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B2 noun 9分钟阅读

بنیان

bonyan
例句 笔记与提示 بنیان 30秒了解
解析 بنیان in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'bonyān' yourself, as it is quite formal. However, you might hear it in very simple contexts related to building a house. Think of it as the 'bottom' of a house. At this stage, just remember that Persian has many words for 'base' or 'bottom', and this is one of the most important ones for big things like buildings. You might see it in a picture book about construction. Focus on the sound: 'Bon-yān'. It sounds strong, like a heavy stone being placed at the bottom of a wall.
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At the A2 level, you can start to recognize 'bonyān' in simple sentences about families or history. You might see a sentence like 'The foundation of this city is old.' In Persian: 'Bonyān-e in shahr ghadimi ast.' You are beginning to move beyond just physical objects and starting to talk about 'foundations' of things like cities or organizations. You should also recognize the word 'Bonyād', which is related and means a 'charity' or 'foundation organization', as you might see this on signs or in the news.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'bonyān' in your writing to describe the 'basis' of a simple idea or the 'foundation' of a social group. You are now expected to understand that 'bonyān' is more formal than 'pāye'. You can use it in sentences like 'Family is the foundation of society' (Khānevadeh bonyān-e jāme'eh ast). You should also be familiar with the verb 'bonyān gozāshtan' (to found/establish), which is very useful when talking about history or famous people who started something new.
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At the B2 level (your current level), you must master the nuances of 'bonyān'. You should know that it is used for abstract concepts like 'intellectual foundations' (bonyānhā-ye fekri) and 'economic foundations' (bonyānhā-ye eghtesādi). You should be able to distinguish it from 'asās' and 'pāye' based on the register and the specific structural metaphor you want to convey. You should also be comfortable using it in formal essays and understanding it in complex news reports or academic texts. This is where you start using the word to add 'weight' and 'authority' to your Persian speech.
At the C1 level, 'bonyān' becomes a tool for philosophical and literary analysis. You will encounter it in the works of classical poets and modern intellectuals. You should understand derived forms and poetic compounds like 'bonyān-afkan' (foundation-destroying) or 'sost-bonyān' (weak-founded). You can use the word to discuss the 'deconstruction' of ideas or the 'deep-rooted' nature of cultural traditions. Your usage should be precise, reflecting an understanding of the word's historical and cultural baggage in Persian discourse.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of 'bonyān'. you can use it with total flexibility in high-level academic writing, legal drafting, or poetic composition. You understand the subtle differences between 'bonyān', 'shālūdeh', 'asās', and 'nasb' in specialized contexts like Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) or advanced structural engineering. You can engage in debates about the 'foundations of being' (bonyān-e hasti) and appreciate the word's role in the rhythmic and metaphorical structure of Persian rhetoric. The word is no longer just a vocabulary item; it is a conceptual category in your Persian-thinking brain.
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例句 笔记与提示

بنیان 30秒了解

  • Bonyān refers to the physical or metaphorical foundation of a structure or system.
  • It is a formal word, often used in academic, legal, and sociological contexts.
  • Commonly paired with 'gozāshtan' (to found) or 'nahādan' (to establish).
  • Essential for discussing 'the foundation of the family' (bonyān-e khānevadeh) in Persian culture.

The Persian word بنیان (Bonyān) is a sophisticated noun that primarily refers to the foundation, base, or structural core of something. While its literal origins are rooted in architecture—referring to the physical masonry or groundwork upon which a building stands—its usage in contemporary Persian is predominantly metaphorical and intellectual. When you use this word, you are often discussing the fundamental principles of a society, the core values of a family, or the underlying basis of a scientific theory. It carries a weight of permanence and stability that simpler words like pāye (base) might lack. In the context of Iranian culture, the term is frequently invoked in discussions regarding the 'foundation of the family' (بنیان خانواده), emphasizing the sacred and structural importance of the domestic unit. It is a CEFR B2 level word because it requires an understanding of abstract concepts and formal register. You will rarely hear it in a casual street conversation about where someone put their keys, but you will encounter it constantly in news broadcasts, academic lectures, legal documents, and classical literature. Understanding بنیان allows a learner to navigate the complexities of Persian thought, where the 'foundation' of an idea is just as tangible as the foundation of a mosque. It suggests that if the bonyān is weak, the entire superstructure—be it a government, a relationship, or a skyscraper—is destined to collapse.

