Passive Voice: The 'Shodan' Switch
shodan.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Turn active sentences into passive by using the past participle of the main verb + the conjugated verb 'shodan'.
- Take the past participle of the main verb: 'naveshtan' -> 'neveshte'.
- Add the appropriate conjugation of 'shodan' (to become): 'neveshte shod'.
- The original subject is either omitted or introduced with 'tavasot-e' (by).
Overview
The Persian passive voice, primarily constructed with the versatile verb shodan (شدن, to become), allows you to express actions where the subject is the receiver of the action, not the doer. This grammatical construction is fundamental for shifting communicative focus and is pervasive in both written and spoken Persian, particularly in formal contexts. Understanding shodan as a key mechanism is crucial for comprehending how actions are framed when the agent (the one performing the action) is unknown, unimportant, or intentionally omitted.
This rule equips you to understand and produce more sophisticated and nuanced Persian, moving beyond simple active constructions.
At the B2 level, you are moving beyond basic sentence structures and beginning to engage with more complex informational discourse. The passive voice enables you to discuss intricate topics like news events, scientific processes, or historical accounts where the object of an action often takes precedence over the agent. It fundamentally alters the communicative emphasis from "who did it" to "what happened." This is a core linguistic principle for expressing detachment, objectivity, or simply conveying information efficiently when the actor is irrelevant.
Mastering this rule demonstrates a significant step in your fluency, allowing you to interpret and generate language with greater precision and stylistic variation.
How This Grammar Works
kardan (کردن, to do/make), zadan (زدن, to strike), or dādan (دادن, to give). These active helper verbs assign agency to the subject.tamiz kardan (تمیز کردن) means "to clean" (implying you do the cleaning) and ersāl kardan (ارسال کردن) means "to send" (implying you send something).shodan. This substitution instantly shifts the grammatical focus. Instead of the subject performing the action, the subject undergoes the action.tamiz shodan (تمیز شدن): this translates to "to become clean" or "to be cleaned," implying that something is receiving the action of cleaning. Similarly, ersāl shodan (ارسال شدن) means "to be sent." The consistency of this pattern means that if you can conjugate shodan in various tenses, you can form the passive voice for a vast number of compound verbs. This simplicity underscores a core principle of Persian verbal morphology, where shodan acts as the primary verbalizer for passivity.man film-rā tamām kardam (من فیلم را تمام کردم - I finished the film), you are the agent. In the passive, film tamām shod (فیلم تمام شد - The film was finished), the film is the subject, and the agent is omitted. This linguistic shift is a powerful tool for de-emphasizing the agent and highlighting the result or the recipient of the action, aligning with the B2 learner's need for greater expressive range.Formation Pattern
shodan (شدن).
shodan):
shodan.
-e (ـه) to the past stem of the verb. For instance, the verb goftan (گفتن, to say) has a past stem goft (گفت), so its past participle is gofte (گفته).
shodan (conjugated)
goftan (گفتن) | goft (گفت) | gofte (گفته) | gofte shod (گفته شد) | was said |
neveshtan (نوشتن) | nevesht (نوشت) | neveeshte (نوشته) | neveeshte shod (نوشته شد) | was written |
khordan (خوردن) | khord (خورد) | khorde (خورده) | khorde shod (خورده شد) | was eaten |
shodan, or Non-Verbal + Participle of Helper + shodan):
kardan, zadan, etc.) with shodan. However, some compound verbs retain the past participle of their original helper verb for semantic clarity.
shodan (conjugated)
tamiz kardan (تمیز کردن) | tamiz (تمیز) | tamiz shod (تمیز شد) | was cleaned |
ersāl kardan (ارسال کردن) | ersāl (ارسال) | ersāl shod (ارسال شد) | was sent |
bāz kardan (باز کردن) | bāz (باز) | bāz shod (باز شد) | was opened / became open |
shodan (conjugated)
dādan, gereftan, kardan) contributes a specific, non-generic meaning that needs to be preserved. For instance, tahvil dādan (تحویل دادن, to deliver something) is better passivized as tahvil dāde shodan (تحویل داده شدن, to be delivered), rather than tahvil shodan, which could be ambiguous.
