B2 Compound Verbs 17 min read 中等

被动语态:'Shodan' 转换法

要让复合动词变成被动语态,很简单!把主动的助动词换成动词 shodan 的变位形式就对了。记住,核心就是 shodan 这个词!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn active sentences into passive by using the past participle of the main verb + the conjugated verb 'shodan'.

  • Take the past participle of the main verb: 'naveshtan' -> 'neveshte'.
  • Add the appropriate conjugation of 'shodan' (to become): 'neveshte shod'.
  • The original subject is either omitted or introduced with 'tavasot-e' (by).
Past Participle + Shodan (conjugated) = Passive Voice

Overview

有没有在朋友家不小心打碎花瓶,然后立刻想:“我怎么说‘它碎了’而不承认是我干的?”欢迎来到波斯语被动语态的奇妙世界!在中文里,我们用“被”或者“受”来表达被动。波斯语的逻辑非常简单,就像换电池一样。因为大多数波斯语动词是复合词(名词/形容词 + 助动词),所以把它们变成被动语态通常只需要更换那个助动词。这就像是说“我发了照片”和“照片已发送”的区别。

How This Grammar Works

秘诀在这里:你知道 kardan(做)是90%波斯语动词背后的引擎吗?比如 kār kardan(工作)或 tamiz kardan(打扫)?要将这些主动动作转化为被动事件(动作发生*在*主语上),你只需解雇 kardan,然后雇佣 shodan(变成/成为)。
shodan 想象成中文的“被”或“变得”。当你常说 tamiz kardan,是你在打扫。当你说 tamiz shodan,是物体*被*打扫或*变得*干净。你不需要为每个动词背诵复杂的变位表。只要你会变位 shodan,你几乎可以让任何复合动词变成被动语态。

Formation Pattern

1
这个公式比重装Windows还干净。
2
找到非动词元素:取复合动词的名词或形容词部分(例如 da'vat kardan 中的 da'vat)。
3
丢掉主动助手:跟 kardan 说再见。
4
加上 Shodan:附上 shodan 作为你的新助动词。
5
变位:根据新主语对 shodan 进行变位。
6
公式:
7
非动词词 + shodan(变位后)
8
例子:
9
主动:man nāmeh-rā ersāl kardam(我寄了信)。
10
被动:nāmeh ersāl shod(信已寄出)。

When To Use It

你会到处看到这个:
  • 当“执行者”未知时:“我的钱包被偷了” (kifam dozdi shod)。
  • 避免责备:“花瓶碎了” (goldān shekaste shod)。
  • 正式公告:“航班已取消” (parvāz cancel shod)。
  • 科技/UI:“消息已发送” (payām ersāl shod)。

Common Mistakes

注意这些陷阱:
  • 混淆状态与动作
  • bāz shod = 它打开了/被打开了(动作)。
  • bāz bud = 它是开着的(状态)。
如果你在描述事件,不要用 budan(是)。
  • 保留宾语标记
  • 错:nāmeh-rā ersāl shod
  • 对:nāmeh ersāl shod
在被动句中,宾语变成了主语。波斯语的主语不带

Contrast With Similar Patterns

1. 主动 (kardan) vs. 被动 (shodan)

paydā kardan(找到)→ 你在找钥匙。
paydā shodan(被找到/出现)→ 钥匙出现了。

2. 被动 (shodan) vs. 状态 (budan)

khaste shodan(变累)→ 过程。
khaste budan(累了)→ 状态。

Quick FAQ

问:我可以在被动句中提到“执行者”吗(例如“被阿里”)?
答:通常不行。波斯语不喜欢“被...” (tavasot-e...) 这种短语。直接用主动语态:Ali dar-rā bāz kard
问:怎么变成否定?
答:只需否定 shodananjām nashod(没有完成)。

Conjugation of 'Shodan' (Passive Auxiliary)

Person Past (Simple) Present Perfect Future
1st Sing.
شدم
شده‌ام
خواهم شد
2nd Sing.
شدی
شده‌ای
خواهی شد
3rd Sing.
شد
شده است
خواهد شد
1st Plur.
شدیم
شده‌ایم
خواهیم شد
2nd Plur.
شدید
شده‌اید
خواهید شد
3rd Plur.
شدند
شده‌اند
خواهند شد

Meanings

The passive voice is used to emphasize the action or the object receiving the action rather than the person performing it.

