A1 Compound Verbs 8 min read 简单

波斯语复合动词：变得与状态变化 (-shodan)

Use shodan like a 'state-changer' to describe transitions, emotions, and evolving situations in daily Persian life.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'shodan' (to become) to turn nouns or adjectives into verbs describing a change of state.

  • Combine a noun or adjective with the auxiliary verb 'shodan'. Example: 'khoshhal' (happy) + 'shodan' = 'khoshhal shodan' (to become happy).
  • Conjugate only the 'shodan' part based on the subject. Example: 'Man khoshhal shodam' (I became happy).
  • In negative sentences, add 'na-' to the auxiliary verb. Example: 'Man khoshhal nashodam' (I did not become happy).
Noun/Adjective + shodan = Change of State

Overview

Persian compound verbs formed with شدن (shodan), meaning 'to become,' are fundamental to expressing change of state. Unlike many Indo-European languages that often employ single, distinct verbs for such transitions (e.g., 'to get angry,' 'to grow tired'), Persian frequently combines a non-verbal element—typically an adjective or a noun—with a light verb like shodan. This grammatical construction allows you to describe a dynamic shift from one condition to another, making your Persian feel fluid and natural.
If بودن (budan, 'to be') signifies a static state, shodan captures the process of transformation. It is essential for describing how things change, develop, or transition, whether it's about personal emotions, physical conditions, environmental shifts, or even the operational status of objects.
This pattern is not merely a linguistic quirk; it reflects a broader principle in Persian grammar where core verbs (light verbs) are semantically extended by accompanying nouns or adjectives. This mechanism allows for immense flexibility and expressiveness, enabling speakers to create a vast array of concepts using a relatively smaller set of core verbs. Mastering shodan at the A1 level provides the foundational understanding for expressing dynamic situations, crucial for everyday communication.

How This Grammar Works

The structure of compound verbs with shodan is consistently straightforward: a non-verbal element precedes the conjugated form of shodan. This non-verbal element acts as the descriptor of the *new state* or *condition* that the subject attains. Crucially, only the verb shodan conjugates for tense, mood, and person; the non-verbal component remains invariant, much like a steady descriptor that defines the destination of the change.
Consider the word خوش‌حال (khosh-hâl), meaning 'happy.' When you want to express the act of *becoming* happy, you combine this adjective with shodan to form خوش‌حال شدن (khosh-hâl shodan, 'to become happy'). The meaning is derived from the combination: خوش‌حال describes the state, and shodan describes the transition into that state. This pattern is pervasive across various contexts:
  • Adjective + shodan: This is the most common form. For example, خسته (khaste, 'tired') becomes خسته شدن (khaste shodan, 'to become tired'). The subject moves from a state of not-tiredness to tiredness.
  • Noun + shodan: Less frequent but still used, often implying taking on a role or transforming into something. For instance, پزشک (pezeshk, 'doctor') can, in specific contexts, combine to پزشک شدن (pezeshk shodan, 'to become a doctor'), signifying the attainment of a profession.
This grammatical device is highly productive in Persian, meaning you can apply it to many new adjectives and some nouns you encounter. It acts as a semantic amplifier, allowing the adjective or noun to temporarily function as the core meaning of an action verb, while shodan provides the grammatical scaffolding for temporal and personal agreement.