shodan (شدن) in Key Tenses for Passive Construction:
shodan (Conjugated) | Example (gofte shod - it was said) |
man ketāb-rā neveeshtam (من کتاب را نوشتم - I wrote the book).
ketāb neveeshte shod (کتاب نوشته شد - The book was written). (Simple transitive verb pattern)
u dar-rā bāz mikonad (او در را باز میکند - He opens the door).
dar bāz mishavad (در باز میشود - The door is opened / becomes open). (Compound verb, Non-Verbal + shodan in Present Habitual)
man nāmeh-rā ersāl kardam (من نامه را ارسال کردم - I sent the letter).
nāmeh ersāl shod (نامه ارسال شد - The letter was sent). (Compound verb, Non-Verbal + shodan in Simple Past)
shodan. This systematic approach simplifies what might initially seem like a complex transformation, ensuring that the subject agreement is maintained with the new passive verb.
When To Use It
- When the Agent is Unknown or Unimportant: This is the most prevalent use. If you don't know who performed an action, or if their identity doesn't add value to the message, the passive voice is ideal. It allows you to report an event without specifying the initiator.
- Example:
māshin-am dozdi shod(ماشینم دزدی شد - My car was stolen). Here, the identity of the thief is unknown, so the focus is entirely on the event affecting the car. - Example:
ghazā tamām shod(غذا تمام شد - The food finished/was finished). It's not important who finished it, just that it's gone. The statement focuses on the result.
- To Shift Focus to the Action or Object: The passive voice highlights what happened to the subject, rather than who initiated it. This is particularly useful in news reporting, scientific writing, and general announcements where objectivity is paramount.
- Example:
in khabar gofte shod(این خبر گفته شد - This news was said/announced). The emphasis is on the announcement itself, not on the individual speaker or source. - Example:
prozhe takmil shod(پروژه تکمیل شد - The project was completed). The accomplishment of the project is central, not the specific team or person who completed it.
- For Impersonal Statements and General Truths: When stating a general fact, rule, or condition without attributing it to a specific person or group. This creates a sense of universality or established practice.
- Example:
dar inja farsi sohbat mishavad(در اینجا فارسی صحبت میشود - Persian is spoken here). This indicates a general, habitual practice within a location, without naming the speakers. - Example:
ghavānin bayad ri'āyat shavand(قوانین باید رعایت شوند - Rules must be observed). This expresses a general imperative, applicable to everyone, rather than being directed at specific individuals.
- To Avoid Blame or Imply Inaction (Colloquial Contexts): In casual conversation, the passive voice can be used subtly to deflect responsibility or express that something happened without explicit agency, similar to how it's used in English. It softens the directness of an active statement.
- Example:
lebas-hā nashoste mānd(لباسها نشسته ماند - The clothes remained unwashed / The clothes didn't get washed). This is a less accusatory way of stating that the clothes weren't cleaned. - Example:
goldān shekaste shod(گلدان شکسته شد - The vase was broken). This is often preferred overman goldān-rā shekastam(من گلدان را شکستم - I broke the vase) when a speaker wishes to downplay their role or simply state the unfortunate event.
- In Formal, Official, or Academic Contexts: The passive voice lends a sense of objectivity and formality, making it prevalent in official reports, scientific papers, administrative documents, and legal texts. It creates distance between the writer/speaker and the action.
- Example:
ghānun-e jadid tasvib shod(قانون جدید تصویب شد - The new law was approved). - Example:
tahghighāt anjām shodand(تحقیقات انجام شدند - The researches were conducted). These examples demonstrate the formal, objective tone achieved by removing the agent.
Common Mistakes
shodan's precise nuance, or overlooking specific grammatical requirements. Avoiding these common mistakes will significantly enhance the naturalness and correctness of your Persian, marking a step towards native-like fluency.- Confusing Event (
shodan) with State (budan): This is arguably the most frequent and critical error.shodandescribes the process of becoming or the event of something happening – a dynamic change.budan(بودن, to be) describes a state or condition – a static existence. Misusing these can fundamentally alter the meaning of your sentence. - Incorrect:
dar bāz bud(در باز بود) when you mean "The door was opened" (as an action). This literally means "The door was open" (describing its state). The door may have been open for hours. - Correct:
dar bāz shod(در باز شد - The door was opened / became open). This refers to the event of opening, emphasizing the change in state. - Example:
man khaste shodam(من خسته شدم - I got tired / I became tired) describes the process of fatigue setting in. Contrast this withman khaste hastam(من خسته هستم - I am tired), which describes the current state of being tired. - Rule: Use
shodanfor actions, events, or changes; usebudanfor static conditions or existing states.