Literal Application
In architecture, it describes the lowest part of a structure that distributes the weight to the earth. Example: The foundation of this ancient castle is made of granite.
Sociological Application
Used to describe the core institutions of society, particularly marriage and kinship. Example: Strengthening the foundation of the family is a national priority.
Intellectual Application
Refers to the axioms or basic truths upon which a philosophy or scientific argument is constructed. Example: This theory lacks a solid logical foundation.

عدالت بنیان هر حکومت پایداری است.

Justice is the foundation of every stable government.

Furthermore, the word is often used with the verb 'افکندن' (afkandan - to cast/lay) or 'نهادن' (nahādan - to place) to describe the act of establishing something significant. When a philanthropist starts a charity, they are said to have 'laid the foundation' (بنیان نهادن) of that organization. This implies not just a start, but the creation of something meant to endure for generations. In poetic contexts, particularly in the works of Hafez or Rumi, the word might be used to describe the 'foundation of existence' or the 'foundation of the heart,' adding a spiritual layer to its structural meaning. The versatility of بنیان makes it indispensable for anyone wishing to master Persian beyond basic daily survival phrases.

Using بنیان correctly requires attention to its collocations and the level of formality. It is almost always used as a singular noun, though its plural form, bonyānhā, can be used when referring to multiple foundational principles. In sentences, it often appears as part of an Ezafe construction (the Persian possessive/linking 'e' sound), such as 'bonyān-e eghtesād' (the foundation of the economy). Unlike the word 'asās', which is also translated as foundation, 'bonyān' carries a slightly more physical and structural connotation, even when used metaphorically. It suggests a deep-rootedness that is difficult to uproot.

زلزله به بنیان ساختمان‌های قدیمی آسیب رساند.

The earthquake damaged the foundation of the old buildings.

In a sociological context, you might say, 'جنگ بنیان خانواده‌ها را از هم پاشید' (War tore apart the foundation of families). Here, the verb 'از هم پاشیدن' (to fall apart/disintegrate) is a common partner for 'bonyān'. It paints a vivid picture of a structure being systematically destroyed. Conversely, when building something positive, we use 'بنیان گذاشتن' (to found/establish). For example, 'او یک مؤسسه خیریه را بنیان گذاشت' (He established a charitable foundation). Note that in this context, the person is called a 'bonyāngozār' (founder).

Verb Pairing: Bonyān gozāshtan
To found or establish an institution or idea. Used for organizations, movements, or schools of thought.
Verb Pairing: Bonyān kandan
Literally 'to dig up the foundation.' Metaphorically, to completely eradicate or destroy something from its roots.

این کتاب بنیان فکری نسل جدید را شکل داد.

This book shaped the intellectual foundation of the new generation.

In legal and political Persian, 'bonyān' is used to define the core tenets of a constitution or a legal system. 'بنیان‌های قانونی' (legal foundations) refers to the bedrock laws that cannot be easily changed. If you are writing an essay in Persian, using this word to describe the 'basis' of your argument will immediately elevate your writing from intermediate to advanced. It shows a command over the nuances of Persian vocabulary and an appreciation for the structural metaphors that dominate the language.

You will encounter بنیان in several specific real-world contexts. First and foremost is the **Evening News (Akhbar)**. News anchors often discuss the 'bonyān-e eghtesādi' (economic foundation) of the country or the 'bonyān-e nezām' (the foundation of the system/regime). In these contexts, it signifies the structural stability of the nation. If there is a report on a natural disaster, you might hear engineers discussing the 'bonyān-e borj' (the foundation of the tower) that was affected.

در اخبار شنیدم که دولت به دنبال تقویت بنیان پولی کشور است.

I heard on the news that the government is looking to strengthen the country's monetary foundation.

Second, you will find it in **Academic and Philosophical Literature**. Persian is a language rich in philosophical tradition. When scholars discuss the 'bonyān-e falsafi' (philosophical foundation) of a work by Avicenna or Mulla Sadra, they are talking about the core axioms of their thought. In a university setting, a professor might ask, 'بنیان این استدلال چیست؟' (What is the foundation of this argument?).

Context: Religious Sermons
Preachers often speak about the 'bonyān-e imān' (foundation of faith), emphasizing that without a strong base, one's spiritual life will crumble.
Context: Business and Law
Contracts often refer to the 'bonyān-e gharārdād' (the basis of the contract), outlining the fundamental conditions that make the agreement valid.

