B2 Compound Verbs 17 min read 보통

수동태: 'Shodan'으로 바꾸기

복합 동사를 수동태로 만들고 싶다면? 'kardan' 자리에 'shodan'만 쏙 집어넣으면 끝이에요! shodan kardan «수동태»

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn active sentences into passive by using the past participle of the main verb + the conjugated verb 'shodan'.

  • Take the past participle of the main verb: 'naveshtan' -> 'neveshte'.
  • Add the appropriate conjugation of 'shodan' (to become): 'neveshte shod'.
  • The original subject is either omitted or introduced with 'tavasot-e' (by).
Past Participle + Shodan (conjugated) = Passive Voice

Overview

친구 집에서 실수로 꽃병을 깨뜨리고 «내가 깼어»라고 하지 않고 «깨졌어»라고 말하고 싶었던 적 있나요? 페르시아어 피동사(수동태)의 세계에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 한국어의 «-되다»나 «-지다»와 매우 비슷해서 페르시아어 피동문은 놀랍도록 논리적입니다. 대부분의 페르시아어 동사가 복합 동사(명사/형용사 + 보조 동사)이기 때문에, 피동으로 만드는 것은 종종 보조 동사만 바꾸면 됩니다. «사진을 올렸다»와 «사진이 올라갔다»의 차이와 같습니다.

How This Grammar Works

비결은 이겁니다. kardan(하다)이 페르시아어 동사의 90%를 담당한다는 걸 아시죠? kār kardan(일하다)이나 tamiz kardan(청소하다)처럼요. 이런 능동적 행동을 피동적 사건(행동이 주어에게 일어남)으로 바꾸려면, kardan을 해고하고 shodan(되다)을 고용하면 됩니다.
shodan은 한국어의 «되다»나 «받다»로 생각하세요. tamiz kardan이라고 하면 당신이 청소를 하는 것입니다. tamiz shodan이라고 하면 물건이 청소 *되는* 것입니다. 복잡한 새 활용표를 외울 필요가 없습니다. shodan만 활용할 줄 알면 거의 모든 복합 동사를 피동으로 만들 수 있습니다.

Formation Pattern

1
공식은 윈도우 새로 설치하는 것보다 깔끔합니다.
2
비동사 요소 찾기: 복합 동사의 명사나 형용사 부분을 가져옵니다 (예: da'vat kardan에서 da'vat).
3
능동 도우미 버리기: kardan에게 작별 인사를 하세요.
4
Shodan 추가하기: 새로운 보조 동사로 shodan을 붙입니다.
5
활용하기: 새로운 주어에 맞춰 shodan을 활용합니다.
6
공식:
7
비동사 단어 + shodan (활용형)
8
예시:
9
능동: man nāmeh-rā ersāl kardam (나는 편지를 보냈다).
10
피동: nāmeh ersāl shod (편지가 보내졌다).

When To Use It

어디서나 볼 수 있지만, 특히 다음 경우에 쓰입니다:
  • «행위자»를 모를 때: «내 지갑이 도난당했어» (kifam dozdi shod).
  • 책임 회피: «꽃병이 깨졌어» (goldān shekaste shod).
  • 공식 발표 및 뉴스: «비행편이 취소되었습니다» (parvāz cancel shod).
  • 기술 및 UI: «메시지 전송됨» (payām ersāl shod).

Common Mistakes

고급 학습자도 여기서 실수합니다. 다음 함정을 조심하세요:
  • 상태와 동작 혼동:
  • bāz shod = 열렸다 (동작/사건).
  • bāz bud = 열려 있었다 (상태).
사건을 묘사할 때 budan(있다)을 쓰지 마세요.
  • 목적격 조사 유지:
  • 틀림: nāmeh-rā ersāl shod.
  • 맞음: nāmeh ersāl shod.
피동문이 되면 목적어가 주어가 됩니다. 페르시아어 주어에는 가 붙지 않습니다.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

«하다», «되다», «있다»의 혼동을 정리해 봅시다.
1. 능동 (kardan) vs 피동 (shodan)
  • paydā kardan (찾다) → 열쇠를 찾고 있다.
  • paydā shodan (발견되다/나타나다) → 열쇠가 나타났다.
2. 피동 (shodan) vs 상태 (budan)
  • khaste shodan (피곤해지다) → 과정.
  • khaste budan (피곤하다) → 상태.

