B2 Sentence Structure 10 min read 简单

无人称结构：“可以”与“可能” (می‌شود / می‌توان)

非人称结构就像你的秘密武器，让你在不指明主语的情况下表达普遍的规则和可能性。记住这三个核心词：«能力»、«可能»、«礼貌»。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'می‌شود' for possibility and 'می‌توان' for general ability to express actions without specifying a subject.

  • Use 'می‌شود' (it is possible) + infinitive for general permission or possibility: 'می‌شود اینجا نشست؟' (Is it possible to sit here?)
  • Use 'می‌توان' (one can) + infinitive for general ability or capability: 'می‌توان این کار را انجام داد' (One can do this task).
  • Both structures remain impersonal, meaning they do not conjugate for the subject (I, you, he/she).
می‌شود / می‌توان + [Verb in Infinitive Form]

Overview

Persian grammar frequently employs structures that articulate possibility, capability, or permission without specifying a direct agent. These are known as impersonal constructions, primarily centered around the modal verbs می‌توان (mī-tavān) and می‌شود (mī-šavad). Understanding these constructions is pivotal for upper-intermediate (B2) learners, as they enable expression beyond simple subject-verb-object patterns, facilitating nuanced communication common in academic, professional, and formal contexts.
They allow for generalizations, rules, instructions, and polite suggestions, shifting focus from *who* performs an action to the *possibility* or *condition* of the action itself. For instance, instead of stating شما می‌توانید وارد شوید (You can enter), an impersonal construction offers می‌توان وارد شد (One can enter) or می‌شود وارد شد (It is possible to enter), providing a more objective and less direct phrasing.
These structures are not merely stylistic choices; they reflect a fundamental aspect of Persian linguistic thought that prioritizes the action or state over the actor in certain contexts. This is particularly evident in formal writing, public announcements, and academic discourse, where precision and objectivity are paramount. Mastering می‌توان and می‌شود allows you to communicate instructions, discuss societal norms, or describe general truths in a manner congruent with native Persian speakers, moving your language proficiency beyond basic conversational exchanges.

How This Grammar Works

At its core, the impersonal construction removes the necessity of a grammatical subject for the main action. The verbs می‌توان and می‌شود act as impersonal modals, conveying a sense of potential or enablement that is inherent to the situation or universally applicable, rather than tied to a specific person. Both translate broadly to 'one can,' 'it is possible,' or 'it is allowed,' but their usage depends on formality, emphasis, and the type of possibility being expressed.
می‌توان (mī-tavān): The Formal Potential
می‌توان inherently carries a sense of capability, potential, or general allowance. It is the more formal of the two and remains uninflected, meaning its form does not change regardless of the implied or theoretical agent. It emphasizes the inherent possibility within a situation or a general truth, often encountered in written Persian, official statements, and academic texts.
This form is often used when the capability is intrinsic or established, such as a law or a scientific principle. For example, در اینجا می‌توان آب تصفیه کرد (Here, one can purify water) implies a general capability or a facility that enables purification.
می‌شود (mī-šavad): The Situational Possibility/Permission
می‌شود, meaning 'it becomes' or 'it happens,' takes on an impersonal modal function to express situational possibility or permission. It is more common in spoken and informal written Persian, often appearing in its colloquial form می‌شه (mī-še). This construction focuses on the immediate, practical, or contextual possibility of an action.
It implies that 'it is possible under these circumstances' or 'it is permitted.' For example, از این خیابان می‌شود به میدان آزادی رفت (From this street, one can go to Azadi Square) describes a practical route, a situational possibility. Its connection to the verb شدن (šodan – to become, to happen) hints at the idea of something coming into existence or becoming feasible.
The choice between می‌توان and می‌شود often hinges on the desired level of formality and the nature of the possibility. می‌توان is typically used for stating universal truths, established capabilities, or formal instructions, while می‌شود is for more contingent, everyday possibilities or permissions.