Formation Pattern

1
Conjugating compound verbs with shodan involves applying the regular conjugation rules to the verb shodan itself, while the preceding non-verbal element remains unaltered. Persian distinguishes between formal/written and informal/spoken forms, especially in the present tense, a distinction vital for natural communication.
2
1. Present Simple Tense (Spoken/Informal)
3
This is the most common form in daily conversation. It uses the short present stem ش- (sh-), prefixed with می- (mi-), and followed by the appropriate personal endings.
4
| Person | Conjugation (Spoken) | Persian Script | Transliteration | Meaning |
5
| :--------------- | :------------------- | :----------------------- | :----------------- | :------------------- |
6
| من (man) | می‌شم | می‌شَم | misham | I become |
7
| تو (to) | می‌شی | می‌شِی | mishi | You (sg.) become |
8
| او/آن (u/ân) | می‌شه | می‌شِه | mishe | S/he/It becomes |
9
| ما (mâ) | می‌شیم | می‌شیم | mishim | We become |
10
| شما (shomâ) | می‌شید | می‌شید | mishid | You (pl./formal) become |
11
| آنها (ânhâ) | می‌شن | می‌شَن | mishan | They become |
12
Example with خسته شدن (khaste shodan, 'to become tired'):
13
من هر روز خسته می‌شم. (Man har ruz khaste misham.) – “I get tired every day.”
14
تو چرا انقدر ناراحت می‌شی؟ (To cherâ enghadr nârâhat mishi?) – “Why do you get so upset?”
15
2. Present Simple Tense (Formal/Written)
16
In formal writing, news reports, or very formal speech, the present stem شَو- (shav-) is used instead of ش- (sh-).
17
| Person | Conjugation (Formal) | Persian Script | Transliteration | Meaning |
18
| :--------------- | :------------------- | :----------------------- | :----------------- | :------------------- |
19
| من (man) | می‌شوم | می‌شَوَم | mishavam | I become |
20
| تو (to) | می‌شوی | می‌شَوی | mishavi | You (sg.) become |
21
| او/آن (u/ân) | می‌شود | می‌شَوَد | mishavad | S/he/It becomes |
22
| ما (mâ) | می‌شویم | می‌شَویم | mishavim | We become |
23
| شما (shomâ) | می‌شوید | می‌شَوید | mishavid | You (pl./formal) become |
24
| آنها (ânhâ) | می‌شوند | می‌شَوَند | mishavand | They become |
25
While important to recognize, at the A1 level, focus primarily on the spoken forms for active production.
26
3. Past Simple Tense
27
For past events, the past stem شُد- (shod-) is consistently used in both spoken and written Persian, followed by the past personal endings.
28
| Person | Conjugation | Persian Script | Transliteration | Meaning |
29
| :--------------- | :------------------ | :----------------------- | :----------------- | :------------------- |
30
| من (man) | شدم | شُدَم | shodam | I became |
31
| تو (to) | شدی | شُدِی | shodi | You (sg.) became |
32
| او/آن (u/ân) | شد | شُد | shod | S/he/It became |
33
| ما (mâ) | شدیم | شُدیم | shodim | We became |
34
| شما (shomâ) | شدید | شُدید | shodid | You (pl./formal) became |
35
| آنها (ânhâ) | شدند | شُدَند | shodand | They became |
36
Example with عصبانی شدن (asabâni shodan, 'to become angry'):
37
من دیروز از ترافیک عصبانی شدم. (Man diruz az terâfik asabâni shodam.) – “Yesterday, I became angry because of the traffic.”
38
هوا دیروز خیلی سرد شد. (Havâ diruz kheyli sard shod.) – “The weather became very cold yesterday.”
39
4. Negative Form
40
To negate a shodan compound verb, the negative prefix نَـ (na-) or نِـ (ne-) is placed directly *before* the conjugated shodan verb. It never attaches to the non-verbal element.
41
Present Negative: خوش‌حال نمی‌شم (khosh-hâl nemisham, 'I don't become happy').
42
Past Negative: آماده نشدم (âmâde nashodam, 'I didn't become ready').
43
The prefix is نَـ (na-) before consonants and نِـ (ne-) before vowels, though in practice, نِـ (ne-) is widely used before می- (mi-) (e.g., nemisham).
44
Example with سیر شدن (sir shodan, 'to become full'):
45
من هنوز سیر نمی‌شم. (Man hanuz sir nemisham.) – “I still don’t become full.”
46
با اون غذای کم، سیر نشدم. (Bâ un ghazâ-ye kam, sir nashodam.) – “With that little food, I didn't become full.”
47
5. Imperative (Command Form)
48
The imperative form uses the formal present stem شَو- (shav-), prefixed with بِـ (be-).
49
شَو! (shav!) – “Become!” (Informal singular command)
50
شَوید! (shavid!) – “Become!” (Formal/plural command)
51
In compound verbs, this translates to:
52
آماده بشو! (âmâde beshav!) – “Become ready!” / “Get ready!” (Informal)
53
لطفاً ساکت شوید! (Lotfan sâket shavid!) – “Please become silent!” / “Please be quiet!” (Formal)

