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B2 verb #5,500 最常用 10分钟阅读

고수하다

gosuhada
开始练习 例句 笔记与提示 고수하다 30秒了解
解析 고수하다 in your Level:
In the A1 CEFR level, the focus is on very basic vocabulary and sentence structures. Learners are introduced to common nouns, verbs, and adjectives used in everyday situations. The goal is to enable simple communication, such as greeting people, asking for basic information, and describing familiar objects. Vocabulary at this stage is limited to high-frequency words that are essential for survival and basic interaction. For example, words related to family, food, numbers, and common actions are prioritized. Grammar is kept simple, often using present tense and basic sentence patterns.
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At the A2 CEFR level, learners can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). They can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. They can describe in simple terms aspects of their background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need. Vocabulary expands to include more descriptive words and phrases for everyday life, travel, and personal interests. Grammar structures become slightly more complex, including basic past and future tenses.
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In the B1 CEFR level, learners can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. They can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. They can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. They can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes & ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. Vocabulary becomes more nuanced, allowing for more detailed descriptions and expressions of opinion. Grammar includes more complex sentence structures, conditional clauses, and a wider range of verb tenses.
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At the B2 CEFR level, learners can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialization. They can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. They can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. Vocabulary is extensive and includes idiomatic expressions and more abstract terms. Grammar is sophisticated, with a good command of complex sentence structures, passive voice, and nuanced use of modal verbs.
In the C1 CEFR level, learners can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. They can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. They can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. Vocabulary is extensive and precise, including colloquialisms and specialized terminology. Grammar is highly accurate, with a sophisticated command of complex structures and idiomatic usage.
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At the C2 CEFR level, learners have an exceptional ability to understand virtually everything heard or read. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. They can express themselves spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in the most complex situations. Vocabulary is virtually native-like in its breadth and depth, including rare and idiomatic expressions. Grammar is virtually flawless, demonstrating mastery of even the most complex and subtle structures.
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开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

고수하다 30秒了解

  • To strictly adhere to or maintain a position, principle, or opinion without changing it.
  • '고수하다' means to firmly hold onto something, like a belief or tradition, and not change it.
  • This verb signifies a strong commitment to preserving a stance, opinion, or practice.
  • It implies steadfastness and often a resistance to deviation or compromise.

Understanding '고수하다' (Gosu-hada)

The Korean verb '고수하다' (gosu-hada) is a powerful term that signifies a firm and unwavering commitment to something. It translates to 'to adhere strictly to,' 'to maintain,' 'to uphold,' or 'to stick to.' This word is used when someone is determined to keep something as it is, without any deviation or compromise. It implies a strong sense of principle, conviction, or a desire to preserve a certain state or idea.

Core Meaning
To hold fast to, to preserve, to remain unchanged in one's stance or practice.
Contexts of Use
This verb is frequently employed in discussions about principles, traditions, policies, opinions, and even physical positions. When someone '고수하다,' they are not easily swayed by external pressures or new trends. They are resolute in their decision to keep things as they are or to continue following a particular path.

Example: 그는 자신의 신념을 고수하기로 결정했다. (He decided to uphold his beliefs.)

Imagine a long-standing family tradition. If the family members decide to continue practicing it exactly as their ancestors did, despite modern changes, they are '고수하다' that tradition. Similarly, a politician might '고수하다' a particular economic policy, even when faced with criticism, because they believe it is the best course of action. In legal contexts, a lawyer might '고수하다' a specific argument, refusing to deviate from it throughout a trial. The essence is stability, consistency, and a refusal to yield.

Nuance of Steadfastness
The word carries a connotation of strength and sometimes stubbornness. It can be used positively to describe someone who is principled and unwavering, or negatively to describe someone who is resistant to change and unwilling to adapt. The context and the surrounding words often clarify which interpretation is intended.
Applications in Different Fields
You'll encounter '고수하다' in news reports about political debates, business strategies, cultural preservation efforts, and even in personal stories of individuals who are committed to their values. For instance, a company might '고수하다' its commitment to sustainability, or an artist might '고수하다' a particular artistic style that defines their work. The term emphasizes a deliberate choice to maintain a specific course or position.

Example: 전통적인 방식을 고수하는 장인들이 많다. (There are many artisans who adhere to traditional methods.)

The verb '고수하다' is a versatile tool for expressing steadfastness. It can describe personal choices, organizational policies, or cultural practices. Understanding its nuances will allow you to grasp the commitment and determination behind certain actions and decisions in Korean communication.

Constructing Sentences with '고수하다'

Mastering '고수하다' involves understanding its grammatical structure and how it interacts with different subjects and objects. As a verb, it conjugates like most other Korean verbs. The most common forms you'll encounter are the infinitive '고수하다,' the present tense '고수합니다' (formal) or '고수해요' (informal), and the past tense '고수했습니다' or '고수했어요.' The key is to identify what is being adhered to or maintained.

Basic Sentence Structure
The typical structure is: Subject + Object + 을/를 + 고수하다. The object is what is being maintained or adhered to, and it is marked by the object particle '을' or '를'.

Example: 그는 자신의 원칙을 고수했다. (He adhered to his principles.)

Let's break down some common scenarios and how '고수하다' fits in:

Maintaining Principles or Beliefs
This is one of the most frequent uses. When someone is steadfast in their moral compass or personal convictions, '고수하다' is the perfect verb.

Example: 비록 많은 반대가 있었지만, 그녀는 자신의 양심을 고수했습니다. (Although there was much opposition, she upheld her conscience.)

Upholding Traditions or Customs
When referring to cultural practices, rituals, or long-standing customs, '고수하다' emphasizes the act of preserving them.

Example: 우리 마을은 오래된 명절 풍습을 고수하고 있다. (Our village is maintaining its old holiday customs.)

Maintaining a Stance or Position
This can apply to opinions, arguments, or even physical stances in sports or debates.

Example: 그는 자신의 입장을 고수하기 위해 논쟁을 계속했다. (He continued the argument to maintain his position.)

Preserving a Method or Style
In creative fields or technical work, it means sticking to a particular approach.