Third, you will hear it in **Classical and Modern Poetry**. Persian culture is deeply poetic. A poet might lament that the 'bonyān-e sabr' (foundation of patience) has been destroyed by the beauty of the beloved. In this context, the word takes on an emotional and evocative quality. It isn't just a cold, structural term; it represents the very core of human emotion and endurance.

عشق بنیان هستی است.

Love is the foundation of existence.

One of the most common mistakes English speakers make when using بنیان is confusing it with its synonyms, particularly **پایه** (pāye) and **اساس** (asās). While all three can be translated as 'foundation' or 'basis', they are not always interchangeable. Using 'bonyān' in a very casual context can make you sound overly dramatic or stiff. For example, if you are talking about the 'base' of a lamp, you should use 'pāye', not 'bonyān'. Using 'bonyān' for a lamp would be like saying 'the primordial foundation of the illumination device'—it's technically understandable but socially awkward.

Mistake: بنیان این صندلی شکسته است.

Incorrect usage: 'The foundation of this chair is broken.' Use 'pāye' (leg/base) instead.

Another common error is the confusion between **بنیان** (bonyān) and **بنیاد** (bonyād). While they share the same root, 'bonyād' is more commonly used to refer to an 'organization' or 'foundation' in the sense of a non-profit or institution (e.g., The Bonyad-e Mostazafan). 'Bonyān' refers more to the abstract concept of the foundation itself or the physical base of a building. If you want to say 'I work for a foundation,' use 'bonyād'. If you want to say 'This theory has a strong foundation,' use 'bonyān' or 'asās'.

Mistake: Over-reliance on 'Asās'
Many learners only learn 'asās'. While 'asās' is great, 'bonyān' is often preferred when discussing social structures like family or historical structures like ancient monuments.
Mistake: Incorrect Verb Collocation
Learners often use 'sākhtan' (to build) with 'bonyān'. While not strictly wrong, 'bonyān gozāshtan' or 'bonyān nahādan' is much more idiomatic and natural for native speakers.

Finally, ensure you don't confuse 'bonyān' with 'bonyādi'. 'Bonyān' is the noun (foundation), while 'bonyādi' is the adjective (fundamental). You cannot say 'این یک بنیان تغییر است' to mean 'This is a fundamental change.' You must say 'این یک تغییر بنیادی است.' Mastering the noun-adjective distinction is crucial for B2 level proficiency.

Persian is a language of synonyms, and 'bonyān' has several close relatives. Choosing the right one depends on the context—whether you are talking about a physical building, a logical argument, or a social institution. Below is a comparison of the most common alternatives to help you choose the most precise word for your needs.

پایه (Pāye)
The most common and versatile word. It can mean 'base', 'leg' (of a table), 'pillar', or 'grade' (in school). It is less formal than 'bonyān' and used for everyday objects.
اساس (Asās)
Of Arabic origin, this is very common in intellectual and legal contexts. It is almost synonymous with 'bonyān' when used metaphorically (e.g., 'on the basis of...'). However, 'bonyān' feels more 'structural' and 'asās' feels more 'logical'.
شالوده (Shālūdeh)
A very formal, almost poetic word for 'framework' or 'foundation'. It is often used in architecture and high literature to describe the very first outlines or foundations of a project.

او شالوده این نظریه را ریخت.

He laid the framework/foundation of this theory.
رکن (Rokn)
Meaning 'pillar' or 'element'. Used when describing the key components of a system. For example, 'The four pillars of the economy.'

When in doubt, 'asās' and 'bonyān' are often interchangeable in formal writing, but 'bonyān' carries a slightly more 'native' Persian feel (despite its own complex history) and is particularly favored in discussions regarding the family and national identity. By varying your use of these synonyms, you will demonstrate a high level of linguistic sophistication.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The root 'bun' is also found in the word 'bon-bast' (dead-end), where 'bon' (bottom) and 'bast' (closed) literally mean 'closed at the bottom'.

发音指南

UK bonˈjɒːn
US bonˈjɑːn
The stress is on the second syllable: bon-YĀN.
押韵词
ایمان (Imān) پیمان (Peymān) جهان (Jahān) زمان (Zamān) آسمان (Āsemān) کاروان (Kārevān) میزبان (Mizbān) قهرمان (Ghahremān)
常见错误
  • Pronouncing it as 'bunyan' (like the English name). The first vowel is 'o' as in 'open'.
  • Shortening the final 'ā' sound. It should be a long, deep Persian 'ā'.
  • Confusing it with 'Bonyād'. Make sure to end with the 'n' sound.
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按水平分级的例句

1

این ساختمان بنیان محکمی دارد.