Quick FAQ

Q: 피동문에서 «행위자»를 언급할 수 있나요 (예: «알리에 의해»)?

일반적으로 안 됩니다. 페르시아어는 «~에 의해»(tavasot-e...)라는 표현을 싫어합니다. 그냥 능동태를 쓰세요: Ali dar-rā bāz kard.

Q: 부정문은 어떻게 만드나요?

그냥 shodan을 부정하면 됩니다. anjām nashod (이뤄지지 않았다).

Conjugation of 'Shodan' (Passive Auxiliary)

Person Past (Simple) Present Perfect Future
1st Sing.
شدم
شده‌ام
خواهم شد
2nd Sing.
شدی
شده‌ای
خواهی شد
3rd Sing.
شد
شده است
خواهد شد
1st Plur.
شدیم
شده‌ایم
خواهیم شد
2nd Plur.
شدید
شده‌اید
خواهید شد
3rd Plur.
شدند
شده‌اند
خواهند شد

Meanings

The passive voice is used to emphasize the action or the object receiving the action rather than the person performing it.

1

Standard Passive

Focusing on the result of an action.

“غذا خورده شد”

“نامه فرستاده شد”

2

Formal/Academic

Used in reports or news to maintain objectivity.

“تصمیم گرفته شد”

“قانون تصویب شد”

3

Negative Passive

Indicating an action was not completed.

“کار انجام نشد”

“در باز نشد”

Reference Table

Reference table for 수동태: 'Shodan'으로 바꾸기
능동태 (Active Voice) 수동태 (Passive Voice) 의미 변화
da'vat kardan (دعوُت کردن)
da'vat shodan (دعوُت شدن)
초대하다 → 초대받다
bāz kardan (باز کردن)
bāz shodan (باز شدن)
열다 → 열리다
gom kardan (گم کردن)
gom shodan (گم شدن)
잃어버리다 → 길을 잃다/없어지다
sākhtan (ساختن*)
sākhte shodan (ساخته شدن)
짓다/만들다 → 지어지다
chāp kardan (چاپ کردن)
chāp shodan (چاپ شدن)
인쇄하다 → 인쇄되다
tāyid kardan (تایید کردن)
tāyid shodan (تایید شدن)
확인하다 → 확인되다

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
گزارش ارسال گردید.

گزارش ارسال گردید. (Work email vs text)

중립
گزارش فرستاده شد.

گزارش فرستاده شد. (Work email vs text)

비격식체
گزارش رو فرستادن.

گزارش رو فرستادن. (Work email vs text)

속어
گزارش رو فرستادن دیگه.

گزارش رو فرستادن دیگه. (Work email vs text)

수동태 스위치

동작

능동태 (하는 주체)

  • Kardan (کردن) 하다 (능동)
  • Ali dar-rā bāz kard 알리가 문을 열었다

수동태 (받는 대상)

  • Shodan (شدن) 되다 (수동)
  • Dar bāz shod 문이 열렸다

Kardan vs. Shodan

능동태 (Kardan)
Bāz kardan (무언가를) 열다
Tamiz kardan (무언가를) 청소하다
수동태 (Shodan)
Bāz shodan 열리다
Tamiz shodan 청소되다

수동태인가요?

1

주어가 직접 행동을 하나요?

YES
능동태 (Kardan 사용)
NO
다음 단계 확인
2

행동이 주어에게 일어나나요?

YES
수동태 (Shodan 사용)
NO ↓

자주 쓰이는 수동태 상황

❤️

감정/상태

  • Āshegh shodan (사랑에 빠지다)
  • Khaste shodan (피곤해지다)
  • Nārāhat shodan (속상해지다)

사건/변화

  • Gom shodan (길을 잃다)
  • Bāz shodan (열리다)
  • Kharāb shodan (고장 나다/상하다)

