Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'را' (râ) after a specific direct object to show it is definite or known to the listener.
- Use 'را' for specific objects: کتاب را خواندم (I read the book).
- Do not use 'را' for indefinite objects: کتابی خواندم (I read a book).
- Place 'را' immediately after the direct object noun or noun phrase.
Overview
را (rā) is a critical postpositional particle that precisely indicates a definite, specific direct object of a transitive verb. Unlike languages such as English, which rely on word order or the definite article ‘the’ to signal specificity, Persian employs را *after* the noun or noun phrase to convey this nuance. Its primary function is to make explicit that the preceding noun is the unambiguous receiver of the verb's action and that this object is already known, has been previously mentioned, is unique, or is otherwise clearly identifiable within the context.را, a direct object is typically interpreted as either indefinite or general. For example, مَن کتاب خواندَم (man ketāb khāndam) translates to I read a bookor
I read books (in general),referring to an unspecified book or the activity of reading books generally. Conversely,
مَن کتاب را خواندَم (man ketāb rā khāndam) distinctly means I read the book,explicitly referring to a particular, identifiable book.
How This Grammar Works
را functions as an accusative case marker in Persian. This means it explicitly marks the noun phrase that is the direct recipient of the verb’s action. Its presence is vital for disambiguating the grammatical roles of noun phrases, especially given Persian's relatively flexible word order which allows elements to move for emphasis.را marker signals to the listener or reader that the marked noun is undergoing the action of the verb, preventing misinterpretation as a subject or other grammatical function.را evolved from a lexical item meaning 'path' or 'direction'. Over centuries, its grammatical function transformed into marking the direct object. This evolution mirrors its role in defining the 'direction' of the verb's action toward a specific entity.را as guiding the verb’s energy directly to a spotlighted object.را, you are inherently stating that the object is not merely *any* instance of that noun, but a *particular* one. This specificity can arise from several factors: the object being a proper noun, having been previously introduced in the conversation, being modified by a demonstrative pronoun (این/in – this, آن/ān – that), or possessing a possessive suffix (e.g., -َم/-am for 'my'). Consider the subtle but significant difference: مَن شیر نوشیدَم (man shir nushidam – I drank milk [general, any milk]) versus مَن شیر را نوشیدَم (man shir rā nushidam – I drank the milk [specific, e.g., the milk you just poured for me]).Word Order Rules
را is used, it invariably follows the direct object noun or noun phrase, acting as its immediate suffix-like particle. Crucially, nothing can separate the direct object from را itself.را is: [Subject] + [Direct Object Phrase] + را + [Transitive Verb]. The direct object phrase can be simple or complex, but را always attaches to its final component. You will observe this pattern consistently in Persian sentences.- Simple Direct Object: In its simplest form,
راis placed directly after the noun acting as the direct object. مَن سیب را خوردم.(man sib rā khordam.– I ate the apple.)او کتاب را خرید.(u ketāb rā kharid.– He bought the book.)
- Direct Object with Adjectives: If the direct object is modified by one or more adjectives,
راfollows the entire noun phrase, including all preceding adjectives. او کتابِ سبزِ قدیمی را خرید.(u ketāb-e sabz-e qadimi rā kharid.– He bought the old green book.)- Here,
کتابِ سبزِ قدیمی(ketāb-e sabz-e qadimi) functions as a single, complex noun phrase, andراattaches to its final element,قدیمی(qadimi).
- Direct Object in Ezafe Construction: When the direct object is part of an Ezafe construction (e.g., 'Ali's car', 'the door of the house'),
راalways attaches to the *last* component of this Ezafe chain. The entire chain forms the definite direct object. مَن ماشینِ علی را دیدم.(man māshin-e Ali rā didam.– I saw Ali's car.)- The complete phrase
ماشینِ علی(māshin-e Ali) is the direct object, andراfollowsعلی.
