoon
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe jana
Mujhe jana hai
Tumhe jana hai?
Kya tumhe jana hai?
Mujhe nahi jana
Mujhe nahi jana hai
Mujhe jana hai nahi
Mujhe nahi jana hai
Mujhe jana padta hai
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe jana chahiye
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe jana hoga
Mujhe jana hai
Mujhe jana tha
Mujhe jana hai
句型
Mujhe ___ karna hai.
Kya tumhe ___ jana hai?
Mujhe ___ nahi jana hai.
Hamein ___ seekhna hai.
Real World Usage
Mujhe nikalna hai, milte hain!
Mujhe yeh report aaj submit karni hai.
Mujhe pizza order karna hai.
Mujhe station jana hai.
Mujhe yeh video share karni hai.
Mujhe naya seekhna hai.
“隐藏”的 Ko
mujhe 听起来就像 muj-hay。别傻傻地等那个独立的 'ko' 发音，它已经和代词合体啦！就像 Mujhe jana hai.别忘了那个“小点”
Hamein kapre kharidne hain.
礼貌最重要
Aapko ... hai 是最稳妥的方式。这样既表达了需要做某事，又不会显得在命令别人。Smart Tips
Use 'Mujhe nikalna hai' instead of 'Mujhe jana hai' for a more natural, 'I have to head out' feel.
Use 'Kya mujhe...?' to ask for clarification on duties.
Use 'Mujhe X aur Y karna hai' to list tasks.
Use 'Aapko' instead of 'Tumhe' for respect.
发音
Dative Pronouns
Ensure the 'e' at the end of 'Mujhe' is clear.
Question
Kya tumhe jana hai? ↑
Rising intonation at the end for yes/no questions.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of 'ko' as a hook that pulls the verb into the future.
视觉联想
Imagine a person with a 'To-Do' list taped to their forehead. The list is the '-na' verb, and the 'hai' is the stamp of approval.
Rhyme
When you have a task to do, add 'ko' to the person, '-na' to the verb, and 'hai' at the end too!
Story
Rohan wakes up. He has a list. 'Mujhe' (to me) 'padhna' (to study) 'hai'. He studies. Then he says 'Mujhe' 'khana' 'hai'. He eats. He is a master of his day.
Word Web
挑战
Write 5 things you have to do today using the 'Mujhe... -na hai' structure.
文化笔记
Very common in daily speech, often used to express polite refusal.
Used to show commitment to tasks.
Used to express excitement for plans.
Derived from the Sanskrit dative case and the infinitive verb form.
对话开场白
Tumhe aaj kya karna hai?
Kya tumhe kal kaam par jana hai?
Tumhe apni life mein kya achieve karna hai?
Kya tumhe lagta hai ki sabko mehnat karni hai?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesMujhe ___ hai. (go)
___ jana hai. (I)
Find and fix the mistake:
Main khana hai.
hai | jana | mujhe
I have to sleep.
I don't have to go.
Kya tumhe ___ hai? (eat)
Use: Hamein, padhna, hai
Score: /8
Practice Bank
6 exercisesउसको / है / करना / काम
I had to go.
匹配以下内容：
___ (您 - 礼貌) कल आना है।
We have to buy clothes (kapre - 阳性复数).
तुमको क्या करना है?
Score: /6
常见问题 (8)
No, 'Main' is the nominative subject. You must use the dative 'Mujhe'.
In simple 'have to' sentences, it usually stays in the masculine singular '-na' form.
It is neutral and used in all registers.
You can add 'padta hai' (forced) or just say 'Mujhe nahi karna hai'.
No, for the past, you use 'tha' instead of 'hai'.
Yes, 'Mujhe' is the contracted form of 'Mujhko'. Both are correct.
Use 'kya' at the beginning of the sentence to turn it into a yes/no question.
Use 'Hamein' + verb-na + hai.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tener que + infinitive
Spanish uses a conjugated verb 'tener', while Hindi uses a dative pronoun.
Devoir + infinitive
Hindi uses a dative construction, not a modal verb.
Müssen + infinitive
Hindi's structure is more about the 'requirement' existing for the person.
-nakereba naranai
Hindi is much simpler and more direct.
Yajib 'alayya
Arabic uses a prepositional phrase, Hindi uses a dative pronoun.
Dei + verb
Hindi uses a dative-infinitive structure.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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