수준별 예문

1

غذا خورده شد

The food was eaten

2

نامه نوشته شد

The letter was written

3

در باز شد

The door was opened

4

کار انجام شد

The work was done

1

ماشین تعمیر شد

The car was repaired

2

پنجره شکسته شد

The window was broken

3

پول پرداخت نشد

The money was not paid

4

فیلم دیده شد

The movie was watched

1

جلسه لغو شد

The meeting was cancelled

2

تصمیم گرفته شد

The decision was made

3

گزارش فرستاده شد

The report was sent

4

قانون تصویب شد

The law was passed

1

این کتاب توسط نویسنده مشهور نوشته شد

This book was written by a famous author

2

مذاکرات صلح آغاز شد

Peace negotiations were started

3

پروژه با موفقیت تکمیل شد

The project was successfully completed

4

اشتباهات اصلاح شدند

The mistakes were corrected

1

در آن زمان، این بنا ساخته شد

At that time, this building was constructed

2

تمامی جوانب بررسی شد

All aspects were examined

3

پیشنهاد رد شد

The proposal was rejected

4

تغییرات اعمال شدند

The changes were implemented

1

این نظریه توسط دانشمندان رد شد

This theory was rejected by scientists

2

تمهیدات لازم اندیشیده شد

The necessary measures were considered

3

حقایق نادیده گرفته شدند

The facts were ignored

4

بسیاری از آثار هنری نابود شدند

Many artworks were destroyed

혼동하기 쉬운

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch Shodan vs Boodan

Both can be used with past participles.

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch Passive vs Active 'They'

Spoken Persian often uses active 'they' for passive meaning.

Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch Transitive vs Intransitive

Learners try to make intransitive verbs passive.

자주 하는 실수

غذا خورد شد

غذا خورده شد

Must use the past participle form.

نامه نوشتن شد

نامه نوشته شد

Do not use the infinitive.

کار انجام بود

کار انجام شد

Use 'shodan' for the action, not 'boodan'.

توسط علی نامه نوشته شد

نامه توسط علی نوشته شد

Word order is flexible but usually the receiver comes first.

문장 패턴

___ توسط ___ انجام شد.

آیا ___ ___ شد؟

___ هنوز ___ نشده است.

___ در سال ___ ساخته شد.

Real World Usage

News Broadcast constant

مذاکرات آغاز شد.

Office Email very common

گزارش ارسال شد.

Academic Paper very common

داده‌ها تحلیل شدند.

Food Delivery App common

سفارش ثبت شد.

Texting occasional

کار انجام شد.

Job Interview common

پروژه با موفقیت مدیریت شد.

🎯

'Get' 해킹법

영어에서 'be' 대신 'get'을 넣었을 때 말이 된다면(예: '길을 잃게 되다'), 페르시아어에서는 무조건 'shodan'이 필요해요: Gom shodam.
⚠️

'~에 의해'는 잊으세요

페르시아어 수동태에서 '~에 의해'라는 표현을 억지로 넣으면 문장이 딱딱해져요. 누가 했는지 밝히고 싶다면 그냥 능동태를 쓰세요:
In nâme ersâl shod.
💬

예의 바른 수동태

이란 사람들은 상대방을 직접 탓하지 않으려고 수동태를 쓰기도 해요. '네가 컵을 깼어' 대신 '컵이 깨졌네'라고 말하는 식이죠: Livān shekast.

Smart Tips

Use passive to sound objective.

I finished the report. گزارش تکمیل شد.

Use passive for each step.

First, I cut the onions. ابتدا پیازها خرد شدند.

Passive is your best friend.

Someone broke the vase. گلدان شکسته شد.

Passive hides the subject.

You made a mistake. اشتباهی رخ داد.

발음

/ʃoˈdæn/

Shodan

The 'sh' is like 'shoe', 'o' is like 'go', 'd' is like 'dog', 'a' is like 'father', 'n' is like 'no'.

Rising for questions

انجام شد؟ ↗

Indicates a yes/no question.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Shodan' as a 'Shifter' — it shifts the focus from the doer to the deed.

시각적 연상

Imagine a spotlight moving from a person holding a pen to the paper itself. The paper glows as the pen fades away.

Rhyme

For passive voice, don't be slow, add 'shodan' to the flow.

Story

Ali was cooking dinner. The kitchen was messy. Suddenly, the lights went out. The food was cooked, the table was set, and the guests arrived. Everything happened without Ali being mentioned.

Word Web

شدناسم مفعولتوسطمجهولفاعلمفعول

챌린지

Take 5 active sentences you wrote today and rewrite them in the passive voice.

문화 노트

Passive is used frequently in news and formal reports.

Sometimes 'gardidan' is used instead of 'shodan' for a higher register.

In spoken Persian, people often use the active voice with a generic 'they' instead of the passive.

The verb 'shodan' comes from Middle Persian 'shudan' (to go).