Example: 이 화가는 자신만의 독특한 화풍을 고수한다. (This painter sticks to his unique painting style.)

Using '고수하다' effectively means identifying the entity that is being steadfastly maintained. Whether it's a personal belief, a cultural practice, or a strategic position, the verb conveys a sense of firm adherence and a commitment to not changing.

Real-World Usage of '고수하다'

'고수하다' is a word you'll frequently encounter in contexts where decisions, principles, or traditions are being discussed with a degree of seriousness. It's not typically a word used in casual, everyday chat about the weather, but rather in situations that involve conviction, policy, or cultural preservation.

News and Current Affairs
News reports often use '고수하다' when discussing government policies, political stances, or economic strategies. For example, a headline might read: "정부는 기존의 경제 정책을 고수하기로 결정했다" (The government decided to stick to its existing economic policies).

Example: 그는 자신의 의견을 고수했다. (He maintained his opinion.)

Cultural and Historical Discussions
When talking about traditions, heritage, or historical practices, '고수하다' is used to describe the act of preserving them. For instance, documentaries or articles about traditional crafts might say: "수십 년 동안 이 기술을 고수해 온 장인" (An artisan who has maintained this technique for decades).

Example: 전통 혼례 방식을 고수하는 젊은이들이 늘고 있다. (There is an increasing number of young people who uphold traditional wedding customs.)

Business and Strategy Meetings
In business, '고수하다' can refer to sticking to a business model, a company value, or a strategic plan, especially when faced with market changes. "회사는 고객 만족이라는 핵심 가치를 고수할 것입니다." (The company will adhere to the core value of customer satisfaction.)

Example: 그는 확고한 자신의 신념을 고수했다. (He held firm to his beliefs.)

Legal and Ethical Discussions
In legal or ethical contexts, it denotes adherence to laws, regulations, or moral codes. "변호사는 의뢰인의 무죄라는 입장을 고수했다." (The lawyer maintained the client's stance of innocence.)

Example: 우리는 이 원칙을 고수해야 합니다. (We must adhere to this principle.)

You will most often hear this word when the speaker wants to emphasize the strength and consistency of a decision or a viewpoint, especially when that viewpoint might be challenged or could be changed. It's about a deliberate choice to remain firm.

Pitfalls to Avoid When Using '고수하다'

While '고수하다' is a useful verb, learners can sometimes misuse it, leading to awkward or incorrect sentences. Understanding these common mistakes will help you use the word more accurately and naturally.

Confusing with Simple Maintenance
Mistake: Using '고수하다' for everyday, casual maintenance. For example, saying "나는 내 머리 스타일을 고수해요" (I maintain my hairstyle) might sound overly strong or even a bit strange unless you're emphasizing a very specific, unchanging, and perhaps unusual style. For simple upkeep, verbs like '유지하다' (to maintain) or '지키다' (to keep) are more appropriate.
Correct Usage:
'고수하다' implies a strong adherence, often against potential change or pressure. Use it for principles, traditions, firm opinions, or established policies.

Example: 그는 자신의 신념을 고수했다, despite criticism. (He adhered to his beliefs, despite criticism.)

Incorrect Particle Usage
Mistake: Forgetting or misusing the object particle '을/를' after the thing being maintained. The structure is typically 'Object + 을/를 + 고수하다'.
Correct Usage:
Always ensure the object of adherence is clearly marked with '을' or '를'. For example, "원칙을 고수하다" (to adhere to principles), not "원칙 고수하다".

Example: 전통을 고수하는 것은 중요합니다. (Adhering to tradition is important.)

Overusing in Negative Connotations
Mistake: Assuming '고수하다' is always negative, implying stubbornness or inflexibility. While it can have that connotation, it's often used neutrally or even positively to describe someone who is principled or committed.
Correct Usage:
Consider the context. If someone is upholding a just principle or a valuable tradition, '고수하다' is a fitting description of their strong commitment. If they are stubbornly refusing to adapt to necessary changes, then the negative connotation is appropriate.

Example: 그는 변화를 거부하고 과거의 방식을 고수했다. (He refused to change and stuck to the old ways.) - Here, it implies inflexibility.

Using it for Temporary States
Mistake: Using '고수하다' for something that is only temporarily being maintained or held. '고수하다' implies a more permanent or long-term commitment.
Correct Usage:
For temporary states, consider verbs like '유지하다' (to maintain) or '지키다' (to keep). '고수하다' is for when you are resolutely sticking to something.

Example: 우리는 안전 규정을 고수해야 한다. (We must adhere to safety regulations.) - This implies a strict, ongoing requirement.

Being mindful of these common errors will help you use '고수하다' with greater precision and confidence, ensuring your Korean communication is both accurate and natural-sounding.

Exploring Synonyms and Alternatives for '고수하다'

While '고수하다' conveys a strong sense of adherence, other Korean words can express similar ideas with slightly different nuances. Understanding these alternatives will broaden your vocabulary and allow you to choose the most precise word for a given situation.