را, can sometimes be moved to the front of the sentence for emphasis or stylistic effect. Even in such cases, را remains firmly attached to the object, underscoring their inseparable relationship and maintaining clarity about the object's role.مَن | man | I |کتابِ جدید | ketāb-e jadid | the new book |را | rā | (marks object) |خواندَم | khāndam | read |مَن کتابِ جدید را خواندَم. | man ketāb-e jadid rā khāndam. | I read the new book. |
Formation Pattern
را is straightforward once you have correctly identified the direct object and confirmed its specific nature. The core structure always follows the pattern: [Specific Direct Object] + را + [Transitive Verb]. This sequence is the backbone of correctly marking definite direct objects.
You saw my friend,
my friend is the direct object because my friend is the one being seen.
این/in – this, آن/ān – that), or if it carries a possessive suffix (like -َم/-am for 'my'), then it is considered specific and requires را.
دوستَم (dust-am – my friend) is specific due to the possessive suffix -am.
را: Once specificity is confirmed, place را immediately after the entire direct object phrase. This marks it definitively.
دوستَم را (dust-am rā).
تو دوستَم را دیدی. (to dust-am rā didi. – You saw my friend.)
رو/ro, ـُرو/-o):
را (rā) is almost universally simplified. You will frequently hear and see رو (ro) or ـُرو (-o or sometimes -ro), depending on the phonetic context of the preceding word. Understanding these variants is essential for both comprehension and sounding natural.
را typically becomes ـُرو (-o). The و is pronounced as a short o sound, often written without the initial ر when attached.
مَن کتاب را خواندَم. (man ketāb rā khāndam.)
مَن کتابو خوندم. (man ketābo khundam. – I read the book.) The word کتاب (ketāb) ends in a consonant (ب).
ماشین را دوست دارم. (māshin rā dust dāram.)
ماشینو دوست دارم. (māshino dust dāram. – I like the car.) ماشین (māshin) ends in a consonant (ن).
را often becomes رو (ro). If the word ends in -ه (-e, like خانه/khāne), this ending vowel often glides into رو, or a subtle connecting sound (ی/y or و/v) might emerge for smoother pronunciation, though often just رو attaches.
خانِه را تمیز کردَم. (khāne rā tamiz kardam.)
خونه رو تمیز کردم. (khune ro tamiz kardam. – I cleaned the house.) خونه (khune) ends in a vowel (ه).
او را دیدم. (u rā didam.)
او رو دیدم. (u ro didam. – I saw him/her.) او (u) ends in a vowel (و).
را is always grammatically correct, using رو or ـُرو in casual settings will make your Persian sound much more natural and fluent.
When To Use It
را is exclusively tied to the concept of definiteness and specificity of the direct object. If you intend for the direct object to be understood as a particular, identifiable entity, rather than a general or arbitrary one, را must be employed. Its omission in such cases would significantly alter the meaning.را:- 1Proper Nouns: Names of people, specific places, or unique entities are inherently definite and always take
راwhen they function as a direct object.
مَن مونا را دیدم.(man Monā rā didam.– I saw Mona.)آنها تهران را دوست دارند.(ānhā Tehrān rā dust dārand.– They like Tehran.)
- 1Nouns with Possessive Suffixes: When a noun is made specific by a possessive suffix (e.g.,
-َم/-amfor 'my',-َت/-atfor 'your',-َش/-ashfor 'his/her/its'), it refers to a particular item owned by someone. Thus,راis necessary.
کتابَم را خواندَم.(ketāb-am rā khāndam.– I read my book.)خانهاش را فروخت.(khāne-ash rā forukht.– He/She sold his/her house.)
- 1Nouns with Demonstrative Pronouns: The demonstrative pronouns
این(in– this) andآن(ān– that/that one) inherently point to a specific item, making the noun definite. When such a noun phrase is a direct object,راis required.
این کتاب را بِخوانید.(in ketāb rā bekhānid.– Read this book.)آن پَنیر را بِخَر.(ān panir rā bekhar.– Buy that cheese.)