This building has a strong foundation.

Simple subject-object-verb structure.

2

بنیان خانه از سنگ است.

The foundation of the house is made of stone.

Use of 'az' (from/of) to show material.

3

او بنیان یک دیوار را ساخت.

He built the foundation of a wall.

Simple past tense 'sākht'.

4

آیا این بنیان قوی است؟

Is this foundation strong?

Simple question format.

5

بنیان قدیمی خراب شد.

The old foundation was destroyed.

Passive-like structure with 'shod'.

6

ما به بنیان نگاه کردیم.

We looked at the foundation.

Verb 'negāh kardan' with preposition 'be'.

7

بنیان کوچک است.

The foundation is small.

Basic adjective usage.

8

اینجا بنیان شهر است.

Here is the foundation of the city.

Demonstrative 'injā'.

1

بنیان این شرکت در سال ۱۹۹۰ گذاشته شد.

The foundation of this company was laid in 1990.

Passive voice 'gozāshte shod'.

2

خانواده بنیان جامعه است.

Family is the foundation of society.

Abstract concept as subject.

3

آن‌ها بنیان یک مدرسه را نهادند.

They laid the foundation of a school.

Formal verb 'nahādan'.

4

بنیان این فکر درست نیست.

The foundation of this idea is not correct.

Metaphorical use for 'idea'.

5

او می‌خواهد بنیان جدیدی بسازد.

He wants to build a new foundation.

Future intent with 'mikhohad'.

6

بنیان‌های این پل بسیار عمیق هستند.

The foundations of this bridge are very deep.

Plural form 'bonyānhā'.

7

کتاب او بنیان دانش ماست.

His book is the foundation of our knowledge.

Ezafe construction 'bonyān-e dānesh'.

8

ما باید بنیان کار را محکم کنیم.

We must make the foundation of the work firm.

Modal 'bāyad' (must).

1

این نظریه بر بنیان‌های علمی استوار است.

This theory is based on scientific foundations.

Use of 'ostovār būdan' (to be based/firmly placed).

2

بنیان‌گذار این مذهب کیست؟

Who is the founder of this religion?

Compound noun 'bonyāngozār'.

3

سیل بنیان بسیاری از خانه‌ها را شست.

The flood washed away the foundation of many houses.

Transitive verb 'shost' (washed).

4

بنیان اقتصادی کشور نیاز به اصلاح دارد.

The country's economic foundation needs reform.

Formal noun phrase 'bonyān-e eghtesādi'.

5

آن‌ها سعی کردند بنیان ظلم را برکنند.

They tried to uproot the foundation of oppression.

Idiomatic verb 'bonyān kandan' (to uproot).

6

این کشف بنیان‌های فیزیک را تغییر داد.

This discovery changed the foundations of physics.

Plural object.

7

بنیان عشق بر اعتماد است.

The foundation of love is on trust.

Abstract philosophical statement.

8

او برای بنیان نهادن یک امپراتوری تلاش کرد.

He strove to establish an empire.

Infinitive 'bonyān nahādan'.

1

نویسنده در این فصل به بررسی بنیان‌های فلسفی اثر می‌پردازد.

In this chapter, the author examines the philosophical foundations of the work.

Formal verb 'be ... pardākhtan' (to engage in/examine).

2

بنیان خانواده در دنیای مدرن با چالش‌های جدی روبروست.

The foundation of the family faces serious challenges in the modern world.

Phrase 'bā ... rūberū būdan' (to be faced with).

3

این اصلاحات بنیان‌های اداری کشور را دگرگون کرد.

These reforms transformed the administrative foundations of the country.

Strong verb 'degargūn kardan' (to transform).

4

بنیان منطقی استدلال شما ضعیف به نظر می‌رسد.

The logical foundation of your argument seems weak.

Adjectival modifier 'manteghi' (logical).

5

بنیان‌گذار جمهوری اسلامی ایران، آیت‌الله خمینی بود.

The founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran was Ayatollah Khomeini.

Proper noun usage.

6

او تمام زندگی خود را وقف بنیان نهادن این مرکز کرد.

He dedicated his entire life to establishing this center.

Verb 'vaghf kardan' (to dedicate/endow).