'유지하다' (yuji-hada) - To maintain
Meaning: To keep something in its current state or condition; to preserve.
Comparison: '유지하다' is a more general term for maintenance. It can apply to physical objects, states, relationships, or even abstract concepts. It doesn't necessarily carry the same strong implication of adhering to a principle or resisting change as '고수하다'.
Example:
- '고수하다': 그는 자신의 신념을 고수했다. (He adhered to his beliefs - implying steadfastness.)
- '유지하다': 우리는 깨끗한 환경을 유지해야 한다. (We must maintain a clean environment - simple upkeep.)
'지키다' (jikida) - To keep, to protect, to defend
Meaning: To guard, to protect, to keep safe, or to abide by a rule or promise.
Comparison: '지키다' often implies an active effort to preserve something from harm or to ensure compliance. While it can be used for adhering to principles, it also has a strong sense of protection or defense.
Example:
- '고수하다': 그는 자신의 원칙을 고수했다. (He adhered to his principles - emphasizing unwavering stance.)
- '지키다': 약속을 지키는 것이 중요하다. (Keeping a promise is important - emphasizing compliance/responsibility.)
- '지키다': 이 성벽은 수백 년 동안 지켜져 왔다. (This castle wall has been defended for hundreds of years - emphasizing protection.)
'고집하다' (gojip-hada) - To insist, to be stubborn
Meaning: To stubbornly insist on something, often to the point of being unreasonable.
Comparison: '고집하다' carries a distinctly negative connotation of stubbornness or obstinacy. While '고수하다' can sometimes imply stubbornness, it can also be neutral or positive. '고집하다' is almost always used when someone is being unreasonably insistent.
Example:
- '고수하다': 그는 자신의 정당한 권리를 고수했다. (He adhered to his rightful claims - positive/neutral.)
- '고집하다': 그는 잘못된 생각을 고집했다, 결국 실패했다. (He insisted on his wrong idea and eventually failed. - negative.)
'견지하다' (gyeonji-hada) - To maintain (a principle, stance)
Meaning: To maintain or uphold a principle, view, or stance, often in a formal or academic context.
Comparison: '견지하다' is more formal and academic than '고수하다'. It's used when discussing established doctrines, theories, or long-held perspectives, often in intellectual or philosophical discussions.
Example:
- '고수하다': 그는 자신의 의견을 고수했다. (He stuck to his opinion - general use.)
- '견지하다': 학계에서는 이 이론을 견지하는 입장이 우세하다. (In academia, the stance maintaining this theory is dominant - formal, intellectual.)

By understanding these distinctions, you can select the most appropriate verb to express your intended meaning with clarity and precision.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The character 固 (go) is also used in words like '고정하다' (gojeong-hada - to fix, to set) and '고체' (goche - solid matter), both of which relate to the idea of being firm or solid. Similarly, 守 (su) appears in words like '수비' (subi - defense) and '수호' (suho - protection), reinforcing the concept of guarding or defending.

发音指南

UK /ɡo.su.ha.da/
US /ɡo.su.ha.da/
The stress in '고수하다' is generally even, with a slight emphasis on the first two syllables, '고' (go) and '수' (su). It's not a heavily stressed word.
押韵词
보수하다 개수하다 진수하다 부수하다 수수하다 구수하다 토수하다 노수하다
常见错误
  • Mispronouncing the 'o' sound in '고' as a short 'o' or 'uh'.
  • Pronouncing '수' too softly or incorrectly, perhaps like 'shoo' or 'syoo'.
  • Adding an unnatural pause between '고' and '수', or between '수' and '하다'.
  • Incorrectly stressing the last syllable '하다'.

难度评级

阅读 4/5

At the B2 CEFR level, understanding '고수하다' in written texts is generally manageable. While the word itself is not overly complex, its usage often appears in contexts discussing principles, policies, or traditions, which may involve more abstract or formal language. Learners need to grasp the nuance of steadfastness and potential connotations of stubbornness. Texts discussing historical events, political commentary, or cultural preservation would likely contain this word and require a B2 reading proficiency to fully comprehend its context.

写作 4/5

Producing accurate sentences with '고수하다' requires a B2 level of proficiency. Learners need to correctly identify the object being adhered to (using the correct particle '을/를'), choose appropriate contexts (principles, traditions, opinions), and conjugate the verb correctly. They should also be aware of the potential negative connotation of stubbornness and use it judiciously. Overuse or misuse in inappropriate contexts can lead to awkwardness.

口语 4/5

Using '고수하다' appropriately in spoken Korean at a B2 level demands understanding its nuances and context. Learners should be able to employ it when discussing their firm beliefs, adherence to traditions, or maintaining a particular stance in a conversation or debate. They need to be mindful of the register and avoid using it in overly casual settings where simpler verbs might suffice, while also being able to convey the intended meaning of steadfastness effectively.

听力 4/5

Recognizing '고수하다' in spoken Korean at a B2 level involves understanding its pronunciation and contextual cues. Listeners should be able to identify its meaning when used in discussions about principles, policies, or personal convictions. The speaker's tone and the surrounding vocabulary will help determine whether '고수하다' is being used neutrally, positively, or negatively (implying stubbornness).

接下来学什么

前置知识

하다 (hada) - to do 지키다 (jikida) - to keep, to protect 유지하다 (yuji-hada) - to maintain 원칙 (wonchik) - principle 신념 (sinnyeom) - belief, conviction

接下来学习

견지하다 (gyeonji-hada) - to uphold (formal) 수호하다 (suho-hada) - to defend, protect (formal) 고집하다 (gojip-hada) - to insist stubbornly 타협하다 (tahyeop-hada) - to compromise 변경하다 (byeongyeong-hada) - to change, alter

高级

불변의 (bulbyeon-ui) - immutable, unchangeable 확고한 (hwakgo-han) - firm, resolute 일관성 (ilgwanseong) - consistency 정체성 (jeongcheseong) - identity 보수적 (bosujeok) - conservative

需要掌握的语法

Object Particle (을/를)

The verb '고수하다' requires an object to indicate what is being adhered to or maintained. This object is marked by the particle '을' or '를'. For instance, '신념을 고수하다' (to adhere to beliefs).

Verb Conjugation (Present Tense)

The present tense of '고수하다' is '고수합니다' (formal) or '고수해요' (informal). Example: '그는 원칙을 고수합니다.' (He adheres to principles.)

Verb Conjugation (Past Tense)

The past tense is '고수했습니다' (formal) or '고수했어요' (informal). Example: '그녀는 자신의 의견을 고수했어요.' (She stuck to her opinion.)

Connectors (e.g., -면서)

The connector '-면서' (while doing) can be used to show simultaneous actions. Example: '자신의 신념을 고수하면서 협상에 임했다.' (He entered the negotiation while adhering to his beliefs.)

Nominalization (-는 것)

Turning the verb into a noun phrase using '-는 것' allows it to function as a subject or object. Example: '전통을 고수하는 것은 중요하다.' (Adhering to tradition is important.)

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按水平分级的例句

1

이거 좋아요.

This is good.

Simple present tense, basic adjective.

2

저는 학생입니다.

I am a student.

Subject + noun + copula (입니다).

