A2 Pronouns 1 min read 简单

Demonstrative Pronouns: This one, That one

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Armenian uses a three-way system (S-D-N) to point at things based on their distance from the speaker and listener.

  • Use 'Sa' (սա) for things right next to you, the speaker. (e.g., Սա իմն է - This is mine)
  • Use 'Da' (դա) for things near the person you are talking to. (e.g., Դա քոնն է - That is yours)
  • Use 'Na' (նա) for things far from both of you. (e.g., Նա հեռու է - That one is far)
🙋‍♂️ + սա (Near Me) | 🙋‍♀️ + դա (Near You) | 🏔️ + նա (Far Away)

Declension of Armenian Demonstrative Pronouns

Case This (Near Me) That (Near You) That (Far)
Nominative (Subject)
Սա (Sa)
Դա (Da)
Նա (Na)
Genitive (Possessive)
Սրա (Sra)
Դրա (Dra)
Նրա (Nra)
Dative (To/For)
Սրան (Sran)
Դրան (Dran)
Նրան (Nran)
Ablative (From)
Սրանից (Sranits)
Դրանից (Dranits)
Նրանից (Nranits)
Instrumental (With)
Սրանով (Sranov)
Դրանով (Dranov)
Նրանով (Nranov)
Locative (In)
Սրանում (Sranum)
Դրանում (Dranum)
Նրանում (Nranum)

Plural Forms

Type These (Near Me) Those (Near You) Those (Far)
Nominative Plural
Սրանք (Srank)
Դրանք (Drank)
Նրանք (Nrank)
Genitive Plural
Սրանց (Sranc)
Դրանց (Dranc)
Նրանց (Nranc)

Meanings

Demonstrative pronouns replace a noun to point out specific people or objects in space or time, categorized by their proximity to the speaker.

1

Proximal (Near Speaker)

Refers to an object or person within the immediate reach or personal space of the speaker.

“Սա շատ համեղ է: (This is very tasty.)”

“Սա ո՞ւմ հեռախոսն է: (Whose phone is this?)”

2

Medial (Near Listener)

Refers to an object or person near the listener, or something the listener just mentioned.

“Դա ի՞նչ է քո ձեռքում: (What is that in your hand?)”

“Դա լավ գաղափար է: (That is a good idea.)”

3

Distal (Far from both)

Refers to an object or person distant from both the speaker and the listener.

“Նա իմ տունն է: (That [over there] is my house.)”

“Նա ո՞վ է: (Who is that [person over there]?)”

4

Abstract Reference

Used to refer to previous statements, situations, or abstract concepts.

“Սա անընդունելի է: (This [situation] is unacceptable.)”

“Դա ճիշտ չէ: (That [which you said] is not right.)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Demonstrative Pronouns: This one, That one
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Pronoun + Verb
Սա լավ է: (This is good.)
Negative
Pronoun + չ + Verb
Դա լավ չէ: (That is not good.)
Interrogative
Pronoun + Verb + ?
Սա քո՞նն է: (Is this yours?)
Plural Affirmative
Plural Pronoun + են
Սրանք իմն են: (These are mine.)
Plural Negative
Plural Pronoun + չեն
Դրանք թանկ չեն: (Those are not expensive.)
Possessive
Genitive Pronoun + Noun
Սրա գույնը սև է: (The color of this is black.)
Ablative (Origin)
Ablative Pronoun + Verb
Դրանից վախենում եմ: (I am afraid of that.)
Instrumental
Instrumental Pronoun + Verb
Սրանով գրի՛ր: (Write with this.)

正式程度

正式
Ի՞նչ է դա:

Ի՞նչ է դա: (Asking about an object)

中性
Դա ի՞նչ է:

Դա ի՞նչ է: (Asking about an object)

非正式
Էդ ի՞նչ ա:

Էդ ի՞նչ ա: (Asking about an object)

俚语
Էտ ի՞նչ ա որ:

Էտ ի՞նչ ա որ: (Asking about an object)

The S-D-N Spatial Map

Demonstratives

Zone S (Speaker)

  • Սա This one (Me)
  • Սրանք These ones

Zone D (Listener)

  • Դա That one (You)
  • Դրանք Those ones

Zone N (Remote)

  • Նա That one (Far)
  • Նրանք Those ones

Pronouns vs. Adjectives

Pronouns (Standalone)
Սա This one
Դա That one
Adjectives (With Noun)
Այս գիրքը This book
Այդ տունը That house

Which one should I use?