1

Standard Passive

Focusing on the result of an action.

“غذا خورده شد”

“نامه فرستاده شد”

2

Formal/Academic

Used in reports or news to maintain objectivity.

“تصمیم گرفته شد”

“قانون تصویب شد”

3

Negative Passive

Indicating an action was not completed.

“کار انجام نشد”

“در باز نشد”

Reference Table

Reference table for 被动语态:'Shodan' 转换法
主动语态 (Active Voice) 被动语态 (Passive Voice) 含义变化
da'vat kardan (دعوُت کردن)
da'vat shodan (دعوُت شدن)
邀请 → 被邀请
bāz kardan (باز کردن)
bāz shodan (باز شدن)
打开 → 被打开 / 开启
gom kardan (گم کردن)
gom shodan (گم شدن)
弄丢 → 丢失 / 迷路
sākhte kardan (ساختن*)
sākhte shodan (ساخته شدن)
建造 → 被建造
chāp kardan (چاپ کردن)
chāp shodan (چاپ شدن)
打印 → 被打印
tāyid kardan (تایید کردن)
tāyid shodan (تایید شدن)
确认 → 被确认

正式程度

正式
گزارش ارسال گردید.

گزارش ارسال گردید. (Work email vs text)

中性
گزارش فرستاده شد.

گزارش فرستاده شد. (Work email vs text)

非正式
گزارش رو فرستادن.

گزارش رو فرستادن. (Work email vs text)

俚语
گزارش رو فرستادن دیگه.

گزارش رو فرستادن دیگه. (Work email vs text)

被动语态转换

动作

主动 (执行者)

  • Kardan (کردن) 做 (主动)
  • Ali dar-rā bāz kard 阿里打开了门

被动 (承受者)

  • Shodan (شدن) 变成 (被动)
  • Dar bāz shod 门被打开了

Kardan vs. Shodan 对比

主动 (Kardan)
Bāz kardan 打开 (某物)
Tamiz kardan 清洁 (某物)
被动 (Shodan)
Bāz shodan 被打开
Tamiz shodan 被清洁

是被动语态吗?

1

主语是动作的执行者吗?

YES
主动语态 (用 Kardan)
NO
查看下一步
2

动作是发生在主语身上吗?

YES
被动语态 (用 Shodan)
NO ↓

常见被动语态语境

❤️

情绪/状态

  • Āshegh shodan (坠入爱河)
  • Khaste shodan (感到疲惫)
  • Nārāhat shodan (变得沮丧)

事件/变化

  • Gom shodan (丢失)
  • Bāz shodan (开启)
  • Kharāb shodan (损坏/变质)

按水平分级的例句

1

غذا خورده شد

The food was eaten

2

نامه نوشته شد

The letter was written

3

در باز شد

The door was opened

4

کار انجام شد

The work was done

1

ماشین تعمیر شد

The car was repaired

2

پنجره شکسته شد

The window was broken

3

پول پرداخت نشد

The money was not paid

4

فیلم دیده شد

The movie was watched

1

جلسه لغو شد

The meeting was cancelled

2

تصمیم گرفته شد

The decision was made

3

گزارش فرستاده شد

The report was sent

4

قانون تصویب شد

The law was passed

1

این کتاب توسط نویسنده مشهور نوشته شد

This book was written by a famous author

2

مذاکرات صلح آغاز شد

Peace negotiations were started

3

پروژه با موفقیت تکمیل شد

The project was successfully completed

4

اشتباهات اصلاح شدند

The mistakes were corrected

1

در آن زمان، این بنا ساخته شد

At that time, this building was constructed

2

تمامی جوانب بررسی شد

All aspects were examined

3

پیشنهاد رد شد

The proposal was rejected

4

تغییرات اعمال شدند

The changes were implemented

1

این نظریه توسط دانشمندان رد شد

This theory was rejected by scientists

2

تمهیدات لازم اندیشیده شد

The necessary measures were considered

3

حقایق نادیده گرفته شدند

The facts were ignored

4

بسیاری از آثار هنری نابود شدند

Many artworks were destroyed

容易混淆

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch 对比 Shodan vs Boodan

Both can be used with past participles.