3

물 주세요.

Water, please.

Object + verb (주세요).

4

이름이 뭐예요?

What is your name?

Question word + noun + question ending.

5

감사합니다.

Thank you.

Common expression.

6

안녕히 가세요.

Goodbye (to someone leaving).

Common farewell.

7

네, 알겠습니다.

Yes, I understand.

Affirmation + verb.

8

커피 한 잔 주세요.

One cup of coffee, please.

Noun + quantifier + verb (주세요).

1

어제 친구를 만났어요.

I met a friend yesterday.

Past tense verb (만났어요).

2

저는 내일 부산에 갈 거예요.

I am going to Busan tomorrow.

Future tense construction (갈 거예요).

3

이 옷은 너무 비싸요.

These clothes are too expensive.

Adjective + negation (비싸요).

4

점심 뭐 먹을까요?

What should we eat for lunch?

Suggestion form (먹을까요?).

5

저는 한국어를 공부하고 있어요.

I am studying Korean.

Present progressive tense (공부하고 있어요).

6

이 공원은 아주 아름다워요.

This park is very beautiful.

Adjective + adverb (아주 아름다워요).

7

집에 가는 길이에요.

I am on my way home.

Noun + location particle + verb construction.

8

주말에 뭐 할 거예요?

What are you going to do on the weekend?

Future tense question.

1

어렸을 때부터 음악을 좋아했어요.

I have liked music since I was young.

Past tense with temporal clause (어렸을 때부터).

2

만약 비가 온다면, 집에서 영화를 볼 거예요.

If it rains, I will watch a movie at home.

Conditional clause (만약 ~ㄴ다면).

3

그 소식을 듣고 정말 놀랐어요.

I was really surprised to hear that news.

Verb + connector (듣고) + adjective.

4

저는 제 미래에 대해 많은 기대를 하고 있어요.

I have many expectations for my future.

Noun + particle + verb construction (기대를 하고 있어요).

5

이 문제는 해결하기가 쉽지 않아요.

This problem is not easy to solve.

Verb + connector (하기가) + adjective + negation.

6

그는 자신이 옳다고 주장했어요.

He argued that he was right.

Quote construction + verb (주장했어요).

7

이 책은 내용이 매우 흥미로워요.

The content of this book is very interesting.

Noun + possessive + adjective.

8

내년에는 더 많은 것을 배우고 싶어요.

I want to learn more next year.

Future time + verb + desire ending (배우고 싶어요).

1

그는 오랜 경험을 바탕으로 자신의 의견을 고수했다.

Based on his long experience, he adhered to his opinion.

Idiomatic phrase (경험을 바탕으로) + verb.

2

사회적 약자의 권리를 보호하기 위해 법률을 제정해야 한다는 주장이 팽배하다.

The argument that laws should be enacted to protect the rights of the socially vulnerable is prevalent.

Complex sentence structure with passive voice and nominalization (제정해야 한다는 주장).

3

많은 사람들이 환경 보호의 중요성을 인식하고 있지만, 실제 행동으로 옮기는 데는 소극적이다.

Although many people recognize the importance of environmental protection, they are passive in actually taking action.

Contrastive conjunction (하지만) + adjective describing behavior (소극적이다).

4

그 회사는 혁신적인 기술 개발에 막대한 투자를 고수하고 있다.

That company is maintaining huge investments in innovative technology development.

Present progressive + adverb (막대한) + verb.

5

이러한 정책 변화는 불가피하지만, 그 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 부작용에 대한 심도 있는 논의가 필요하다.

Although these policy changes are inevitable, in-depth discussion about potential side effects is necessary.

Adverb (불가피하지만) + complex noun phrase (부작용에 대한 심도 있는 논의).

6

그는 오랜 기간 동안 자신의 신념을 고수했으며, 결국 많은 사람들에게 존경받는 인물이 되었다.

He adhered to his beliefs for a long time, and eventually became a respected figure by many people.

Past tense connector (었으며) + resultative clause.

7

문화유산의 보존은 다음 세대를 위한 우리의 책임이며, 이를 위해 우리는 전통 방식을 고수해야 한다.

The preservation of cultural heritage is our responsibility for the next generation, and for this, we must adhere to traditional methods.

Noun clause (보존은) + noun phrase (다음 세대를 위한 우리의 책임) + modal verb (해야 한다).

8

경제 불황 속에서도 기업은 핵심 가치를 고수하며 위기를 극복해 나갔다.

Even amidst the economic recession, the company adhered to its core values and overcame the crisis.

Concessive clause (불황 속에서도) + verb connector (며) + verb phrase (위기를 극복해 나갔다).

1

정치적 격변기에도 불구하고, 그는 자신의 정치적 신념을 일관되게 고수함으로써 많은 이들의 귀감이 되었다.

Despite the period of political upheaval, by consistently adhering to his political beliefs, he became a model for many.

Complex nominalization (고수함으로써) + idiomatic expression (귀감이 되었다).

2

전통 음악의 고유한 정체성을 수호하고자 하는 예술가들의 헌신은 현대 사회에서도 그 빛을 발하고 있다.

The dedication of artists who seek to protect the unique identity of traditional music shines even in modern society.

Verb + desire ending (하고자 하는) + noun phrase (고유한 정체성) + verb (빛을 발하고 있다).

3

급변하는 시장 환경 속에서 기업이 기존의 경영 철학을 고수하는 것은 때로는 위험천만한 도박이 될 수 있다.

In a rapidly changing market environment, for a company to adhere to its existing management philosophy can sometimes be a dangerous gamble.

Gerund phrase (고수하는 것) + idiomatic expression (위험천만한 도박).

4

그는 자신의 예술적 비전을 타협하지 않고 고수했으며, 이는 결국 그의 독창성을 더욱 돋보이게 하는 계기가 되었다.

He adhered to his artistic vision without compromise, which eventually served as an opportunity to further highlight his originality.

Adverbial phrase (타협하지 않고) + verb connector (었으며) + noun phrase (독창성을 더욱 돋보이게 하는 계기).