When To Use It

Shodan compound verbs are indispensable for describing any transition, evolution, or change in a subject's state. Think of it as the linguistic tool for describing how things transform, acquire new properties, or shift from one condition to another. Here are the primary categories where shodan is crucial:
  1. 1Emotions and Psychological States: Expressing shifts in mood or feeling.
  • خوش‌حال شدن (khosh-hâl shodan, 'to become happy'): وقتی دوستامو دیدم، خیلی خوش‌حال شدم. (Vaghti dustâmo didam, kheyli khosh-hâl shodam.) – “When I saw my friends, I became very happy.”
  • ناراحت شدن (nârâhat shodan, 'to become sad/upset'): او از شنیدن این خبر ناراحت شد. (U az shenidan-e in khabar nârâhat shod.) – “S/he became sad upon hearing this news.”
  • عصبانی شدن (asabâni shodan, 'to become angry'): اگه دیر برسی، عصبانی می‌شم. (Age dir beresi, asabâni misham.) – “If you arrive late, I will become angry.”
  1. 1Physical Conditions and Bodily States: Describing changes in one's physical well-being.
  • خسته شدن (khaste shodan, 'to become tired'): بعد از کار طولانی، خسته می‌شم. (Ba'd az kâr-e tulâni, khaste misham.) – “After long work, I become tired.”
  • گرسنه شدن (gorosne shodan, 'to become hungry'): دارم گرسنه می‌شم؛ کی غذا می‌خوریم؟ (Dâram gorosne misham; key ghazâ mikhorim?) – “I’m getting hungry; when do we eat?”
  • سیر شدن (sir shodan, 'to become full/satiated'): با خوردن این میوه سیر شدم. (Bâ khordan-e in mive sir shodam.) – “I became full by eating this fruit.”
  • بیمار شدن (bimâr shodan, 'to become sick'): او در زمستان بیمار شد. (U dar zemestân bimâr shod.) – “S/he became sick in winter.”
  1. 1Environmental and Temporal Changes: Describing shifts in weather, time, or general conditions.
  • سرد شدن (sard shodan, 'to become cold'): هوا داره سرد می‌شه. (Havâ dâre sard mishe.) – “The weather is becoming cold.”
  • تاریک شدن (târik shodan, 'to become dark'): کم‌کم هوا تاریک می‌شه. (Kam-kam havâ târik mishe.) – “Slowly the weather is becoming dark.”
  • دیر شدن (dir shodan, 'to become late'): دیر شده، باید بریم. (Dir shode, bâyad berim.) – “It’s become late, we must go.”
  1. 1Growth, Development, and Maturation: Pertaining to living beings or projects.
  • بزرگ شدن (bozorg shodan, 'to grow up / become big'): بچه‌ها خیلی زود بزرگ می‌شن. (Bachchehâ kheyli zud bozorg mishan.) – “Children grow up very fast.”
  • زیبا شدن (zibâ shodan, 'to become beautiful'): این باغ خیلی زیبا شده است. (In bâgh kheyli zibâ shode ast.) – “This garden has become very beautiful.”
  1. 1Status and Condition of Objects/Situations: Describing how things change their state.
  • آماده شدن (âmâde shodan, 'to become ready'): غذا آماده شد. (Ghazâ âmâde shod.) – “The food became ready.” (i.e., “The food is ready.”)
  • خراب شدن (kharâb shodan, 'to become broken/damaged'): تلفنم خراب شد. (Telefonam kharâb shod.) – “My phone broke.”
  • گرم شدن (garm shodan, 'to become warm'): آب داره گرم می‌شه. (Âb dâre garm mishe.) – “The water is getting warm.”
  • شارژ شدن (shârj shodan, 'to get charged'): گوشی‌ام باید شارژ بشه. (Gushiam bâyad shârj beshe.) – “My phone needs to get charged.”
This broad applicability of shodan highlights its central role in expressing dynamic aspects of reality in Persian. It provides a default way to express any change that happens to a subject, rather than being actively performed by it.