- 1Nouns Already Known or Previously Mentioned: If an object has been introduced earlier in the conversation or its identity is clear from the context shared by speakers, it is considered definite. This often occurs in sequential sentences where the same noun is referenced again.
مَن یک ماشین خریدم. ماشین را دیروز شُستَم.(man yek māshin kharidam. māshin rā diruz shostam.– I bought a car. I washed the car yesterday.)- In the second sentence,
ماشین(māshin) refers to the *specific* car that was just mentioned.
- 1Objects Modified by Definite Relative Clauses: A relative clause that defines or limits a noun, making it unique or specific, necessitates the use of
راfor that noun as a direct object. These clauses typically begin withکه(ke– that/which/who).
غَذایی را که پُختِه بودی، خوردم.(ghazā-yi rā ke pokhte budi, khordam.– I ate the food that you had cooked.)غَذایی(ghazā-yi) here is made specific by theکهclause.
- 1Pronouns (Personal and Demonstrative) as Objects: Personal pronouns (
او/u– him/her,آنها/ānhā– them) and demonstrative pronouns (این/in– this one,آن/ān– that one) when functioning as direct objects almost always requireرا. They inherently refer to specific entities.
مَن او را دیدم.(man u rā didam.– I saw him/her.)آن را بِدِه به مَن.(ān rā bede be man.– Give that to me.)
را is *not* used. This absence is as meaningful as its presence.
Common Mistakes
را because its precise function of marking definite direct objects often doesn't have a direct, equivalent grammatical structure in their native languages. Recognizing these common pitfalls and understanding *why* they are errors will significantly enhance your accuracy and comprehension.- 1Using
راwith Indefinite Direct Objects: This is arguably the most frequent error. Learners often mistakenly applyراwhen the object is general or non-specific. Remember thatراexplicitly flags a *particular* item, not *any* item. The presence ofیک(yek– one/a/an) invariably makes a noun indefinite, precluding the use ofرا.
- Incorrect:
مَن یک کتاب را خواندم.(man yek ketāb rā khāndam.) - *Why it's wrong:*
یک(yek) makesکتاب(ketāb) indefinite (a book). You cannot mark an indefinite object as definite withرا. - Correct:
مَن یک کتاب خواندم.(man yek ketāb khāndam.– I read a book.) - Correct:
مَن کتاب را خواندم.(man ketāb rā khāndam.– I read the book.)
- 1Using
راwith Copular Verbs (to be/become):راis reserved for direct objects that receive an action. Verbs likeبودن(budan– to be) orشدن(shodan– to become) describe a state of being or a change of state, not an action performed *on* an object. The noun that follows a copular verb is a complement, not a direct object.
- Incorrect:
او مِعَلِم را است.(u mo'allem rā ast.) - *Why it's wrong:*
مِعَلِم(mo'allem– teacher) is describingاو(u– he/she), not being acted upon by a transitive verb.است(ast) is a copular verb. - Correct:
او مِعَلِم است.(u mo'allem ast.– He is a teacher.)
- 1Incorrect Placement of
را: A fundamental rule is thatراmust immediately follow the entire direct object noun phrase. Separatingراfrom its object, or placing it after the verb, is grammatically incorrect.
- Incorrect:
مَن دیدم ماشین را.(man didam māshin rā.) - *Why it's wrong:*
راis a postpositional particle; it cannot be detached from its objectماشین(māshin). - Correct:
مَن ماشین را دیدم.(man māshin rā didam.– I saw the car.)
- 1Using
راwith Objects of Prepositions: Nouns that are governed by prepositions (e.g.,به/be– to,از/az– from,با/bā– with,در/dar– in) are not direct objects. They are complements of the prepositional phrase. Therefore, they never takeرا.