5

민주주의 사회에서는 소수 의견이라 할지라도 존중받아야 하며, 다수의 의견에 무비판적으로 동조하는 것이 아니라, 건전한 비판 정신을 견지해야 한다.

In a democratic society, even minority opinions should be respected, and rather than uncritically agreeing with the majority opinion, a sound critical spirit should be maintained.

Complex sentence with contrastive structure (아니라) and multiple verbs (동조하는, 견지해야).

6

환경 규제가 강화됨에 따라, 많은 기업들이 친환경 생산 방식을 고수하기 위한 노력을 배가하고 있다.

As environmental regulations have been strengthened, many companies are doubling their efforts to adhere to eco-friendly production methods.

Verb + connector (ㅁ에 따라) + verb phrase (노력을 배가하고 있다).

7

그는 자신의 학문적 탐구에 있어서 어떠한 타협도 용납하지 않고, 진리의 길을 외골수로 고수하는 모습으로 많은 후학들에게 귀감이 되고 있다.

In his academic pursuit, he does not tolerate any compromise and, by stubbornly adhering to the path of truth, serves as a model for many later scholars.

Adverbial phrase (어떠한 타협도 용납하지 않고) + idiomatic expression (외골수로 고수하는) + resultative clause (귀감이 되고 있다).

8

시대의 흐름에 역행하는 것처럼 보이더라도, 때로는 과거의 지혜를 고수하는 것이 미래를 위한 현명한 선택이 될 수 있다.

Even if it seems to go against the tide of the times, sometimes adhering to past wisdom can be a wise choice for the future.

Concessive clause (처럼 보이더라도) + noun phrase (과거의 지혜를 고수하는 것) + adjective phrase (미래를 위한 현명한 선택).

1

역사의 심연 속에서, 특정 철학적 사조는 시대의 풍파에도 불구하고 그 본질을 변함없이 고수함으로써 후대에 지대한 영향을 끼쳤다.

In the depths of history, certain philosophical currents, despite the tempests of the era, profoundly influenced posterity by unswervingly adhering to their essence.

Complex nominalization (고수함으로써) + idiomatic expression (시대의 풍파, 지대한 영향을 끼쳤다).

2

예술가의 순수한 창작 정신은 상업적 논리에 굴하지 않고, 자신만의 예술 세계를 굳건히 고수하는 데서 그 진가를 발휘한다.

The pure creative spirit of an artist demonstrates its true value by steadfastly adhering to their own art world, without yielding to commercial logic.

Adverbial phrase (상업적 논리에 굴하지 않고) + idiomatic expression (그 진가를 발휘한다).

3

어떠한 외부적 압력에도 굴하지 않고, 그는 자신의 양심과 신념을 철두철미하게 고수하는 인물로 정평이 나 있다.

Unyielding to any external pressure, he is renowned as a figure who meticulously adheres to his conscience and beliefs.

Adverbial phrase (어떠한 외부적 압력에도 굴하지 않고) + idiomatic adverb (철두철미하게) + idiomatic expression (정평이 나 있다).

4

그는 오랜 세월 동안 고리타분하다는 비판 속에서도 전통 서예의 맥을 끈질기게 고수해 왔으며, 마침내 그 가치를 재조명받게 되었다.

For many years, he has persistently adhered to the lineage of traditional calligraphy amidst criticism of being old-fashioned, and has finally had its value re-examined.

Adverbial phrase (비판 속에서도) + adjective (고리타분하다는) + adverb (끈질기게) + verb connector (으며) + resultative clause (마침내 그 가치를 재조명받게 되었다).

5

시대정신이라는 거대한 흐름에 순응하는 것이 일반적이지만, 때로는 개인의 고유한 가치관을 굳건히 고수하는 용기가 사회 발전에 기여하기도 한다.

While it is common to conform to the great current of the zeitgeist, sometimes the courage to steadfastly adhere to one's own unique values can contribute to social progress.

Contrastive structure (일반적이지만, 때로는) + noun phrase (개인의 고유한 가치관을 굳건히 고수하는 용기) + verb phrase (사회 발전에 기여하기도 한다).

6

그는 명확한 원칙 하에 자신의 입장을 고수하였고, 이는 결국 그의 진정성을 입증하는 계기가 되었다.

Under clear principles, he adhered to his stance, which eventually became an opportunity to prove his authenticity.

Complex sentence structure with purpose clause (하에) and resultative clause (계기가 되었다).

7

기술 발전의 물결 속에서도, 어떤 이들은 인간적인 가치를 고수하는 것을 사명으로 삼았다.

Even amidst the wave of technological advancement, some individuals have taken it as their mission to adhere to human values.

Figurative language (기술 발전의 물결) + idiomatic expression (사명으로 삼았다).

8

시대의 변화 앞에서도 그는 자신의 신념을 굳건히 고수하여 결국 자신의 길을 개척하였다.

Even in the face of changing times, he firmly adhered to his beliefs and ultimately pioneered his own path.

Adverbial clause (앞에서도) + resultative clause (결국 자신의 길을 개척하였다).

常见搭配

신념을 고수하다
원칙을 고수하다
전통을 고수하다
입장을 고수하다
방식을 고수하다
의견을 고수하다
기존의 것을 고수하다
스타일을 고수하다
자세를 고수하다
노선을 고수하다

常用短语

자신의 신념을 고수하다

— To adhere firmly to one's own beliefs or convictions.

그는 사회적 압력에도 불구하고 자신의 신념을 고수했다.

원칙을 고수하다

— To stick strictly to one's principles or rules.

이 회사는 투명성을 원칙으로 삼고 이를 고수합니다.

전통을 고수하다

— To uphold or maintain traditional customs or practices.

많은 시골 마을에서는 여전히 옛날 전통을 고수하고 있다.

자신의 입장을 고수하다

— To maintain one's own stance or position, especially in a discussion or negotiation.

협상에서 그는 자신의 입장을 고수하며 물러서지 않았다.

기존의 방식을 고수하다

— To stick to existing methods or ways of doing things.

그는 변화를 두려워하여 기존의 방식을 고수하는 경향이 있다.