1

Is it near you (the speaker)?

YES
Use Սա (Sa)
NO
Next question...
2

Is it near the person you are talking to?

YES
Use Դա (Da)
NO
Use Նա (Na)

Case Usage Examples

🔑

Possession

  • • Սրա (of this)
  • • Դրա (of that)
  • • Նրա (of that)
🏃

Movement

  • • Սրանից (from this)
  • • Դրանից (from that)
  • • Նրանից (from that)
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按水平分级的例句

1

Սա ի՞նչ է:

What is this?

2

Դա գրիչ է:

That is a pen.

3

Նա իմ տունն է:

That is my house.

4

Սրանք իմ ընկերներն են:

These are my friends.

1

Սա վերցրո՛ւ, դա մի՛ վերցրու:

Take this one, don't take that one.

2

Դրանք շատ սիրուն են:

Those (near you) are very beautiful.

3

Սա ո՞ւմն է:

Whose is this?

4

Նրանք այստեղ չեն ապրում:

They/Those ones don't live here.

1

Սրա գինը որքա՞ն է:

What is the price of this?

2

Դրա մասին չեմ ուզում խոսել:

I don't want to talk about that.

3

Նրանցից մեկը ինձ տո՛ւր:

Give me one of those (far away).

4

Սրանով հնարավոր չէ աշխատել:

It is impossible to work with this.

1

Դա այն է, ինչ ես փնտրում էի:

That is exactly what I was looking for.

2

Սրանք այն խնդիրներն են, որոնք պետք է լուծվեն:

These are the problems that must be solved.

3

Նրա և սրա միջև մեծ տարբերություն կա:

There is a big difference between that and this.

4

Դրանից հետո ամեն ինչ փոխվեց:

After that, everything changed.

1

Սա լոկ սկիզբն է այն ամենի, ինչ սպասվում է:

This is but the beginning of all that is expected.

2

Դրանում ոչ մի կասկած չկա:

There is no doubt in that.

3

Նրանցում առկա են որոշակի հակասություններ:

There are certain contradictions present in them.

4

Սրանով իսկ հաստատվում է մեր վարկածը:

By this very means, our hypothesis is confirmed.

1

Սա այն հիմնաքարն է, որի վրա խարսխված է մեր մշակույթը:

This is the cornerstone upon which our culture is anchored.

2

Դրանից բխող հետևանքները կարող են անկանխատեսելի լինել:

The consequences arising from that can be unpredictable.

3

Նրանց իսկական էությունը դեռևս բացահայտված չէ:

Their true essence has not yet been revealed.

4

Սրանք սոսկ պատրանքներ են, որոնք հալվում են լույսի ներքո:

These are merely illusions that melt under the light.

容易混淆

Demonstrative Pronouns: This one, That one 对比 Sa vs. Ays

Learners use 'Sa' as an adjective (e.g., Sa girk'y).

Demonstrative Pronouns: This one, That one 对比 Na (That one) vs. Na (He/She)

The word is identical for both functions.

Demonstrative Pronouns: This one, That one 对比 Da vs. Ed

Learners hear 'Ed' in movies but see 'Da' in books.

常见错误

✗

Սա գիրքը լավ է:

✓

Այս գիրքը լավ է:

Don't use 'Sa' (pronoun) with a noun. Use 'Ays' (adjective).
✗

Սա ի՞նչ է: (pointing to something in the listener's hand)

✓

Դա ի՞նչ է:

Use 'Da' for things near the listener.
✗

Սա են իմ գրքերը:

✓

Սրանք են իմ գրքերը:

Use the plural 'Srank' for multiple items.
✗

Նա է իմ գրիչը: (holding the pen)

✓

Սա է իմ գրիչը:

Don't use 'Na' for things you are holding.
✗

Ես սա սիրում եմ: (referring to a previous sentence)

✓

Ես դա սիրում եմ:

In abstract references to what someone said, 'Da' is more natural.
✗

Սա գույնը կարմիր է:

✓

Սրա գույնը կարմիր է:

Use the genitive 'Sra' to show possession (The color of this).
✗

Դրանք մարդիկ են:

✓

Նրանք մարդիկ են:

When referring to people far away, 'Nrank' is the standard personal pronoun.
✗

Խոսում ենք սրա մասին: (referring to a distant object)

✓

Խոսում ենք նրա մասին:

Incorrect spatial case usage.
✗

Սրանից հետո... (meaning 'after that')

✓

Դրանից հետո...