- Retaining the Object Marker
rā(را): In Persian,rāmarks a definite direct object in an active sentence. When an active sentence is made passive, its direct object transforms into the subject of the passive sentence. Subjects in Persian do not takerā. - Incorrect:
ketāb-rā neveeshte shod(کتاب را نوشته شد - The book RA was written). This construction is grammatically unsound and unnatural. - Correct:
ketāb neveeshte shod(کتاب نوشته شد - The book was written). The book is now the grammatical subject and correctly lacksrā. - Rule: Always remove
rāwhen forming a passive sentence, as the direct object of the active voice becomes the grammatical subject of the passive voice.
- Overusing the Passive Voice (Direct Translation from English): While English frequently employs the passive voice, Persian generally prefers the active voice, especially in informal and even semi-formal contexts, when the agent is known or easily inferable. An overuse of passive structures can make your Persian sound unnatural, overly formal, or stiff.
- Instead of:
ghazā tavasot-e man khorde shod(غذا توسط من خورده شد - The food was eaten by me) – which sounds highly unnatural and verbose. - Prefer:
man ghazā khordam(من غذا خوردم - I ate the food). This is direct, concise, and natural. - Rule: Only use the passive when the agent is truly unknown, unimportant, or deliberately omitted for stylistic reasons. If you can use the active voice naturally and without awkwardness, do so.
- Incorrect Agent Marking (
tavasot-eتوسطِ): While English allows "by X" to specify the agent in a passive sentence, Persian almost never usestavasot-e(توسطِ, by/through) in this way, particularly not for persons. It sounds like a stiff, literal translation and is generally avoided by native speakers. If the agent is important enough to mention, you should restructure the sentence into the active voice. - Incorrect:
khāne tavasot-e u sā’khte shod(خانه توسط او ساخته شد - The house was built by him). - Correct (Active preferred):
u khāne-rā sā’kht(او خانه را ساخت - He built the house). If the agent's identity is significant, the active voice is the natural choice. - Rule: If the agent needs to be identified, revert to the active voice. Avoid
tavasot-efor personal agents in passive constructions.
- Incorrect Choice of Participle with Compound Verbs: While
Non-Verbal Word + shodanis the most common passive pattern for compound verbs, some specific compound verbs require the past participle of their original helper verb beforeshodanfor accurate meaning. - Example:
tahvil dādan(تحویل دادن - to deliver) ->tahvil dāde shodan(تحویل داده شدن - to be delivered). Sayingtahvil shodanmight be ambiguous or simply incorrect. Thedāde(given) participle is important here to convey the specific action of delivery. - Rule: For compound verbs using
dādan,gereftan,kardan,zadan, etc., observe carefully if the original helper verb's past participle is included beforeshodan. This is often the case when the helper verb itself contributes specific semantic information beyond generic action.
Real Conversations
The passive voice using shodan is not confined to textbooks; it permeates real Persian conversations and media, albeit with varying degrees of formality. At the B2 level, recognizing its subtle presence in everyday contexts and understanding when native speakers opt for it (or avoid it) is crucial for true fluency. While formal written Persian embraces it readily, spoken Persian often finds more concise or indirect ways to circumvent it unless absolutely necessary.
- News and Media Headlines (Formal & Written): This is where the passive voice truly excels due to its inherent impersonal and objective nature. You will frequently encounter it in headlines, news reports, and official announcements where the focus is firmly on the event, not the actor. This usage lends credibility and professionalism to the reporting.
- Headline: ghānun-e jadid tasvib shod (قانون جدید تصویب شد - New law was approved). The legislative body that approved it is secondary to the approval itself.
- News Report: do nafar dastgir shodand (دو نفر دستگیر شدند - Two people were arrested). The police, as the agent, are omitted, emphasizing the fact of the arrest.