Common Mistakes

Learners often encounter specific pitfalls when employing shodan compound verbs. Recognizing and understanding these common errors is key to developing accurate and natural-sounding Persian.
  1. 1Confusing shodan (to become) with budan (to be):
This is perhaps the most frequent error. بودن (budan) describes a static, current state, while شدن (shodan) describes a transition *into* that state. The difference is between being and becoming.
  • Incorrect: من خوش‌حال شدم. (Man khosh-hâl shodam.) when you mean “I *am* happy right now.”
  • Correct: من خوش‌حال هستم. (Man khosh-hâl hastam.) – “I am happy.” (Current state)
  • Correct: من امروز خوش‌حال شدم. (Man emruz khosh-hâl shodam.) – “I became happy today.” (Change of state)
Always ask: Is the subject *already* in this state, or is it *entering* this state? If it's the former, use budan; if the latter, use shodan.
  1. 1Incorrect Placement of the Negative Prefix نَـ (na-)/نِـ (ne-):
The negative prefix always attaches to the verbal part (shodan), never to the non-verbal element (adjective or noun).
  • Incorrect: او نه-خوش‌حال می‌شه. (Literally:

Conjugation of Shodan (Past Tense)

Person Pronoun Verb Form
1st Sing
Man
shodam
2nd Sing
To
shodi
3rd Sing
Ou
shod
1st Plur
Ma
shodim
2nd Plur
Shoma
shodid
3rd Plur
Anha
shodand

Meanings

The verb 'shodan' acts as an auxiliary to transform non-verbal elements into verbs of change or becoming.

1

Change of State

Transitioning from one condition to another.

“او خسته شد (He became tired)”

“غذا آماده شد (The food became ready)”

2

Passive Voice

Used to form the passive voice in Persian.

“نامه نوشته شد (The letter was written)”

“در باز شد (The door was opened)”

3

Possibility/Permission

Used in the form 'mishavad' to mean 'it is possible' or 'may I'.

“می‌شود اینجا نشست؟ (May one sit here?)”

“نمی‌شود رفت (It is not possible to go)”

Reference Table

Reference table for 波斯语复合动词：变得与状态变化 (-shodan)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Noun/Adj + shodan
khoshhal shodam
Negative
Noun/Adj + na + shodan
khoshhal nashodam
Question
Aya + Noun/Adj + shodan?
Aya khoshhal shodid?
Passive
Past Participle + shodan
neveshte shod
Possibility
mishavad + infinitive
mishavad raft

正式程度

正式
کار به اتمام رسید

کار به اتمام رسید (Work completion)

中性
کار تمام شد

کار تمام شد (Work completion)

非正式
کار تموم شد

کار تموم شد (Work completion)

俚语
کار ردیف شد

کار ردیف شد (Work completion)

The Shodan Universe

Shodan

Mood

  • khoshhal happy

State

  • amade ready

Weather

  • sard cold
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按水平分级的例句

1

هوا سرد شد

The weather became cold

2

من خوشحال شدم

I became happy

3

غذا آماده شد

The food became ready

4

او خسته شد

He became tired

1

فیلم تمام نشد

The movie did not finish

2

آیا شما نگران شدید؟

Did you become worried?

3

دیر شد، باید بروم

It became late, I must go

4

در باز شد

The door was opened

1

نامه فرستاده شد

The letter was sent

2

می‌شود اینجا نشست؟

Is it possible to sit here?