- Incorrect:
مَن به دوستَم را گُفتَم.(man be dust-am rā goftam.) - *Why it's wrong:*
دوستَم(dust-am– my friend) is the object of the prepositionبه(be). It does not receive the verb's action directly. - Correct:
مَن به دوستَم گُفتَم.(man be dust-am goftam.– I told my friend.)
- 1Confusing Direct Object with Subject: While Persian sentence structure can be flexible,
راserves as an unequivocal identifier for the direct object. Attachingراto the subject of a sentence will fundamentally misrepresent its grammatical role.
- Incorrect:
علی را رفت.(Ali rā raft.) - *Why it's wrong:*
علی(Ali) is the one performing the action ofرفتَن(raftan– to go), making him the subject, not the object.راcan never mark a subject. - Correct:
علی رفت.(Ali raft.– Ali went.)
- 1Over-generalizing English 'the' (for definiteness): English uses 'the' in a broader range of contexts than Persian uses
را. For example, inThe weather is nice,
weatheris definite in English but not a direct object. In Persian, you would simply sayهوا خوب است(havā khub ast) withoutرا. Do not assume every English 'the' translates toرا.
Contrast With Similar Patterns
را, it is beneficial to contrast it with other common Persian grammatical structures that, at first glance, might appear similar but serve distinctly different functions. Understanding these differences solidifies your grasp of را's specific role.- 1Indefinite Direct Objects vs. Definite Direct Objects (with
را):
را is the primary mechanism for signaling whether a direct object is general or specific. Ignoring this distinction leads to significant miscommunication.را) |یک (yek – a/an), or no specific marker (contextual) | را (rā) or colloquial رو (ro) / ـُرو (-o) |مَن چای نوشیدَم. (man chāy nushidam.) | مَن چای را نوشیدَم. (man chāy rā nushidam.) |- 1Objects of Prepositions vs. Direct Objects:
را.مَن به علی گُفتَم.(man be Ali goftam.– I told Ali.) Here,علی(Ali) is the object of the prepositionبه(be– to). He is the *recipient* of the telling, but not the direct object ofگُفتَم(goftam– I told) in the same way a book is the direct object of 'reading'.مَن علی را دیدم.(man Ali rā didam.– I saw Ali.) In this case,علی(Ali) is the direct object of the verbدیدم(didam– saw), the one directly being seen.
- 1Ezafe Construction (
ـِ/-e,ـِی/-ye) vs.را:
اضافه/ezāfe) particle (ـِ/-e after consonants, ـِی/-ye after vowels) connects a noun to a modifier—which can be another noun (indicating possession or material) or an adjective (indicating description). Ezafe indicates a relationship *within* a noun phrase, building it up. In contrast, را marks the *entire* noun phrase as a direct object, indicating its external grammatical function in the sentence.کتابِ علی(ketāb-e Ali.– Ali's book.) Theـِ(-e) is the Ezafe particle connectingکتاب(ketāb) andعلی(Ali). This entire phrase,کتابِ علی(ketāb-e Ali), is the definite noun phrase.مَن کتابِ علی را خواندَم.(man ketāb-e Ali rā khāndam.– I read Ali's book.) Here,راapplies to the complete Ezafe constructionکتابِ علی(ketāb-e Ali), marking it as the definite direct object ofخواندَم(khāndam).- Key Distinction: Ezafe helps to *construct* a complex noun phrase;
راthen *identifies* that entire noun phrase as the definite direct object.
Real Conversations
To truly master را, observe its usage by native speakers across various communicative registers. The fluidity between the formal را (rā) and its colloquial counterparts (رو/ro or ـُرو/-o) is a significant indicator of authentic Persian communication. Integrating this awareness into your learning will make your spoken Persian sound much more natural and less textbook-like.
- Formal Written Contexts (e.g., academic papers, official reports, news articles): In these environments, you will consistently encounter the full, formal را (rā) form. Precision and adherence to grammatical standards are paramount.