Word Order Rules

The sentence structure for impersonal constructions in Persian is relatively fixed, largely due to the absence of a discernible subject for the action verb. The impersonal modal (می‌توان or می‌شود) typically initiates the verb phrase, establishing the modality before the main action is introduced. Any objects, adverbs, or prepositional phrases relating to the main action usually precede it, maintaining the general Persian preference for complements to appear before the verb they modify.
The basic structure is as follows:
Formal (with می‌توان):
```
(Adverbial/Object Phrases) + می‌توان + Short Infinitive of Main Verb
```
Example

در این مکان نمی‌توان سیگار کشید. (In this place, one cannot smoke.)

  • در این مکان (adverbial phrase) + نمی‌توان (impersonal modal) + کشید (short infinitive of کشیدن – to smoke).
Colloquial/Informal (with می‌شود / می‌شه):
```
(Adverbial/Object Phrases) + می‌شود/می‌شه + Present Subjunctive (usually 3rd person singular) of Main Verb
```
Example

این برنامه رو می‌شه نصب کرد؟ (Can this program be installed?)

  • این برنامه رو (object) + می‌شه (colloquial impersonal modal) + نصب کرد (present subjunctive, compound verb نصب کردن – to install).
Key points regarding word order:
  • Main Verb Position: The main action verb (short infinitive or subjunctive) always follows می‌توان or می‌شود. Placing it before the modal creates an ungrammatical sentence. For example, سیگار کشید نمی‌توان is incorrect.
  • Object Placement: Direct objects and other complements are generally placed between the modal verb and the main action verb. In formal writing, objects typically precede می‌توان. In colloquial speech with می‌شود, this order is also preferred. For instance, بلیت را می‌شود تهیه کرد؟ (Is it possible to purchase the ticket?) is standard.
  • Emphasis: While Persian is flexible with word order for emphasis, these impersonal structures are less so. Shifting elements significantly can obscure the impersonal nature or create ambiguity. Maintaining the described order ensures clarity.

Formation Pattern

1
Forming impersonal sentences with می‌توان and می‌شود involves combining the appropriate modal verb with the correct form of the main action verb. The choice of the main verb form is crucial and distinguishes between formal and informal registers.
2
1. Formal Construction with می‌توان
3
This construction uses the short infinitive of the main verb. The short infinitive is derived by removing the final ن (nūn) from the full infinitive form. For example, from رفتن (raftan – to go), the short infinitive is رفت (raft). The modal می‌توان remains constant, regardless of tense or negation.
4
| Modal Verb | Main Verb Form | Example Infinitive | Short Infinitive | Resulting Phrase | Translation |
5
| :--------- | :------------- | :----------------- | :--------------- | :--------------- | :---------- |
6
| می‌توان | Short Infinitive | رفتن (to go) | رفت | می‌توان رفت | One can go |
7
| می‌توان | Short Infinitive | دیدن (to see) | دید | می‌توان دید | One can see |
8
| می‌توان | Short Infinitive | نوشتن (to write) | نوشت | می‌توان نوشت | One can write |
9
Negation: Add نـ (na-) before می‌توان.
10
نمی‌توان رفت (nā-mī-tavān raft) – One cannot go.
11
Past Tense: Change می‌توان to می‌توانست (mī-tavānest).
12
می‌توانست رفت (mī-tavānest raft) – One could go (it was possible to go).
13
نمی‌توانست دید (nā-mī-tavānest dīd) – One could not see.
14
Compound Verbs: For compound verbs (e.g., تماشا کردن – to watch), the کردن (kardan) component becomes the short infinitive, or its equivalent. For instance, می‌توان تماشا کرد (mī-tavān tamāšā kard) – One can watch.
15
2. Informal/Colloquial Construction with می‌شود / می‌شه
16
This construction primarily uses the present subjunctive form of the main verb, typically in the 3rd person singular (بـ + present stem + د). The modal می‌شود often contracts to می‌شه in spoken Persian.
17
| Modal Verb | Main Verb Form | Example Infinitive | Present Stem | Subjunctive (3rd singular) | Resulting Phrase | Translation |
18
| :--------- | :---------------- | :----------------- | :----------- | :------------------------- | :--------------- | :----------------- |
19
| می‌شود | Present Subjunctive | رفتن (to go) | رو | برود | می‌شود برود | It is possible to go |
20
| می‌شه | Present Subjunctive | دیدن (to see) | بین | ببیند | می‌شه ببیند | It's possible to see |
21
| می‌شه | Present Subjunctive | خوردن (to eat) | خور | بخورد | می‌شه بخورد | It's possible to eat |
22
Negation: Add نـ (na-) before می‌شود/می‌شه.
23
نمی‌شود دید (nā-mī-šavad dīd) – It is not possible to see.
24
نمی‌شه رفت (nā-mī-še raft) – It's not possible to go.
25
Past Tense: Change می‌شود to می‌شد (mī-šod).
26
می‌شد رفت (mī-šod raft) – It was possible to go.
27
نمی‌شد خرید (nā-mī-šod xarīd) – It was not possible to buy.
28
Important Note on می‌شود with Subjunctive: While می‌شود + subjunctive implies impersonality, in casual speech, it can also be used with an implied subject when the context is clear. For example, می‌شه بری؟ (Can you go?) where می‌شه functions as a casual way to ask permission from تو (you). However, in strict impersonal usage, the implicit actor is 'one' or 'it.' The crucial distinction lies in the short infinitive for formal impersonal می‌توان vs. the subjunctive for informal impersonal می‌شود.