7

بنیان این تمدن بر کشاورزی نهاده شده بود.

The foundation of this civilization was laid on agriculture.

Passive past perfect 'nahāde shode būd'.

8

بی‌عدالتی بنیان‌های مشروعیت دولت را تهدید می‌کند.

Injustice threatens the foundations of the government's legitimacy.

Complex noun phrase 'mashrū'iyat-e dowlat'.

1

شالوده و بنیان اندیشه او بر اصالت وجود استوار است.

The framework and foundation of his thought are based on the primacy of existence.

Pairing synonyms 'shālūdeh' and 'bonyān' for emphasis.

2

شاعر با بیانی بنیان‌افکن به نقد سنت‌های پوسیده می‌پردازد.

The poet criticizes decayed traditions with a foundation-destroying expression.

Compound adjective 'bonyān-afkan'.

3

این بحران مالی بنیان‌های نظام سرمایه‌داری را به لرزه درآورد.

This financial crisis shook the foundations of the capitalist system.

Idiomatic expression 'be larze dar-āvardan' (to shake/cause to tremble).

4

بنیان‌های معرفت‌شناختی این نظریه باید بازنگری شوند.

The epistemological foundations of this theory must be revised.

Technical term 'ma'refat-shenākhti' (epistemological).

5

او معتقد است که اخلاق، بنیان گسست‌ناپذیر سیاست است.

He believes that ethics is the unbreakable foundation of politics.

Compound adjective 'gosast-nāpazir' (unbreakable).

6

بنیان‌های قدرت در این کشور بر پایه نفت است.

The foundations of power in this country are based on oil.

Using 'bonyān' for 'foundations' and 'pāye' for the specific base.

7

حملات تروریستی بنیان‌های امنیت ملی را هدف قرار داده‌اند.

Terrorist attacks have targeted the foundations of national security.

Present perfect 'hadaf gharār dāde-and'.

8

بنیان‌های فرهنگی یک ملت در زبان آن نهفته است.

The cultural foundations of a nation are hidden in its language.

Verb 'nahofte būdan' (to be hidden/latent).

1

واکاوی بنیان‌های هستی‌شناختی در آثار صدرالمتألهین امری ضروری است.

Analyzing the ontological foundations in the works of Sadr al-Muta'allihin is essential.

Highly academic vocabulary 'vākāvi' and 'hasti-shenākhti'.

2

این جنبش هنری بنیان‌های زیبایی‌شناسی کلاسیک را به چالش کشید.

This artistic movement challenged the foundations of classical aesthetics.

Phrase 'be chālesh keshidan' (to challenge).

3

گسست در بنیان‌های وفاق ملی می‌تواند منجر به فروپاشی اجتماعی شود.

A rupture in the foundations of national consensus can lead to social collapse.

Complex causal structure 'mūjeb ... shodan'.

4

بنیان‌های حقوقی بین‌الملل بر اصل حاکمیت ملی استوار گشته است.

The foundations of international law have been established on the principle of national sovereignty.

Formal past participle 'ostovār gashte ast'.

5

او با رویکردی ساختارشکنانه، بنیان‌های روایت را در رمان خود ویران کرد.

With a deconstructive approach, he destroyed the foundations of narrative in his novel.

Adjective 'sākhtār-shekanāne' (deconstructive).

6

بنیان‌های اعتقادی او چنان مستحکم بود که هیچ شکستی او را نلرزاند.

His foundational beliefs were so firm that no failure shook him.

Intensive 'chenān ... ke' structure.

7

در متون کهن، بنیان به معنای اصل و ریشه وجودی به کار رفته است.

In ancient texts, 'bonyān' is used in the sense of the principle and existential root.

Philological explanation style.

8

بنیان‌های زیست‌محیطی کره زمین به دلیل فعالیت‌های انسانی در خطر است.

The environmental foundations of the planet are at risk due to human activities.

Compound noun 'zist-mohiti' (environmental).

常见搭配

بنیان خانواده
بنیان نهادن
بنیان‌گذار
بنیان فکری
بنیان اقتصادی
بنیان‌های قانونی
سست‌بنیان
بنیان‌افکن
بنیان گذاشتن
از بنیان

常用短语

از بنیان ویران کردن

— To completely destroy from the ground up.

جنگ شهر را از بنیان ویران کرد.

بنیان مرصوص

— A solid, iron-clad structure (often used in religious contexts).

آن‌ها مانند بنیانی مرصوص در کنار هم ایستادند.