- Official Announcements and Public Notices (Formal & Written): Similarly, any formal announcement, public sign, administrative instruction, or legal document often employs the passive voice to maintain an official tone and universality, indicating a rule or situation that applies broadly.
- Public Notice: vourud mamnu' ast (ورود ممنوع است - Entry is forbidden). While not directly shodan-passive, it's an impersonal statement conveying a similar lack of specific agent.
- Official Email: darkhāst-e shomā bar'rasi khāhad shod (درخواست شما بررسی خواهد شد - Your request will be reviewed). This uses the future passive, promising action without specifying the reviewer.
- Casual Spoken Persian (Often Avoided or Simplified): In informal, daily conversation, Iranians often prefer active constructions or alternative impersonal expressions. If the agent is unknown or irrelevant in a casual context, they might use the third-person plural active (goftand گفتند - they said) as a generalized, unspecified agent rather than a formal passive structure. This is a crucial pragmatic distinction.
- Instead of the formal passive: parvāz cancel shod (پرواز کنسل شد - The flight was cancelled). This particular phrase is so common that it has become a somewhat fixed, accepted passive in spoken Persian.
- However, for something like "the dishes were washed," a native might more naturally say: zarf-hā ro shostan (ظرفها رو شستن - They washed the dishes), implying some unknown or unimportant agent. The subject-verb agreement (shostan with ānhā - they) implicitly achieves a passive-like meaning without formally using shodan.
- Example: goftand ke u raft (گفتند که او رفت - They said that he left), is often preferred over gofte shod ke u raft (گفته شد که او رفت - It was said that he left) in conversation. The goftand implicitly covers "people say" or "it is said" naturally.
- Social Media and Texting (Mixed Usage): Depending on the context and desired tone, both active and passive constructions can appear. Formal announcements by organizations or news accounts would typically use the passive, while personal posts might gravitate towards active or simplified forms, often prioritizing brevity.
- Company Update: service ba'zgo'shāyi shod (سرویس بازگشایی شد - Service was reopened). This maintains an official tone.
- Personal Post: telefonam ghum shod (تلفنم گم شد - My phone got lost). Here, ghom shodan (گم شدن) means "to become lost," which is an intransitive verb with an inherently passive meaning. This is a common and natural use of shodan in colloquial contexts.
- Cultural Insight: The general preference for the active voice in daily Persian reflects a more direct communication style in personal interactions. The passive voice, by detaching the action from the actor, introduces a layer of formality or abstraction. Therefore, consciously choosing between an active sentence with an implied generic agent (e.g., ānhā, they) and an explicit passive construction is a mark of advanced fluency and cultural understanding. You are not just applying a rule; you are selecting an appropriate register.
By observing these patterns, you can develop an intuitive understanding of when and how to deploy the passive voice, making your Persian sound more authentic and appropriate for various social and professional settings.
Quick FAQ
- Q: Can I mention the "doer" in a passive sentence (e.g., "by Ali")?
- A: Generally, no. Persian strongly avoids explicitly stating the agent in a passive sentence using phrases like
tavasot-e(توسطِ, by/through) with personal names or pronouns. It sounds highly unnatural and like a direct translation from English. If the agent is important enough to mention, you should restructure the sentence into the active voice. For example, instead ofnāmeh tavasot-e Ali neveeshte shod(نامه توسط علی نوشته شد - The letter was written by Ali), you would sayAli nāmeh-rā neveesht(علی نامه را نوشت - Ali wrote the letter).
- Q: Does this work for ALL transitive verbs?
- A: For most simple transitive verbs, yes, the past participle +
shodanpattern applies. For compound verbs, the non-verbal element +shodan(or non-verbal + participle of helper +shodan) covers the vast majority. There are some intransitive verbs that inherently have a passive meaning (likemordanمردن, to die, orghom shodanگم شدن, to get lost) and thus don't typically form a separate passive voice. These are generally exceptions rather than the rule for transitive actions.
- Q: How do I make a passive sentence negative?
- A: You negate the verb
shodanitself by adding the prefixna-(نـ) before the conjugated form. This is consistent with how all Persian verbs are negated. - Example:
anjām shod(انجام شد - It was done) becomesanjām na'shod(انجام نشد - It was not done). - Example:
gofte mishavad(گفته میشود - It is said) becomesgofte na'mishavad(گفته نمیشود - It is not said).