자신의 의견을 고수하다

— To insist on one's own opinion and not change it.

그는 다른 사람들의 반대에도 불구하고 자신의 의견을 고수했다.

타협하지 않고 고수하다

— To adhere to something without any compromise.

그녀는 자신의 예술적 비전을 타협하지 않고 고수했다.

일관되게 고수하다

— To consistently adhere to something.

그는 처음부터 끝까지 자신의 원칙을 일관되게 고수했다.

결코 고수하다

— To never adhere to something (used with negation, implying a strong refusal).

나는 부정의한 요구는 결코 고수하지 않을 것이다.

굳건히 고수하다

— To firmly and resolutely adhere to something.

그는 어려운 상황에서도 신념을 굳건히 고수했다.

容易混淆的词

고수하다 vs 유지하다 (yuji-hada)

'유지하다' is a more general term for 'to maintain' or 'to keep.' While '고수하다' implies a strong, often unwavering adherence, '유지하다' can simply mean to keep something in its current state without necessarily implying resistance to change. For example, '건강을 유지하다' (to maintain health) is common, but '건강을 고수하다' would sound unusual unless emphasizing a very strict regimen.

고수하다 vs 지키다 (jikida)

'지키다' means 'to protect,' 'to guard,' or 'to keep' (like a promise or rule). While it can overlap with '고수하다' when referring to principles or rules, '지키다' often carries a stronger sense of active defense or compliance, whereas '고수하다' focuses on the steadfastness of the adherence itself.

고수하다 vs 고집하다 (gojip-hada)

'고집하다' means 'to insist stubbornly.' It carries a distinctly negative connotation of being unreasonably obstinate. '고수하다' can sometimes imply stubbornness, but it can also be neutral or even positive when referring to principled adherence. '고집하다' is almost always critical.

习语与表达

"외골수로 고수하다"

— To stubbornly and exclusively adhere to a single path, idea, or method, often to the exclusion of all others. It implies a very narrow-minded or one-track approach.

그는 오로지 자신의 방식만을 외골수로 고수해서 다른 사람들과 소통하기 어려워했다.

Informal
"철두철미하게 고수하다"

— To adhere to something meticulously, thoroughly, and without any oversight. It emphasizes complete and unwavering adherence.

그는 안전 규정을 철두철미하게 고수하여 사고를 예방했다.

Formal
"고리타분하게 고수하다"

— To adhere to something in an old-fashioned, outdated, or boring manner. It carries a negative connotation of being resistant to modernization.

그는 시대에 뒤떨어진 사고방식을 고리타분하게 고수하고 있었다.

Informal/Negative
"말뚝처럼 고수하다"

— To stubbornly stick to something like a stake in the ground, unmoving and unyielding. It emphasizes extreme stubbornness.

그는 자신의 주장을 말뚝처럼 고수하며 누구의 말도 듣지 않았다.

Informal
"하늘이 무너져도 고수하다"

— To adhere to something no matter what happens, even in the most extreme circumstances. It expresses ultimate determination.

그는 정의를 위해 하늘이 무너져도 자신의 신념을 고수할 것이라고 말했다.

Literary/Emphatic
"변함없이 고수하다"

— To adhere to something unchangingly, without any alteration over time.

그녀는 오랜 세월 동안 자신의 예술적 가치를 변함없이 고수해왔다.

Formal
"무비판적으로 고수하다"

— To adhere to something uncritically, without questioning or evaluating it.

많은 사람들이 사회적 통념을 무비판적으로 고수하는 경향이 있다.

Informal/Critical
"원칙을 굽히지 않고 고수하다"

— To adhere to principles without bending or yielding, showing strong integrity.

그는 원칙을 굽히지 않고 고수하여 많은 사람들의 신뢰를 얻었다.

Formal
"자기 방식만 고수하다"

— To only adhere to one's own way of doing things, often implying a lack of flexibility or consideration for others' methods.

그는 자기 방식만 고수해서 팀원들과 마찰을 빚었다.

Informal
"현실을 외면하고 고수하다"

— To adhere to something (like an idea or plan) while ignoring or denying reality.

그는 현실을 외면하고 과거의 성공 방식만을 고수했다.

Critical

容易混淆

고수하다 vs 유지하다 (yuji-hada)

Both verbs relate to keeping something in a certain state.

'고수하다' implies a strong, resolute adherence to a principle, opinion, or tradition, often against external pressure or the possibility of change. It suggests a firm stance. '유지하다', on the other hand, is a more general term for 'to maintain' or 'to keep' something in its current condition, without necessarily implying a strong conviction or resistance to change. For example, you '유지하다' a car's condition, but you '고수하다' your principles.

그는 자신의 신념을 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>고수했다</mark>. (He adhered to his beliefs.) vs. 그는 깨끗한 환경을 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>유지하기</mark> 위해 노력한다. (He strives to maintain a clean environment.)

고수하다 vs 지키다 (jikida)

Both can be used when talking about rules, principles, or promises.

'고수하다' focuses on the act of steadfastly adhering to or maintaining something, emphasizing the persistence of the stance or practice. '지키다' has a broader meaning that includes protecting, guarding, or simply keeping something (like a promise or a rule). When referring to principles, '고수하다' emphasizes holding onto them firmly, while '지키다' can imply actively upholding or defending them.

우리는 약속<strong>을 지켰다</strong>. (We kept the promise.) vs. 그는 자신의 원칙<strong>을 고수했다</strong>. (He adhered to his principles.)

고수하다 vs 고집하다 (gojip-hada)

Both can describe someone's refusal to change their mind or position.

'고수하다' means to adhere strictly to something, which can be positive (principled adherence) or neutral. '고집하다', however, specifically means to insist stubbornly, carrying a negative connotation of being unreasonable or obstinate. You '고수하다' your beliefs, but you often '고집하다' a wrong idea or an unreasonable demand.

그는 자신의 의견<strong>을 고수했다</strong>. (He stuck to his opinion - could be positive or neutral.) vs. 그는 잘못된 생각을 <strong>고집했다</strong>. (He insisted on his wrong idea - negative.)