3

او بیمار شد

He became ill

4

کارها انجام شد

The tasks were done

1

اوضاع پیچیده شد

The situation became complicated

2

نمی‌شود به این حرف اعتماد کرد

It is not possible to trust this word

3

او ناپدید شد

He disappeared (became invisible)

4

مسئله حل شد

The problem was solved

1

او شیفته‌ی هنر شد

He became fascinated by art

2

تصمیم گرفته شد که برویم

It was decided that we go

3

او سردرگم شد

He became confused

4

اوضاع وخیم شد

The situation became critical

1

او مسحور زیبایی شد

He became enchanted by the beauty

2

این موضوع مطرح شد

This topic was raised

3

او مأیوس شد

He became despondent

4

اوضاع دگرگون شد

The situation became transformed

容易混淆

Persian Compound Verbs: Becoming and Changing State (-shodan) 对比 Shodan vs. Budan

Learners use 'budan' for change.

Persian Compound Verbs: Becoming and Changing State (-shodan) 对比 Shodan vs. Kardan

Learners use 'kardan' for passive.

Persian Compound Verbs: Becoming and Changing State (-shodan) 对比 Shodan vs. Gashtan

Both can mean 'to become'.

常见错误

✗

khoshhalam shodam

✓

khoshhal shodam

Do not conjugate the adjective.
✗

shodam khoshhal

✓

khoshhal shodam

Word order: noun/adj comes first.
✗

na-khoshhal shodam

✓

khoshhal nashodam

Negative prefix goes on the verb.
✗

khoshhal budam

✓

khoshhal shodam

Use shodan for change, not state.
✗

tamam kardan

✓

tamam shodan

Use shodan for intransitive.
✗

shodam nakhoshhal

✓

khoshhal nashodam

Negative prefix placement.
✗

hast shod

✓

shod

Don't double up auxiliary verbs.
✗

nevesht shod

✓

neveshte shod

Need past participle for passive.
✗

mishod raft

✓

mishavad raft

Tense consistency.
✗

anjam shodam

✓

anjam shod

Subject agreement error.
✗

tasmim shod

✓

tasmim gerefte shod

Passive requires full structure.
✗

shodam mas-hur

✓

mas-hur shodam

Word order in formal register.
✗

vakhim kard

✓

vakhim shod

Wrong auxiliary for state change.

句型

من ___ شدم.

___ تمام شد.

آیا ___ شد؟

او ___ شد که برود.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

دیر شد!

Food Delivery very common

غذا آماده شد؟

Job Interview common

کار تمام شد.

Social Media common

خوشحال شدم.

Travel common

هوا سرد شد.

News very common

تصمیم گرفته شد.

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💡

The Auxiliary Rule

Always conjugate only the auxiliary verb 'shodan'. Never touch the adjective.
⚠️

Don't mix up Kardan/Shodan

Kardan is for active, Shodan is for passive/change.
🎯

Passive Voice

Use 'shodan' with the past participle to sound more professional.
💬

Polite Requests

Use 'mishavad' to ask for permission politely.

Smart Tips

Always check if the subject is the one changing.

Man tamiz kardam (I cleaned) → Otaq tamiz shod (The room became clean)

Use the past participle + shodan.

Ou name nevesht (He wrote the letter) → Name neveshte shod (The letter was written)

Use 'mishavad' for polite requests.

Man mitavanam inja beshinam? → Mishavad inja neshast?

Attach 'na-' directly to the auxiliary.

Na shodan khoshhal → Khoshhal nashodam

发音

show-dan

Shodan

The 'sh' is like 'shoe'. The 'o' is short. The 'd' is soft.

Statement

Man khoshhal shodam ↘

Falling intonation for facts.

Question

Khoshhal shodid? ↗

Rising intonation for yes/no questions.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'shodan' as a 'show' that changes. When the show starts, the state changes!

视觉联想

Imagine a caterpillar (state A) turning into a butterfly (state B). The transformation is the 'shodan'.