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch 对比 Passive vs Active 'They'

Spoken Persian often uses active 'they' for passive meaning.

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch 对比 Transitive vs Intransitive

Learners try to make intransitive verbs passive.

常见错误

غذا خورد شد

غذا خورده شد

Must use the past participle form.

نامه نوشتن شد

نامه نوشته شد

Do not use the infinitive.

کار انجام بود

کار انجام شد

Use 'shodan' for the action, not 'boodan'.

توسط علی نامه نوشته شد

نامه توسط علی نوشته شد

Word order is flexible but usually the receiver comes first.

句型

___ توسط ___ انجام شد.

آیا ___ ___ شد؟

___ هنوز ___ نشده است.

___ در سال ___ ساخته شد.

Real World Usage

News Broadcast constant

مذاکرات آغاز شد.

Office Email very common

گزارش ارسال شد.

Academic Paper very common

داده‌ها تحلیل شدند.

Food Delivery App common

سفارش ثبت شد.

Texting occasional

کار انجام شد.

Job Interview common

پروژه با موفقیت مدیریت شد.

🎯

“Get”小技巧

如果英语里你能用“get”来替换“be”(比如“It got broken”而不是“It was broken”),那在波斯语里,你肯定要用 'shodan'。想象你的杯子不小心摔坏了,你想说“它碎了”。«لیوان شکست.»
⚠️

不要翻译“被某人”

波斯语被动句里,不要直接翻译“被某人”(by [person])。听起来会很生硬。如果你想强调是谁做的,直接用主动语态就好啦。比如,你想说“这本书是阿里写的”,直接翻译成被动语态会很奇怪。«این کتاب توسط علی نوشته شد.»
💬

礼貌的被动语态

有时候,伊朗人会用被动语态来避免直接指责对方。比如,你的朋友不小心把杯子摔坏了,说“杯子碎了”比说“你把杯子弄碎了”听起来更委婉、更礼貌。«لیوان شکست.»

Smart Tips

Use passive to sound objective.

I finished the report. گزارش تکمیل شد.

Use passive for each step.

First, I cut the onions. ابتدا پیازها خرد شدند.

Passive is your best friend.

Someone broke the vase. گلدان شکسته شد.

Passive hides the subject.

You made a mistake. اشتباهی رخ داد.

发音

/ʃoˈdæn/

Shodan

The 'sh' is like 'shoe', 'o' is like 'go', 'd' is like 'dog', 'a' is like 'father', 'n' is like 'no'.

Rising for questions

انجام شد؟ ↗

Indicates a yes/no question.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Shodan' as a 'Shifter' — it shifts the focus from the doer to the deed.

视觉联想

Imagine a spotlight moving from a person holding a pen to the paper itself. The paper glows as the pen fades away.

Rhyme

For passive voice, don't be slow, add 'shodan' to the flow.

Story

Ali was cooking dinner. The kitchen was messy. Suddenly, the lights went out. The food was cooked, the table was set, and the guests arrived. Everything happened without Ali being mentioned.

Word Web

شدناسم مفعولتوسطمجهولفاعلمفعول

挑战

Take 5 active sentences you wrote today and rewrite them in the passive voice.

文化笔记

Passive is used frequently in news and formal reports.

Sometimes 'gardidan' is used instead of 'shodan' for a higher register.

In spoken Persian, people often use the active voice with a generic 'they' instead of the passive.

The verb 'shodan' comes from Middle Persian 'shudan' (to go).