고수하다 vs 견지하다 (gyeonji-hada)

Both refer to maintaining a certain view or principle.

'고수하다' is a general verb for adhering strictly. '견지하다' is a more formal and academic term, typically used in intellectual, philosophical, or official contexts to mean maintaining or upholding a specific theory, doctrine, or viewpoint. It often implies a more abstract or established position.

그는 자신의 의견<strong>을 고수했다</strong>. (He stuck to his opinion - general.) vs. 학계에서는 이 이론<strong>을 견지하는</strong> 입장이 우세하다. (In academia, the stance maintaining this theory is dominant - formal/academic.)

고수하다 vs 포기하다 (pogi-hada)

These are direct opposites in meaning.

'고수하다' means to adhere to, maintain, or stick with something firmly. '포기하다' means to give up, abandon, or quit. Therefore, they represent completely opposite actions regarding a principle, goal, or stance.

그는 자신의 신념<strong>을 고수했다</strong>. (He adhered to his beliefs.) vs. 그는 결국 꿈<strong>을 포기했다</strong>. (He eventually gave up on his dream.)

句型

A2

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수해요.

저는 제 약속<strong>을 고수해요</strong>. (I stick to my promise.)

B1

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수했어요.

그녀는 자신의 의견<strong>을 고수했어요</strong>. (She stuck to her opinion.)

B1

Object (을/를) + 고수하는 것이 + Adjective.

전통<strong>을 고수하는 것</strong>은 중요해요. (Adhering to tradition is important.)

B2

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수하며 + Verb.

그는 원칙<strong>을 고수하며</strong> 협상에 임했습니다. (He entered the negotiation while adhering to his principles.)

B2

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수하기 위해 + Verb.

그는 자신의 신념<strong>을 고수하기 위해</strong> 많은 어려움을 겪었습니다. (He endured many difficulties in order to adhere to his beliefs.)

C1

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수함으로써 + Result.

그는 원칙<strong>을 고수함으로써</strong> 많은 사람들의 존경을 받았습니다. (By adhering to principles, he received respect from many people.)

C1

Subject + Object (을/를) + 고수하는 태도.

그는 변화를 거부하고 기존 방식을 <strong>고수하는 태도</strong>를 보였습니다. (He showed an attitude of refusing change and adhering to the old ways.)

C2

Object (을/를) + 고수하는 데서 + Value/Meaning.

예술가의 순수한 창작 정신은 자신만의 예술 세계를 <strong>고수하는 데서</strong> 그 진가를 발휘한다. (The pure creative spirit of an artist demonstrates its true value by adhering to their own art world.)

词族

名词

고수 (gosu) - adherence, maintenance (noun form)

动词

고수하다 (gosu-hada) - to adhere to, to maintain

相关

유지하다 (yuji-hada) - to maintain
지키다 (jikida) - to keep, to protect
고집하다 (gojip-hada) - to insist stubbornly
견지하다 (gyeonji-hada) - to uphold (formal)
버티다 (beotida) - to endure, to hold out
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如何使用

frequency

Medium-High, especially in contexts discussing principles, traditions, policies, and strong opinions.

常见错误
  • Using '고수하다' for simple maintenance of objects or temporary states. → Use '유지하다' (to maintain) or '지키다' (to keep) for general upkeep. '고수하다' implies a strong adherence to principles, traditions, or policies, often against change.

    For instance, saying '저는 제 머리 스타일을 고수해요' (I adhere to my hairstyle) sounds unnatural. It's better to say '저는 제 머리 스타일을 유지해요' (I maintain my hairstyle) or '저는 제 머리 스타일을 바꾸지 않아요' (I don't change my hairstyle).

  • Forgetting or misusing the object particle (을/를). → The verb '고수하다' requires an object marked by '을' or '를'. For example, '신념<strong>을</strong> 고수하다' (to adhere to beliefs), not '신념 고수하다'.

    The particle clearly indicates what is being adhered to. Without it, the sentence structure is incomplete or incorrect. For example, '그는 자신의 원칙<strong>을</strong> 고수했다.' is correct.

  • Confusing '고수하다' with '고집하다' (to insist stubbornly). → '고수하다' can be neutral or positive, implying principled adherence. '고집하다' is specifically negative, meaning to be unreasonably obstinate. Use '고수하다' for steadfastness and '고집하다' for stubbornness.

    Saying '그는 옳은 일을 고수했다' (He adhered to what was right) is positive. Saying '그는 잘못된 생각을 고집했다' (He insisted on his wrong idea) is negative.

  • Using '고수하다' in very casual, informal conversations. → In casual settings, simpler verbs like '내 방식대로 할 거야' (I'll do it my way) or '그냥 지킬 거야' (I'll just keep it) might be more appropriate. '고수하다' often implies a more serious or principled stance.

    While not strictly incorrect, using '고수하다' in lighthearted chat can sound overly formal or even pretentious. For example, instead of '나는 이 과자를 고수할 거야' (I will adhere to this snack), simply say '나는 이 과자를 먹을 거야' (I will eat this snack) or '이 과자가 좋아' (I like this snack).

  • Assuming '고수하다' always means stubbornness. → Recognize that '고수하다' can describe admirable steadfastness, principled commitment, or the preservation of valuable traditions. The context is crucial for determining the connotation.

    When a person upholds a just cause or a long-standing cultural practice, '고수하다' is often used in a positive light, highlighting their integrity and commitment, rather than just their inflexibility.

小贴士

Consider the Connotation

While '고수하다' means to adhere strictly, its connotation can vary. If someone is upholding a just principle or valuable tradition, it's positive. If they are stubbornly refusing necessary change, it can be negative. Always look at the surrounding context to understand whether it implies admirable steadfastness or inflexible stubbornness.

Object Particle is Key

Remember that '고수하다' requires an object indicating what is being adhered to. This object must be followed by the particle '을' or '를'. For example, '자신의 신념을 고수하다.' Forgetting this particle is a common mistake for learners.