When To Use It

Impersonal structures are versatile tools in Persian, allowing you to express various modalities with an objective or generalized tone. Their usage extends across multiple contexts, from formal writing to everyday polite inquiries.
  1. 1General Statements and Universal Truths: When discussing facts, rules, or observations that apply universally or to an unspecified agent, می‌توان is the preferred choice, especially in formal settings. This lends authority and objectivity to the statement.
  • از طریق اینترنت می‌توان به اطلاعات زیادی دسترسی پیدا کرد. (mī-tavān be etelā'āt-e ziyādī dastrasī peydā kard.) – Through the internet, one can access a lot of information.
  • با رعایت اصول تغذیه سالم می‌توان عمر طولانی‌تری داشت. (bā re'āyat-e osul-e taqziye-ye sālem mī-tavān omr-e tulānī-tarī dāšt.) – By observing principles of healthy eating, one can have a longer life.
  1. 1Instructions, Guidelines, and Public Announcements: For conveying directives or information that applies to anyone within a given context, impersonal constructions are ideal. می‌توان offers formality, while می‌شود is suitable for less formal instructions.
  • لطفاً قبل از خروج، درها را بست. (lotfan qabl az xoruj, dar-hā rā bast.) – Please, before leaving, the doors are to be closed. (This is another impersonal structure, related to obligation, but illustrates the general context.)
  • از این مسیر می‌توان به کتابخانه رسید. (az in masir mī-tavān be ketābxāne rasīd.) – From this path, one can reach the library. (A formal direction).
  • اینجا می‌شه عکس گرفت؟ (injā mī-še aks gereft?) – Is it possible to take photos here? (A casual inquiry about permission).
  1. 1Polite Requests or Inquiries: می‌شود (or می‌شه) is particularly useful for making requests or asking about possibilities in a polite, less direct manner, avoiding direct commands or personal responsibility. This is very common in everyday interactions.
  • می‌شه کمکم کنید؟ (mī-še komakam konid?) – Is it possible (for you) to help me? (Very common, literally 'Can it be helped me?').
  • بلیت‌ها رو می‌شه آنلاین خرید؟ (belit-hā ro mī-še onlāyn xarīd?) – Is it possible to buy the tickets online?
  1. 1Describing Limitations or Impossibilities: Both forms can be negated to express what is not possible or not permitted, maintaining their respective formal and informal tones.
  • در این شرایط نمی‌توان این پروژه را به اتمام رساند. (dar in šarāyet nā-mī-tavān in prože rā be etmām resānd.) – Under these conditions, one cannot complete this project.
  • این ساعت دیگه نمی‌شه رفت بازار. (in sā'at dige nā-mī-še raft bāzār.) – At this hour, it's no longer possible to go to the bazaar.
  1. 1Scientific or Technical Explanations: In scientific papers or technical manuals, می‌توان provides a formal and objective way to describe processes, capabilities, or findings without attributing them to a specific researcher or entity.
  • با استفاده از این روش می‌توان دقت اندازه‌گیری را افزایش داد. (bā estefāde az in ravesh mī-tavān deqqat-e andāzegīrī rā afzāyeš dād.) – By using this method, one can increase measurement accuracy.