- دولت توافقنامه را امضا کرد. (dolat tavāfoq-nāme rā emzā kard. – The government signed the agreement.)
- دانشجو کتابها را به کتابخانه بَرگَرداند. (dāneshju ketāb-hā rā be ketābkhāne bargardānd. – The student returned the books to the library.)
- Informal Written Contexts (e.g., text messages, social media posts, casual emails): Here, the colloquial رو (ro) or ـُرو (-o) is widely prevalent. Using these forms signifies a casual tone and familiarity. You might even see various spellings, reflecting pronunciation.
- کتابو خوندی؟ (ketābo khundi? – Did you read the book?) – This is the common informal variant of کتاب را خواندی؟.
- سَلام! مونا رو دیدی؟ (salām! Monā ro didi? – Hi! Did you see Mona?) – This uses رو for a proper noun object.
- Spoken Persian (casual conversation): The colloquial forms are almost universally preferred in everyday speech. Using the formal را in casual conversation can sound overly formal, stiff, or even unnatural. Listen for the subtle pronunciation shifts.
- Speaker A: مَن ماشینِ جَدیدَم رو شُستَم. (man māshin-e jadid-am ro shostam. – I washed my new car.) – Notice رو attached to the entire phrase ماشینِ جَدیدَم.
- Speaker B: آها! خوب کَردی. کِی خَریدیِش رو؟ (āhā! khub kardi. key kharidi-sh ro? – Oh! Good for you. When did you buy it?) – This example demonstrates the pronominal suffix -ِش (-esh – it/him/her) combined with رو for it. Such combinations are very common.
Observing this dual usage helps you differentiate between registers. Employing را in formal settings demonstrates respect for academic or official contexts, while رو (ro) signals familiarity and ease in informal interactions. Pay attention to how different public figures—news anchors versus talk show hosts—utilize these forms; it will provide invaluable insight into real-world application.
Quick FAQ
- Is
راalways mandatory for specific direct objects? For an A2 learner, the answer is a resounding yes, almost always. Omitting it when grammatically required will either make the object sound indefinite, or it will render your sentence grammatically incorrect and potentially confusing. While extremely rare poetic or highly informal exceptions exist, you should treat its usage as mandatory for all definite direct objects.
- What if there are multiple direct objects? If you have multiple definite direct objects in a list, there are two common approaches:
- 1Each specific direct object takes its own
را(less common but grammatically sound):مَن کتاب را و مَداد را خریدم.(man ketāb rā va medād rā kharidam.– I bought the book and the pencil.) - 2More commonly,
راattaches to the *last* element of a compound direct object or a list of definite direct objects:مَن کتاب، مَداد و خودکار را خریدم.(man ketāb, medād va khodkār rā kharidam.– I bought the book, the pencil, and the pen.) This is the preferred and more natural phrasing.
- Does
راhave any meaning beyond marking the direct object? In older Persian literature or highly specialized grammatical analyses,راcan occasionally mark an indirect object or even a genitive (possessive) relationship. However, in modern standard Persian, and particularly for learners at the A2 level, its function is almost exclusively to mark the definite direct object. Focus on this core function.
- How can I effectively practice using
را? Active, conscious practice is key. When reading or listening to Persian, make it a habit to identify every direct object. Then, ask yourself if it's specific. If it is, look forرا. When forming your own sentences, consciously decide whether your object refers to a particular item or a general concept. If it’s particular, ensure you includeرا. This deliberate attention will build intuition.
- What's a useful way to remember
را's function? Think ofراas a spotlight. If you want to shine a spotlight on a *particular* item, person, or concept that is receiving the verb's action, useرا. It highlights that specific entity among all possible others.