대화 시작하기

آیا کارها انجام شده‌اند؟

این کتاب توسط چه کسی نوشته شده است؟

آیا تصمیم نهایی گرفته شد؟

آیا درها بسته شدند؟

일기 주제

Describe a project you completed at work using the passive voice.
Write a short news report about a local event.
List three things that were done in your house today.
Discuss a historical event using the passive voice.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

올바른 'shodan' 형태를 넣어 문장을 완성하세요.

The door was opened. = Dar bāz ___ (past tense).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shod
'문이 열렸다'는 수동적인 사건이므로 과거형 보조 동사인 'shod'가 필요해요.
'차가 팔렸다'는 뜻의 문장을 고르세요.

Select the correct passive construction:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mashin forukhte shod.
'forukhte shod'가 올바른 수동태 형태예요. 'kard'는 능동태고, 수동태 주어에는 'rā'를 붙이지 않아요.
수동태 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고쳐보세요.

Nāmeh-rā ersāl shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nāmeh ersāl shod.
수동태 문장에서는 목적어가 주어가 되므로, 목적어 표시인 'rā'를 반드시 빼야 합니다.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'shodan'.

نامه نوشته ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شد
The subject is 'nameh' (singular).
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

غذا خورد شد.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا خورده شد
Needs past participle.
Which is the correct passive form? 객관식

Choose the passive version of 'Ali repaired the car'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشین تعمیر شد
Correct auxiliary usage.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

شد / گزارش / ارسال

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: گزارش ارسال شد
Standard word order.
Translate to Persian. 번역

The meeting was cancelled.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: جلسه لغو شد
Correct past passive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Did you finish the work? B: Yes, the work ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: انجام شد
Passive response.
Sort into Active or Passive. Grammar Sorting

علی نامه را نوشت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Active
Subject is Ali.
Conjugate 'shodan' for 3rd person plural. Conjugation Drill

They were...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شدند
Correct plural conjugation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

13 exercises
능동태 동사와 그에 맞는 수동태 동사를 연결하세요. Match Pairs

Pair the verbs correctly.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"baz kardan":"baz shodan","gom kardan":"gom shodan","tamiz kardan":"tamiz shodan"}
빈칸을 채우세요. 빈칸 채우기

My phone is lost. = Gushiam ___ shode ast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gom
단어를 배열하여 수동태 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

shod / ersāl / payām / diruz

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Payām diruz ersāl shod.
올바른 번역을 고르세요. 객관식

Kār tamām shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The work was finished.
오류를 찾아보세요. Error Correction

In ketāb tavasot-e man khānde shod.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man in ketāb-rā khāndam.
'창문들이 열린다'(현재형)가 되도록 'shodan'을 변화시키세요. 빈칸 채우기

Panjere-hā bāz ___ (mishodan).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mishavand
수동태 동사를 고르세요. 객관식

Identify the passive verb.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dorost shod
페르시아어로 번역하세요. 번역

The food was eaten.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ghazā khorde shod.
동사 선택을 교정하세요. Error Correction

Otāgh tamiz kard.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Otāgh tamiz shod.
올바른 부정형을 고르세요. 빈칸 채우기

The problem was not solved. = Moshkel hal ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nashod
상황에 맞는 동사 형태를 연결하세요. Match Pairs

Match the situation to the correct verb form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"I lost my keys (Active)":"Kelid-r\u0101 gom kardam","Keys appeared (Passive)":"Kelid peyd\u0101 shod","My keys were lost (Passive)":"Kelid gom shod"}
뉴스 스타일의 문장으로 배열하세요. Sentence Reorder

shod / elām / natāyej / emruz

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Natāyej emruz elām shod.
관용구를 완성하세요. 빈칸 채우기

To fall in love = Āshegh ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shodan

Score: /13

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

It's possible, but active 'they' is more common.

Yes, for standard passive constructions.

Use 'tavasot-e' (by).

Check if your verb is transitive.

Yes, it is preferred in professional settings.

Yes, use 'khaham shod'.

Shodan is action, Boodan is state.

No, it stays the same.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Ser + participio

Spanish requires gender/number agreement for the participle.

French high

Être + participe passé

French requires agreement of the participle with the subject.

German high

Werden + Partizip II

German syntax is more rigid regarding word order.

Japanese low

Passive suffix -reru/-rareru

Persian uses an auxiliary verb, Japanese uses morphology.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Arabic is synthetic, Persian is analytic.

Chinese moderate

Bei (被) construction

Chinese 'bei' is a particle, Persian 'shodan' is a full verb.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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