Temporal 'after that' almost always uses 'Da'.
✗

Սրանում կայանում է խնդիրը:

✓

Դրանում է կայանում խնդիրը:

Stylistic preference for 'Da' in abstract logical conclusions.

句型

Սա ___ է:

Դա ___ չէ:

Սրանք ___ են, իսկ դրանք՝ ___:

Սրա ___ շատ ___ է:

Real World Usage

Shopping at a Vernissage market very common

Սա որքա՞ն արժե: (How much is this one?)

Ordering Food constant

Սրանից եմ ուզում: (I want [some] of this.)

Job Interview occasional

Դա կարևոր հարց է: (That is an important question.)

Texting a friend very common

Էդ ո՞ւր ես: (Where is that [place] you are at?)

Giving Directions common

Նա իմ շենքն է: (That [over there] is my building.)

Social Media Comment common

Սա հրաշալի է: (This is wonderful!)

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🎯

The 'Da' Rule

When in doubt about an abstract idea someone just said, use 'Da'. It's the safest 'that' for conversation.
⚠️

No Nouns!

Never put a noun directly after Sa, Da, or Na. If you want to say 'This car', use 'Ays mekenan'.
💬

Pointing

In Armenia, it's common to point with your chin or eyes while saying 'Na' if your hands are full.
💡

Plurality

Always remember to use 'Srank' if you are talking about more than one thing, even if they are all 'this'.

Smart Tips

Check your hands. If you aren't touching it, it might be 'Da' or 'Na'.

Սա ի՞նչ է: (pointing across the room) → Նա ի՞նչ է: (pointing across the room)

Always use 'Da'. It acts as a bridge between you and the speaker.

Սա հետաքրքիր է: → Դա հետաքրքիր է:

Switch from Sa/Da/Na to Ays/Ayd/Ayn.

Սա գիրքը իմն է: → Այս գիրքը իմն է:

Remember the 'ran' bridge: Sa -> S-ran-its, Da -> D-ran-ov.

Սա հետ (wrong) → Սրանով (with this)

发音

Sa (SÁ), Srank (Sránk)

Stress

In Armenian, the stress almost always falls on the last syllable. For 'Srank', the stress is on 'rank'.

Na (NÁ)

The 'N' sound

The 'n' in 'Na' and 'Nrank' is a clear dental nasal, similar to English 'no'.

Question Intonation

Սա քո՞նն է: (Rising pitch on the question mark)

Asking for confirmation

记住它

记忆技巧

S-D-N: Self, Duo (You), Non-present (Far).

视觉联想

Imagine a circle around you (S), a circle around your friend (D), and the whole world outside those circles (N).

Rhyme

S is for me, D is for thee, N is for far as the eye can see.

Story

I hold 'Sa' in my hand. I point to 'Da' in your hand. We both look at 'Na' on the mountain top.

Word Web

սադանասրանքդրանքնրանքսրադրա

挑战

Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you and say 'Sa', 3 things near someone else (or where they would be) and say 'Da', and 3 things out the window and say 'Na'.

文化笔记

Standard Eastern Armenian (used in Armenia) strictly follows the S-D-N system in formal education.

Western Armenian (Diaspora) uses 'As, Ad, An' more frequently as demonstratives, but 'Sa, Da, Na' are still understood.

In daily speech, 'Da' often becomes 'Ed' (էդ) and 'Srank' becomes 'Sronk' or 'Edonk' in some dialects.

Derived from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative roots *so, *to, *no.

对话开场白

“

Սա ի՞նչ է քո ձեռքում:

“

Դրանք քո՞ կոշիկներն են:

“

Ի՞նչ ես կարծում սրա մասին:

“

Սրանցից ո՞րն է ավելի լավը:

日记主题

Describe three objects on your desk using 'Sa'.
Write about a time you saw something far away and asked 'Na inch e?'.
Compare two different technologies using 'Sra' and 'Dra'.
Discuss an abstract idea (like freedom) using 'Da' to refer to previous points.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

Choose the correct pronoun for an object in your own hand. 多项选择

___ իմ հեռախոսն է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սա
Use 'Sa' for things near the speaker.
Fill in the plural form for 'those ones' (near the listener).