Common Mistakes

Learners often encounter specific pitfalls when navigating impersonal constructions. Recognizing these common errors and understanding their underlying causes will significantly improve your fluency and accuracy.
  1. 1Over-conjugating the Short Infinitive with می‌توان: This is perhaps the most frequent mistake. The short infinitive (رفت, دید, نوشت) is invariant in impersonal constructions with می‌توان. It does not conjugate for person, number, or even tense (as می‌توان carries the tense). Attempting to add personal endings (می‌توان رفتند, می‌توان رفتی) is incorrect.
  • Incorrect: در این موزه می‌توان آثار نادری را دیدند. (Over-conjugating دیدن)
  • Correct: در این موزه می‌توان آثار نادری را دید. (The short infinitive دید remains constant.)
  • Why it's wrong: The short infinitive acts as a noun here, referring to the action itself, not a conjugated verb. می‌توان is the only verb inflected for modality/tense.
  1. 1Confusing Formality and Usage of می‌توان vs. می‌شود: While both express possibility, their contexts differ. Using می‌توان in casual conversation can sound overly formal, even stilted. Conversely, using می‌شود/می‌شه in formal academic writing may undermine the text's authoritative tone.
  • Contextual Mismatch: Imagine asking a friend: می‌توان به سینما رفت؟ (Can one go to the cinema?). While grammatically correct, می‌شه بریم سینما؟ (Can we go to the cinema?) is far more natural.
  • Why it's wrong: It's not strictly ungrammatical, but it demonstrates a lack of register awareness, making your Persian sound unnatural.
  1. 1Incorrect Placement of Negation: Negation (نـ) always attaches to the modal verb (می‌توان or می‌شود), not the main action verb.
  • Incorrect: می‌توان نرفت. (Negating the short infinitive)
  • Correct: نمی‌توان رفت. (Negating می‌توان)
  • Why it's wrong: The negation applies to the possibility/capability itself, not to the act of going. 'It is not possible to go,' not 'It is possible to not go.'
  1. 1Misunderstanding the Role of the Subjunctive with می‌شود: While می‌شود + subjunctive is impersonal, the subjunctive form *itself* can be used impersonally or with an implied subject in informal speech. The mistake often lies in failing to recognize the specific impersonal structure when the subjunctive is present.
  • Incorrect (if strictly impersonal intended): می‌شه من بروم؟ (Can I go?) - This is actually a correct, personal usage of می‌شه asking permission. The mistake is *thinking* it's an impersonal construction when a specific

Impersonal Structure Formation

Form Verb Infinitive Example
Affirmative
می‌شود
رفتن
می‌شود رفت
Negative
نمی‌شود
رفتن
نمی‌شود رفت
Interrogative
می‌شود
رفتن
می‌شود رفت؟
Affirmative
می‌توان
کردن
می‌توان کرد
Negative
نمی‌توان
کردن
نمی‌توان کرد
Interrogative
می‌توان
کردن
می‌توان کرد؟

Meanings

These structures allow speakers to express actions, possibilities, or permissions without needing to identify a specific person (I, you, we).

1

General Ability

Expressing what is generally possible or doable.

“می‌توان به زبان فارسی صحبت کرد.”

“می‌توان این مشکل را حل کرد.”

2

Permission/Possibility

Asking if something is allowed or possible.