- Q: Is the passive voice formal or informal?
- A: The passive voice with
shodangenerally leans towards formal or neutral registers. It's very common in written Persian (news, academic texts, official documents) and formal speech. In very casual spoken Persian, people often prefer active constructions with an implied
Conjugation of 'Shodan' (Passive Auxiliary)
| Person | Past (Simple) | Present Perfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1st Sing.
|
شدم
|
شدهام
|
خواهم شد
|
|
2nd Sing.
|
شدی
|
شدهای
|
خواهی شد
|
|
3rd Sing.
|
شد
|
شده است
|
خواهد شد
|
|
1st Plur.
|
شدیم
|
شدهایم
|
خواهیم شد
|
|
2nd Plur.
|
شدید
|
شدهاید
|
خواهید شد
|
|
3rd Plur.
|
شدند
|
شدهاند
|
خواهند شد
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used to emphasize the action or the object receiving the action rather than the person performing it.
Standard Passive
Focusing on the result of an action.
“غذا خورده شد”
“نامه فرستاده شد”
Formal/Academic
Used in reports or news to maintain objectivity.
“تصمیم گرفته شد”
“قانون تصویب شد”
Negative Passive
Indicating an action was not completed.
“کار انجام نشد”
“در باز نشد”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Participle + Shodan
|
کار انجام شد
|
|
Negative
|
Participle + Na-Shodan
|
کار انجام نشد
|
|
Question
|
Participle + Shodan?
|
کار انجام شد؟
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Participle + Shode-am
|
کار انجام شده است
|
|
Future
|
Participle + Khaham Shod
|
کار انجام خواهد شد
|
|
Passive Agent
|
Tavasot-e + Noun
|
توسط من انجام شد
|
Formality Spectrum
گزارش ارسال گردید. (Work email vs text)
گزارش فرستاده شد. (Work email vs text)
گزارش رو فرستادن. (Work email vs text)
گزارش رو فرستادن دیگه. (Work email vs text)
Passive Voice Components
Auxiliary
- شدن to become
Main Verb
- اسم مفعول Past Participle
Active vs Passive
Examples by Level
غذا خورده شد
The food was eaten
نامه نوشته شد
The letter was written
در باز شد
The door was opened
کار انجام شد
The work was done
ماشین تعمیر شد
The car was repaired
پنجره شکسته شد
The window was broken
پول پرداخت نشد
The money was not paid
فیلم دیده شد
The movie was watched
جلسه لغو شد
The meeting was cancelled
تصمیم گرفته شد
The decision was made
گزارش فرستاده شد
The report was sent
قانون تصویب شد
The law was passed
این کتاب توسط نویسنده مشهور نوشته شد
This book was written by a famous author
مذاکرات صلح آغاز شد
Peace negotiations were started
پروژه با موفقیت تکمیل شد
The project was successfully completed
اشتباهات اصلاح شدند
The mistakes were corrected
در آن زمان، این بنا ساخته شد
At that time, this building was constructed
تمامی جوانب بررسی شد
All aspects were examined
پیشنهاد رد شد
The proposal was rejected
تغییرات اعمال شدند
The changes were implemented
این نظریه توسط دانشمندان رد شد
This theory was rejected by scientists
تمهیدات لازم اندیشیده شد
The necessary measures were considered
حقایق نادیده گرفته شدند
The facts were ignored
بسیاری از آثار هنری نابود شدند
Many artworks were destroyed
Easily Confused
Both can be used with past participles.
Spoken Persian often uses active 'they' for passive meaning.
Learners try to make intransitive verbs passive.
Common Mistakes
غذا خورد شد
غذا خورده شد
نامه نوشتن شد
نامه نوشته شد
کار انجام بود
کار انجام شد
توسط علی نامه نوشته شد
نامه توسط علی نوشته شد
Sentence Patterns
___ توسط ___ انجام شد.
آیا ___ ___ شد؟
___ هنوز ___ نشده است.
___ در سال ___ ساخته شد.
Real World Usage
مذاکرات آغاز شد.
گزارش ارسال شد.
دادهها تحلیل شدند.
سفارش ثبت شد.
کار انجام شد.
پروژه با موفقیت مدیریت شد.