___ ո՞ւմ գրքերն են:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դրանք
The 'D' series refers to things near the listener.
Correct the mistake: 'Սա գիրքը լավն է:' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Սա գիրքը լավն է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Այս գիրքը լավն է:
You cannot use 'Sa' with a noun; use the adjective 'Ays'.
Translate: 'What is the price of this?' 翻译

What is the price of this?

Answer starts with: Սրա...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սրա գինը ի՞նչ է:
Use the genitive 'Sra' for 'of this'.
Match the pronoun to its distance. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Me, 2-You, 3-Far
S-D-N logic.
Build a sentence meaning 'Those (far) are not mine.' Sentence Building

___ իմը ___:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Նրանք / չեն
Nrank is for far away, and 'chen' is the plural negative verb.
Which of these is a pronoun (standalone)? Grammar Sorting

Pick the pronoun:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սա
Ays and Ayd are adjectives.
Complete the dialogue: A: Ի՞նչ է սա: B: ___ հաց է: Dialogue Completion

B: ___ հաց է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դա
If A says 'this' (near them), B must say 'that' (near you).

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Choose the correct pronoun for an object in your own hand. 多项选择

___ իմ հեռախոսն է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սա
Use 'Sa' for things near the speaker.
Fill in the plural form for 'those ones' (near the listener).

___ ո՞ւմ գրքերն են:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դրանք
The 'D' series refers to things near the listener.
Correct the mistake: 'Սա գիրքը լավն է:' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Սա գիրքը լավն է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Այս գիրքը լավն է:
You cannot use 'Sa' with a noun; use the adjective 'Ays'.
Translate: 'What is the price of this?' 翻译

What is the price of this?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սրա գինը ի՞նչ է:
Use the genitive 'Sra' for 'of this'.
Match the pronoun to its distance. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Սա, 2. Դա, 3. Նա

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Me, 2-You, 3-Far
S-D-N logic.
Build a sentence meaning 'Those (far) are not mine.' Sentence Building

___ իմը ___:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Նրանք / չեն
Nrank is for far away, and 'chen' is the plural negative verb.
Which of these is a pronoun (standalone)? Grammar Sorting

Pick the pronoun:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Սա
Ays and Ayd are adjectives.
Complete the dialogue: A: Ի՞նչ է սա: B: ___ հաց է: Dialogue Completion

B: ___ հաց է:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դա
If A says 'this' (near them), B must say 'that' (near you).

Score: /8

常见问题 (8)

Yes, but it's very informal or can be slightly rude. It's better to use 'Na' or 'Ays mardy' (this person).

'Na' is the standard 'he/she/that', while 'Inky' is more colloquial and often used for people already mentioned.

Use the genitive form 'Sra'. For example, 'Sra dury' (This one's door).

Mostly, but it's also the default for abstract ideas or things just mentioned in conversation.

'Es' is the colloquial/dialect version of 'Ays', but in fast speech, it often replaces 'Sa' as well.

No, Armenian has no grammatical gender. 'Na' can mean he, she, or it.

Yes, it means 'these people' or 'these ones'. It is neutral.

It is the Ablative case, meaning 'from this' or 'than this'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Este, Ese, Aquel

Armenian pronouns decline for case, Spanish ones only for gender/number.

Japanese high

Kore, Sore, Are

Japanese demonstratives don't change form for cases like Armenian.

English moderate

This, That

English lacks the specific 'near the listener' pronoun.

German low

Dies, Das

Armenian is much more spatially specific in its pronouns.

Arabic moderate

Hadha, Dhalika

Armenian does not have grammatical gender in its pronouns.

Chinese low

Zhe (这), Na (那)

Armenian's 3-way system requires more precision from the speaker.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Demonstrative Adjectives: This, That, These, Those
Next
The Concept of Indefinite Article: One, A Certain (մի)

Related Grammar Rules

A1

Using Cases with Pronouns: I vs. Me
B2

Reflexive Pronouns with Verbs: Washing oneself
A0

Personal Pronouns: I, You, He/She/It (ես, դու, նա)
C1

Using Impersonal Pronouns for General Statements
A0

Using 'This' and 'That': Demonstrative Pronouns (սա, դա)
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