对话开场白

آیا کارها انجام شده‌اند؟

این کتاب توسط چه کسی نوشته شده است؟

آیا تصمیم نهایی گرفته شد؟

آیا درها بسته شدند؟

日记主题

Describe a project you completed at work using the passive voice.
Write a short news report about a local event.
List three things that were done in your house today.
Discuss a historical event using the passive voice.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

用 'shodan' 的正确形式完成句子。

The door was opened. = Dar bāz ___ (past tense).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shod
我们需要过去时被动助动词 'shodan'(shod)来表示“被打开了”。
哪个句子表示“车被卖了”? 多项选择

Select the correct passive construction:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mashin forukhte shod.
'Forukhte shod' 是正确的被动形式。'Kard' 是主动语态,并且被动主语不使用 'rā'。
修正被动句中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Nāmeh-rā ersāl shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nāmeh ersâl shod.
在被动句中,宾语变成了主语,所以我们必须去掉宾语标记 'rā'。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'shodan'.

نامه نوشته ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شد
The subject is 'nameh' (singular).
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

غذا خورد شد.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا خورده شد
Needs past participle.
Which is the correct passive form? 多项选择

Choose the passive version of 'Ali repaired the car'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشین تعمیر شد
Correct auxiliary usage.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

شد / گزارش / ارسال

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: گزارش ارسال شد
Standard word order.
Translate to Persian. 翻译

The meeting was cancelled.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: جلسه لغو شد
Correct past passive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Did you finish the work? B: Yes, the work ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: انجام شد
Passive response.
Sort into Active or Passive. Grammar Sorting

علی نامه را نوشت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Active
Subject is Ali.
Conjugate 'shodan' for 3rd person plural. Conjugation Drill

They were...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدند
Correct plural conjugation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

13 exercises
将主动动词与其被动形式正确配对。 Match Pairs

Pair the verbs correctly.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"baz kardan":"baz shodan","gom kardan":"gom shodan","tamiz kardan":"tamiz shodan"}
填空。 填空

My phone is lost. = Gushiam ___ shode ast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gom
重新排列单词,组成一个被动句。 Sentence Reorder

shod / ersâl / payām / diruz

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Payām diruz ersâl shod.
选择正确的翻译。 多项选择

Kār tamām shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The work was finished.
找出错误。 Error Correction

In ketāb tavasot-e man khānde shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man in ketāb-rā khāndam.
将 'shodan' 变位,表示“窗户打开了”(现在时)。 填空

Panjere-hā bāz ___ (mishodan).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mishavand
找出被动动词。 多项选择

Identify the passive verb.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dorost shod
翻译成波斯语。 翻译

The food was eaten.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ghazā khorde shod.
纠正动词选择。 Error Correction

Otāgh tamiz kard.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Otāgh tamiz shod.
选择正确的否定形式。 填空

The problem was not solved. = Moshkel hal ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nashod
将语境与正确的动词形式匹配。 Match Pairs

Match the situation to the correct verb form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"I lost my keys (Active)":"Kelid-r\u0101 gom kardam","Keys appeared (Passive)":"Kelid peyd\u0101 shod","My keys were lost (Passive)":"Kelid gom shod"}
重新排列,形成正式新闻风格的句子。 Sentence Reorder

shod / elâm / natāyej / emruz

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Natāyej emruz elâm shod.
完成习语。 填空

To fall in love = Āshegh ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shodan

Score: /13

常见问题 (8)

It's possible, but active 'they' is more common.

Yes, for standard passive constructions.

Use 'tavasot-e' (by).

Check if your verb is transitive.

Yes, it is preferred in professional settings.

Yes, use 'khaham shod'.

Shodan is action, Boodan is state.

No, it stays the same.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Ser + participio

Spanish requires gender/number agreement for the participle.

French high

Être + participe passé

French requires agreement of the participle with the subject.

German high

Werden + Partizip II

German syntax is more rigid regarding word order.

Japanese low

Passive suffix -reru/-rareru

Persian uses an auxiliary verb, Japanese uses morphology.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Arabic is synthetic, Persian is analytic.

Chinese moderate

Bei (被) construction

Chinese 'bei' is a particle, Persian 'shodan' is a full verb.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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