بنیان علمی داشتن

— To have a scientific basis.

این حرف هیچ بنیان علمی ندارد.

بنیان‌گذاری کردن

— To establish or start something official.

او یک انجمن ادبی را بنیان‌گذاری کرد.

تزلزل در بنیان

— Shakiness or instability in the foundation.

تزلزل در بنیان‌های اخلاقی جامعه خطرناک است.

بنیان‌های دموکراسی

— The foundations of democracy.

آزادی بیان از بنیان‌های دموکراسی است.

بنیان کار

— The core or basis of the work.

بنیان کار ما بر همکاری است.

بنیان هستی

— The foundation of existence/being.

خداوند بنیان هستی است.

بنیان‌های استوار

— Firm/solid foundations.

این بنا بر بنیان‌های استواری ساخته شده است.

بر بنیانِ ...

— Based on ...

این فیلم بر بنیان یک داستان واقعی است.

习语与表达

"بنیان کسی را کندن"

— To completely destroy someone or their reputation.

دشمنان سعی کردند بنیان او را بکنند.

Formal/Literary
"بنیان‌افکن بودن"

— To be so powerful it destroys the very foundation (often used for love or catastrophes).

عشق او بنیان‌افکن بود.

Poetic
"از بنیان غلط بودن"

— To be fundamentally wrong.

این فرضیه از بنیان غلط است.

Neutral
"خشت اول چون نهد معمار کج، تا ثریا می‌رود دیوار کج"

— If the first brick (foundation) is laid crooked, the wall will be crooked up to the stars (Pleiades).

باید دقت کنی، چون خشت اول بنیان کار است.

Proverbial
"بنیان بر باد نهادن"

— To build something on a weak/useless foundation (literally 'on the wind').

اعتماد به او مانند بنیان نهادن بر باد است.

Literary
"بنیان سست کردن"

— To weaken the foundation or resolve.

ترس، بنیان اراده او را سست کرد.

Formal
"بنیان بر آب داشتن"

— To have a foundation on water (to be very unstable/fleeting).

ثروت دنیا بنیان بر آب دارد.

Literary
"بنیان‌گذاری بر تقوا"

— Establishing something based on piety/virtue (Religious context).

مسجد بر بنیان تقوا بنا شده است.

Religious
"بنیان از هم پاشیدن"

— For the foundation to disintegrate.

با مرگ پدر، بنیان خانواده از هم پاشید.

Neutral
"بنیان‌کن"

— Root-destroying/Foundation-uprooting.

این سیل بنیان‌کن بود.

Formal

词族

名词

بنیان (Foundation)
بنیاد (Institution/Foundation)
بنیان‌گذار (Founder)
مبنا (Basis)

动词

بنیان نهادن (To found)
بنیان گذاشتن (To establish)
بنیان‌گذاری کردن (To institutionalize)

形容词

بنیادی (Fundamental)
بنیادین (Basic/Root)
سست‌بنیان (Weak-founded)
محکم‌بنیان (Strong-founded)

相关

پایه (Base)
اساس (Basis)
شالوده (Framework)
ریشه (Root)
ساختار (Structure)
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记忆技巧

Think of 'Bonyān' as 'Bone-Yān'. Just as 'Bones' are the foundation of your body, 'Bonyān' is the foundation of a building or idea.

视觉联想

Imagine a massive ancient Persian pillar (like those in Persepolis) with deep roots going into the earth. That deep, unseen part is the 'Bonyān'.

Word Web

Architecture Family Logic Permanence Roots Establishment Strength Bedrock

挑战

Write three sentences: one about a physical foundation, one about the foundation of a family, and one about the foundation of a belief.

词源

Derived from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) 'bunyān', which itself comes from the root 'bun' meaning 'bottom', 'base', or 'root'.

原始含义： The physical base or lowest part of a structure.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.

文化背景

When discussing 'Bonyān-e Khānevadeh', be aware that it is a value-laden term often used in conservative social discourse.

In English, 'foundation' can mean both the base of a building and a charity. In Persian, 'Bonyān' is mostly the base/concept, while 'Bonyād' is usually the charity organization.

Bonyad-e Mostazafan (Foundation of the Oppressed) - A major Iranian conglomerate. The concept of 'Bonyān-e Khānevadeh' in Iranian civil law. References in Hafez's poetry to 'Bonyān-e sabr' (the foundation of patience).
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