Rhyme

When you want to change your plan, just add the word shodan.

Story

Ali was sad. Then he ate cake. He became happy. In Persian: Ali khoshhal shod.

Word Web

khoshhalsardamadekhastetamambimar

挑战

Write 5 sentences about your day using 'shodan' (e.g., I became hungry, I became tired).

文化笔记

Used in all professional and social contexts.

Often uses specific colloquial variants.

Uses more complex compound verbs.

Shodan comes from Middle Persian 'shudan', meaning to go or to become.

对话开场白

“

امروز خوشحال شدی؟

“

غذا آماده شد؟

“

اوضاع چطور شد؟

“

آیا تصمیم گرفته شد؟

日记主题

Describe a time you became very happy.
Describe a project you finished recently.
Write about a situation that became complicated.
Discuss a recent change in your life.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct form of shodan.

من خوشحال ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدم
1st person singular past.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هوا سرد شد
Shodan is for change.
Correct the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

او خسته کرد.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: او خسته شد
Intransitive change.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کار تمام شد
Standard SVO.
Translate to Persian. 翻译

The door was opened.

Answer starts with: در ...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: در باز شد
Passive construction.
Conjugate shodan for 'we'. Conjugation Drill

ما خوشحال ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدیم
1st person plural.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 'amade' and 'shodan'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا آماده شد
Change of state.
Match the verb. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shodan
Shodan is to become.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of shodan.

من خوشحال ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدم
1st person singular past.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هوا سرد شد
Shodan is for change.
Correct the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

او خسته کرد.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: او خسته شد
Intransitive change.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

شد / تمام / کار

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کار تمام شد
Standard SVO.
Translate to Persian. 翻译

The door was opened.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: در باز شد
Passive construction.
Conjugate shodan for 'we'. Conjugation Drill

ما خوشحال ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدیم
1st person plural.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 'amade' and 'shodan'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا آماده شد
Change of state.
Match the verb. Match Pairs

Match 'to become' with Persian.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shodan
Shodan is to become.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence: 'We got tired.' 填空

ما خسته ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدیم
Translate to Persian: 'It is getting dark.' 翻译

It is getting dark.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تاریک میشه
Reorder: 'I got happy.' Sentence Reorder

[شدم] [من] [خوشحال]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: من خوشحال شدم
Match the adjective with the 'shodan' action. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All matched
How do you say 'Will you become?' (Formal/Plural) 多项选择

Choose the formal form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: میشید
Fix: 'The tea became cold' (Past). Error Correction

چای سرد میشم.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: چای سرد شد.
Fill: 'They became famous.' 填空

اونا معروف ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدن
Translate: 'I don't get angry.' 翻译

I don't get angry.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: عصبانی نمیشم
Which one is 'to grow up'? 多项选择

Select the correct phrase:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بزرگ شدن
Present tense: 'You (singular) are getting ready.' 填空

تو داری حاضر ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: میشی

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

Yes, it is the standard verb for change of state.

No, you use 'khastan' for future.

Add 'na-' to the auxiliary: 'nashodam'.

It is neutral and used everywhere.

Because it combines a noun/adj with an auxiliary.

Yes, 'khoshhal shodan' is very common.

Shodan is intransitive, Kardan is transitive.

Yes, it is the main way to form passive.

Scaffolded Practice

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4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

German high

werden

Shodan is not used for future tense in Persian.

French moderate

devenir

Persian uses one verb for both.

Spanish partial

ponerse/hacerse

Persian uses the universal 'shodan'.

Japanese high

naru

Japanese uses different particles for the preceding noun.

Arabic moderate

asbaha

Persian 'shodan' is more flexible in register.

Chinese moderate

biànchéng

Persian conjugates the auxiliary.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
波斯语“做”动词：如何表达几乎任何动作 (`kardan`)
Next
波斯语频率副词：总是、有时、从不 (hamisheh, gahi, hich-vaght)

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