Focus on the Object
Don't Overuse
Use 'Tavasot-e'
Spoken vs Written
Smart Tips
Use passive to sound objective.
Use passive for each step.
Passive is your best friend.
Passive hides the subject.
Pronunciation
Shodan
The 'sh' is like 'shoe', 'o' is like 'go', 'd' is like 'dog', 'a' is like 'father', 'n' is like 'no'.
Rising for questions
انجام شد؟ ↗
Indicates a yes/no question.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Shodan' as a 'Shifter' — it shifts the focus from the doer to the deed.
Visual Association
Imagine a spotlight moving from a person holding a pen to the paper itself. The paper glows as the pen fades away.
Rhyme
For passive voice, don't be slow, add 'shodan' to the flow.
Story
Ali was cooking dinner. The kitchen was messy. Suddenly, the lights went out. The food was cooked, the table was set, and the guests arrived. Everything happened without Ali being mentioned.
Word Web
Challenge
Take 5 active sentences you wrote today and rewrite them in the passive voice.
Cultural Notes
Passive is used frequently in news and formal reports.
Sometimes 'gardidan' is used instead of 'shodan' for a higher register.
In spoken Persian, people often use the active voice with a generic 'they' instead of the passive.
The verb 'shodan' comes from Middle Persian 'shudan' (to go).
Conversation Starters
آیا کارها انجام شدهاند؟
این کتاب توسط چه کسی نوشته شده است؟
آیا تصمیم نهایی گرفته شد؟
آیا درها بسته شدند؟
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
نامه نوشته ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
غذا خورد شد.
Choose the passive version of 'Ali repaired the car'.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
The meeting was cancelled.
Answer starts with: جلس...
A: Did you finish the work? B: Yes, the work ___.
علی نامه را نوشت.
They were...
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesنامه نوشته ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
غذا خورد شد.
Choose the passive version of 'Ali repaired the car'.
شد / گزارش / ارسال
The meeting was cancelled.
A: Did you finish the work? B: Yes, the work ___.
علی نامه را نوشت.
They were...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesPair the verbs correctly.
My phone is lost. = Gushiam ___ shode ast.
shod / ersāl / payām / diruz
Kār tamām shod.
In ketāb tavasot-e man khānde shod.
Panjere-hā bāz ___ (mishodan).
Identify the passive verb.
The food was eaten.
Otāgh tamiz kard.
The problem was not solved. = Moshkel hal ___.
Match the situation to the correct verb form.
shod / elām / natāyej / emruz
To fall in love = Āshegh ___.
Score: /13
FAQ (8)
It's possible, but active 'they' is more common.
Yes, for standard passive constructions.
Use 'tavasot-e' (by).
Check if your verb is transitive.
Yes, it is preferred in professional settings.
Yes, use 'khaham shod'.
Shodan is action, Boodan is state.
No, it stays the same.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Ser + participio
Spanish requires gender/number agreement for the participle.
Être + participe passé
French requires agreement of the participle with the subject.
Werden + Partizip II
German syntax is more rigid regarding word order.
Passive suffix -reru/-rareru
Persian uses an auxiliary verb, Japanese uses morphology.
Internal vowel change
Arabic is synthetic, Persian is analytic.
Bei (被) construction
Chinese 'bei' is a particle, Persian 'shodan' is a full verb.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
Persian Compound Verbs: The Magic of 'Zadan' (To Hit)
Overview Persian grammar frequently employs **compound verbs**, a construction where a non-verbal element (often a noun,...
Persian Compound Verbs: Becoming and Changing State (-shodan)
Overview Persian compound verbs formed with `شدن` (**shodan**), meaning 'to become,' are fundamental to expressing **cha...
Persian 'Do' Verbs: How to make almost any action (`kardan`)
Overview Persian, like many Indo-Iranian languages, frequently employs a grammatical construction known as **light verb...
Persian Compound Verbs: The 'Do' and 'Talk' Pattern (kār kardan)
Ever noticed how many Persian verbs look like they’ve been glued together? You’re not seeing double. In Persian, about 9...
The Magic of Compound Verbs (Kār Kardan)
Overview Persian grammar, particularly its verbal system, often presents a unique structure for learners. One of its mos...