“آیا می‌شود وارد شد؟”

“می‌شود پنجره را باز کرد؟”

Reference Table

Reference table for 无人称结构：“可以”与“可能” (می‌شود / می‌توان)
结构 语气 动词形式 英文对应
`می‌توان ...`
正式/学术
短不定式
One can...
`نمی‌توان ...`
正式/学术
短不定式
One cannot...
`می‌شود / می‌شه ...`
非正式/日常
现在虚拟式
Can we/is it possible?
`نمی‌شود / نمی‌شه ...`
非正式/日常
现在虚拟式
It's not possible.
`می‌شد / می‌شد ...`
过去时（一般）
短不定式 / 虚拟式
It was possible.
`باید ...`
义务
短不定式
One must...

正式程度

正式
آیا امکان ورود وجود دارد؟

آیا امکان ورود وجود دارد؟ (Entering a room)

中性
می‌شود وارد شد؟

می‌شود وارد شد؟ (Entering a room)

非正式
میشه اومد تو؟

میشه اومد تو؟ (Entering a room)

俚语
میشه پرید تو؟

میشه پرید تو؟ (Entering a room)

波斯语非人称结构概念图

非人称动词

正式 (کتابی)

  • می‌توان 一个人可以
  • باید 一个人必须

非正式 (محاوره‌ای)

  • می‌شه 有可能
  • نمی‌شه 不可能

正式与非正式比较

正式风格 (短不定式)
می‌توان رفت 一个人可以走
می‌توان دید 一个人可以看到
非正式风格 (虚拟式/短不定式)
می‌شه بریم؟ 我们能走吗？
می‌شه دید؟ 能看到吗？

选择正确结构流程图

1

是否有特定主语（我、你、他）？

YES
进入下一步
NO
使用人称动词 (می‌توانم, می‌توانی...)
2

语境是正式的吗（写作/新闻）？

YES
使用正式：می‌توان + 短不定式
NO
使用非正式：می‌شه + 虚拟式

使用语境网格

📜

何时使用 می‌توان

  • • 法律文件
  • • 学术论文
  • • 公共标志
📱

何时使用 می‌شه

  • • 给朋友发短信
  • • 请求帮助
  • • 社交媒体
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按水平分级的例句

1

می‌شود نشست؟

Is it possible to sit?

1

اینجا نمی‌شود سیگار کشید.

It is not allowed to smoke here.

1

می‌توان این کتاب را خواند.

One can read this book.

1

آیا می‌شود از اینترنت استفاده کرد؟

Is it possible to use the internet?

1

می‌توان به نتایج بهتری دست یافت.

Better results can be achieved.

1

نمی‌شود به سادگی از این حقیقت گذشت.

One cannot simply overlook this truth.

容易混淆

Impersonal Structures: 'One can' and 'It is possible' (می‌شود / می‌توان) 对比 توانستن (Personal)

Learners mix up 'I can' with 'It is possible'.

常见错误

✗

من می‌شود رفت

✓

می‌شود رفت

Do not add a subject pronoun.
✗

می‌شود می‌روم

✓

می‌شود رفت

Use the infinitive, not a conjugated verb.
✗

می‌توانم رفت

✓

می‌توان رفت

The verb is impersonal; do not conjugate 'توانستن'.
✗

می‌شود که رفت

✓

می‌شود رفت

The 'که' is unnecessary and clunky.

句型

می‌شود ___ کرد؟

Real World Usage

Public Signage constant

پارک کردن ممنوع است (نمی‌شود پارک کرد)

Texting very common

میشه بیای؟

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💡

“礼貌”小技巧

如果你想听起来像一个有礼貌的波斯语母语者，并且想请求帮助，就用 'می‌شه' 后面跟虚拟式。这比直接说“你能…吗？”听起来委婉得多！比如你想请同事帮忙：«می‌شه لطفا کمکم کنی؟»
⚠️

不定式陷阱

记住，'می‌توان' 后面的动词永远不要加 'ن'！是 'می‌توان رفت'，绝不是 'می‌توان رفتن'。多加那个 'ن' 会立刻暴露你是个“书本学习者”哦。比如你在写一份正式的使用说明：«برای باز کردن در، می‌توان دکمه را فشار داد.»
🎯

超正式模式

在非常正式的写作中，你甚至可以去掉 'میـ'，只用 'توان'（比如 'نتوان رفت'），但这种用法非常罕见，只有在写学术论文或史诗般的诗歌时才用得上。比如你读到一句古老的格言：«جز با تلاش، نتوان به موفقیت رسید.»