- Can
راbe used with *any* transitive verb? Yes, conceptually,راcan be used with any transitive verb, provided that the direct object of that verb is definite and specific. The verb itself doesn't restrictرا's usage; it's the nature of the object that dictates its presence.I've completed the task. I have rewritten the grammar explanation for
Direct Object Marker Placement
| Noun | Marker | Verb | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
کتاب
|
را
|
خواندم
|
I read the book
|
|
ماشین
|
را
|
دیدم
|
I saw the car
|
|
غذا
|
را
|
خوردم
|
I ate the food
|
|
نامه
|
را
|
نوشتم
|
I wrote the letter
|
|
فیلم
|
را
|
دیدم
|
I watched the movie
|
|
دوست
|
را
|
دیدم
|
I saw the friend
|
|
خانه
|
را
|
خریدم
|
I bought the house
|
|
گل
|
را
|
چیدم
|
I picked the flower
|
Spoken Contractions
| Formal | Informal |
|---|---|
|
را
|
رو
|
Meanings
The particle 'را' marks a direct object as definite, specific, or previously mentioned in the discourse.
Definite Object
Marks a specific, identifiable object.
“او ماشین را خرید.”
“من فیلم را دیدم.”
Generic/Universal
Marks a noun representing a class or universal concept.
“خدا انسان را آفرید.”
“او حقیقت را دوست دارد.”
Reference Table
| 语境 | 宾语类型 | 波斯语例句 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
特定
|
专有名词
|
علی را دیدم
|
我见到了阿里
|
|
泛指
|
不定指
|
سیب خوردم
|
我吃了一个苹果
|
|
特定
|
所有格
|
ماشینم را شستم
|
我洗了我的车
|
|
特定
|
指示代词
|
این فیلم را ببین
|
看这部电影
|
|
口语
|
非正式
|
کتابو بده
|
把那本书给我
|
|
正式
|
书面语
|
نامه را فرستادم
|
我寄了那封信
|
正式程度
من فیلم را مشاهده کردم. (Casual conversation)
من فیلم را دیدم. (Casual conversation)
فیلم رو دیدم. (Casual conversation)
فیلمو دیدم. (Casual conversation)
何时使用 را
专有名词
- سارا Sara
- تهران Tehran
所有格
- کتابم My book
- گوشیت Your phone
指示代词
- این فیلم This movie
- آن شهر That city
特定 vs. 泛指宾语
râ 的决策路径
它是直接宾语吗？
它是特定的吗（名字、我的、这个）？
标记词变体
正式 (书面)
- • را (râ)
口语 (辅音后)
- • و (o) / رو (ro)
口语 (元音后)
- • رو (ro)
按水平分级的例句
من سیب را خوردم.
I ate the apple.
او کتاب را خواند.
He read the book.
من ماشین را دیدم.
I saw the car.
تو آب را نوشیدی.
You drank the water.
من آن خانه بزرگ را خریدم.
I bought that big house.
آیا تو نامه را نوشتی؟
Did you write the letter?
او دوستش را ندید.
He didn't see his friend.
من فیلم را دوست دارم.
I like the movie.
او حقیقت را به من گفت.
He told me the truth.
ما باید این مشکل را حل کنیم.
We must solve this problem.
او همیشه گلها را آبیاری میکند.
She always waters the flowers.
من این پیشنهاد را قبول کردم.
I accepted this offer.
او تمام تلاشش را برای موفقیت کرد.
He made all his effort for success.
من این کتاب را به تو هدیه میدهم.
I gift this book to you.
او تصمیم گرفت که این مسیر را انتخاب کند.
He decided to choose this path.
ما باید قوانین را رعایت کنیم.
We must observe the rules.
او سرنوشت خود را در دستانش گرفت.
He took his destiny into his hands.
من این موضوع را به بحث میگذارم.
I put this topic up for discussion.
او این مسئولیت را بر عهده گرفت.
He took on this responsibility.
ما باید این فرصت را غنیمت بشماریم.
We must seize this opportunity.
او این نظریه را به چالش کشید.
He challenged this theory.
او این میراث را برای آیندگان باقی گذاشت.
He left this legacy for future generations.
او این تناقض را در متن یافت.
He found this contradiction in the text.
او این واقعیت را انکار کرد.
He denied this reality.
容易混淆
Learners think both connect words.
Learners use 'را' with 'یک'.
Learners put 'را' on the subject.
常见错误
من یک سیب را خوردم
من سیب را خوردم
را من کتاب خواندم
من کتاب را خواندم
من کتاب خواندم
من کتاب را خواندم
کتاب را من خواندم
من کتاب را خواندم
من کتابِ را خواندم
من کتاب را خواندم
من آن را کتاب خواندم
من آن کتاب را خواندم
او را دیدم من
من او را دیدم
من به او را گفتم
من به او گفتم
من سیب را میخواهم بخورم
من میخواهم سیب را بخورم
او را دوست دارم
او را دوست دارم
من این را که گفتی را شنیدم
من آنچه را که گفتی شنیدم
او را به خانه رفت
او به خانه رفت
من را رفتم
من رفتم
句型
من ___ را دیدم.
آیا ___ را خواندی؟
او ___ را به من داد.
ما باید ___ را تغییر دهیم.
Real World Usage
عکسو دیدی؟
پیتزا رو بیار.
من این مسئولیت را میپذیرم.
بلیط را چک کن.
پست را لایک کن.
این نظریه را بررسی کردیم.
“是”字陷阱
形容词三明治
德黑兰街头风
ro。写正式信件才用 «râ»。比如： «کتابو بده به من.»Smart Tips
If you can say 'the' in English, use 'را' in Persian.
Always write 'را' fully; never use 'رو'.
Use 'را' for names of people.
Put 'را' after the adjective.
发音
Contraction
In speech, 'را' becomes 'رو' (ro).
Statement
من کتاب را خواندم ↘
Falling intonation for facts.
记住它
记忆技巧
Ra is the 'Right' marker for the 'Right' object.
视觉联想
Imagine a spotlight (the 'را') shining on a specific book on a table.
Rhyme
When the object is clear and true, add the little marker 'ra' to it too.
Story
Ali wanted a book. He went to the shop. He found the specific book he wanted. He said, 'I want this book (کتاب را میخواهم)'.
Word Web
挑战
Write 5 sentences about things you see in your room using 'را'.
文化笔记
Tehrani speakers almost always use the 'ro' contraction.
Comes from Middle Persian 'rāy', meaning 'for the sake of'.
对话开场白
کتاب را خواندی؟
فیلم را دیدی؟
آیا این پیشنهاد را قبول میکنی؟
آیا این واقعیت را میپذیری؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
排列这些单词：
من علی ___ دیدم.
من پیتزا خوردم را.
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesمن کتاب ___ خواندم.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
من یک کتاب را خواندم.
دیدم / را / ماشین / من
I saw the movie.
Match: من نامه را نوشتم
Use: علی، دوستش، دید
Select the formal version.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesفیلم___ دیدی؟
排列单词：
من این عکس لایک کردم.
I saw the teacher.
I bought apples (not specific ones).
匹配这些配对：
کلیدها ___ پیدا کردم.
排列：
من دانشآموز را هستم.
Casual: I saw the book.
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
No, it is a post-positional marker for direct objects.
No, never. It is only for direct objects.
The object becomes indefinite or generic.
Yes, 'رو' is the spoken contraction of 'را'.
Yes, always, if they are the direct object.
No, that is a common mistake.
Yes, it is required in formal writing.
If you can say 'the' in English, use 'را'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Personal 'a'
Persian 'را' is for objects, Spanish 'a' is for people.
Articles (le/la)
Persian marker is a post-position.
Accusative case
Persian uses a particle, German changes the article.
Particle 'wo'
Japanese 'wo' is mandatory for all direct objects.
Definite article 'al'
Arabic is a prefix, Persian is a post-position.
Ba-construction
Chinese 'ba' is a pre-verb marker.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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