Smart Tips

Use 'می‌شود' to sound polite.

من می‌توانم وارد شوم؟ → می‌شود وارد شد؟

发音

mi-sha-vad...?

Intonation

In questions, raise the pitch at the end of the sentence.

Question

می‌شود رفت؟ ↑

Rising intonation indicates a question.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'می‌شود' as a 'gatekeeper' (is it allowed?) and 'می‌توان' as a 'toolbox' (is it possible?).

视觉联想

Imagine a sign at a park: 'می‌شود' is the green light for walking, 'می‌توان' is the map showing you the path.

Rhyme

می‌شود برای اجازه، می‌توان برای توان، این دو هستند در فارسی، خیلی خیلی آسان.

Story

Ali enters a museum. He asks 'می‌شود عکس گرفت؟' (Is it allowed to take photos?). The guard says 'نمی‌شود'. Ali then asks 'می‌توان اینجا نشست؟' (Is it possible to sit here?). The guard says 'می‌توان'.

Word Web

می‌شودمی‌تواننمی‌شودنمی‌تواناجازهامکان

挑战

Write 5 sentences about things you can or cannot do in your city using these structures.

文化笔记

In spoken Tehrani, 'می‌شود' is almost always contracted to 'میشه'.

Derived from the verb 'شدن' (to become) and 'توانستن' (to be able).

对话开场白

“

می‌شود در این شهر پیاده‌روی کرد؟

日记主题

Describe the rules of your favorite park.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

用 'to see' (دیدن) 的正确正式形式填空。

در این کتاب می‌توان تصاویر زیبایی ___。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
在正式波斯语中，'می‌توان' 后面跟着短不定式（即不定式去掉 'n'）。
将以下单词按正确顺序排列，组成句子：'一个人不能回家。' Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
正确的顺序是：助动词 + 宾语 + 短不定式。
找出并改正错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

می‌توانیم رفت به بازار.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
在正式的非人称结构中，助动词 'می‌توان' 绝不会带有人称词尾，它始终是单数形式。

Score: /3

练习题

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

آیا ___ اینجا نشست؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: می‌شود
Requires impersonal permission.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
选择 '我们能走吗？' 的正确形式。 多项选择

___ بریم؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
翻译：这里可以买到面包。 翻译

翻译成正式波斯语：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
配对： Match Pairs

将正式与非正式配对

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
重新排列单词：'可以留下吗？' Sentence Reorder

排列这些单词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
识别正确的否定句。 多项选择

一个人不能写。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
填空：'可以走了。' 填空

___ رفت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
改正错误：'一个人不能使用。' Error Correction

نمی‌توان استفاده کردنی.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
完成请求：'可以帮忙吗？' 填空

می‌شه لطفاً ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
识别不正确的用法。 多项选择

哪一个错了？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
翻译：你们可以看到公园。 翻译

翻译（人称）：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:

Score: /10

常见问题 (1)

Yes, they are standard in formal reports.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se puede

Persian uses an infinitive, Spanish uses a conjugated verb.

French high

On peut

French uses 'on' as a dummy subject.

German high

Man kann

German requires a subject 'man'.

Japanese moderate

Koto ga dekiru

Japanese is agglutinative.

Arabic high

Yumkin

Arabic has gender agreement.

Chinese moderate

Keyi

Chinese lacks conjugation entirely.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
被动语态：'Shodan' 转换法
Next
彼此：相互代词 (hamdigar)

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