Link to Hanja Roots

The Hanja 固守 (gosu) literally means 'firmly guard' or 'solidly keep.' Visualizing a strong guard on a solid wall can help remember the meaning of holding firm to a principle or position. This connection to 'firm' and 'guard' reinforces the idea of unwavering adherence.

When to Use It

Use '고수하다' when you want to emphasize a strong, deliberate commitment to something that is not easily changed. It's perfect for principles, long-held traditions, firm opinions, or established policies, especially when there might be pressure to do otherwise.

'고수하다' vs. '유지하다'

'고수하다' implies a resolute adherence often against change, while '유지하다' is more general maintenance. You '고수하다' your principles, but you '유지하다' a car's condition. Think of '고수하다' as holding onto something tightly, while '유지하다' is simply keeping it going.

Sentence Creation

Try creating sentences using '고수하다' in different contexts: maintaining a belief, upholding a tradition, or sticking to a policy. This active practice will solidify your understanding and usage.

Cultural Significance

In Korean culture, upholding traditions and principles is often valued. '고수하다' reflects this cultural emphasis on integrity and the preservation of what is deemed important, whether personal or societal.

Formality Matters

'고수하다' is generally used in more formal or serious contexts. While it can appear in neutral conversations, avoid using it in very casual chat where simpler verbs might be more appropriate. It often appears in news, debates, and discussions about significant matters.

Avoid Overuse for Simple Maintenance

Do not use '고수하다' for everyday, simple upkeep. For example, saying 'I adhere to my hairstyle' sounds odd. Use '유지하다' or '바꾸지 않다' (not change) for such instances. '고수하다' is for stronger, more principled adherence.

Even Stress

Pronounce '고수하다' with relatively even stress across the syllables: go-su-ha-da. Avoid putting too much emphasis on any single syllable, and focus on clear pronunciation of each vowel and consonant sound.

记住它

记忆技巧

Imagine a knight standing guard ('수' - guard) on a very solid ('고' - solid) castle wall. He is '고수하다' (maintaining his post) and refusing to let anyone pass. The image of a steadfast guard on a firm structure helps remember the meaning of holding firm to a principle or position.

视觉联想

Picture a person gripping a valuable artifact tightly with both hands, refusing to let go. The artifact represents a principle, belief, or tradition, and the strong grip signifies '고수하다'. Alternatively, visualize a tree with deep roots firmly planted in the ground, symbolizing its steadfast adherence to its place.

Word Web

Principles Traditions Beliefs Opinions Stances Policies Methods Upholding Maintaining Adhering

挑战

Try to use '고수하다' in three different sentences describing situations where someone is sticking to something important, even if it's difficult. For example, a politician sticking to a policy, an artist sticking to their style, or a person sticking to their moral code.

词源

The word '고수하다' is derived from the Hanja (Chinese characters used in Korean) term 固守 (gosu). The character 固 (go) means 'firm,' 'solid,' or 'hard,' while 守 (su) means 'to guard,' 'to keep,' or 'to defend.' Together, they literally mean 'to firmly guard' or 'to solidly keep.' This etymology perfectly reflects the meaning of the verb: to hold onto something firmly and not let it go.

原始含义： To firmly guard or keep something.

Sino-Korean (derived from Hanja)

文化背景

While '고수하다' can be used neutrally or positively to describe principled adherence, it can also imply stubbornness or inflexibility, especially if the context suggests that change is needed. It's important to consider the surrounding circumstances and tone when interpreting its usage.

While English speakers might use phrases like 'stick to one's guns,' 'hold fast to,' or 'uphold principles,' the Korean '고수하다' often carries a slightly more formal and deliberate tone, especially when referring to traditions or policies. It's less about a spontaneous outburst of stubbornness and more about a conscious decision to maintain something important.

Historical figures known for their unwavering principles (e.g., scholars, independence activists) are often described as having '고수하다' their beliefs. Discussions about preserving traditional arts or crafts frequently use '고수하다' to describe the efforts of artisans. Political discourse often features debates about whether a party or government is '고수하다'-ing the right policies or principles.

在生活中练习

真实语境

Discussing personal principles or ethics.

  • 자신의 신념을 고수하다.
  • 윤리적 원칙을 고수하다.
  • 양심을 고수하다.

Talking about cultural traditions and heritage.

  • 전통 방식을 고수하다.
  • 고유한 문화를 고수하다.
  • 명절 풍습을 고수하다.

Political or policy discussions.

  • 기존 정책을 고수하다.
  • 자신의 입장을 고수하다.
  • 정치적 노선을 고수하다.

Business strategies and company values.

  • 핵심 가치를 고수하다.
  • 경영 철학을 고수하다.
  • 변화하지 않고 고수하다.

Describing a person's steadfast character.

  • 자신의 의견을 고수하다.
  • 타협하지 않고 고수하다.
  • 변함없이 고수하다.

对话开场白

"What principles do you find most important to uphold in your life?"

"Are there any traditions you believe are essential to maintain for future generations?"

"When is it important to stick to your opinion, and when should you be open to change?"

"Can you think of a time when someone's steadfast adherence to a belief had a significant impact?"

"How do you balance maintaining your own values with adapting to new societal norms?"

日记主题

Reflect on a time you had to '고수하다' a principle or belief, even when it was difficult. What was the outcome?

Consider a tradition that is important to you or your family. How do you '고수하다' it, and why is it significant?

Think about a situation where you witnessed someone '고수하다'-ing a particular opinion. What was your perspective on their steadfastness?

If you were to describe your personal philosophy in one sentence, what core value would you '고수하다'?

How can one '고수하다' their identity in a rapidly changing world without becoming inflexible?

常见问题

10 个问题

'고수하다' implies a strong, resolute adherence to a principle, opinion, or tradition, often suggesting a refusal to change or compromise. It carries a sense of steadfastness. '유지하다', on the other hand, is a more general term for 'to maintain' or 'to keep something in its current state.' It doesn't necessarily involve a strong conviction against change. For example, you '유지하다' a healthy diet, but you might '고수하다' your moral principles.

While '고수하다' is primarily used for abstract concepts like principles, opinions, traditions, or methods, it can occasionally be used for physical objects if the context implies a strong adherence to keeping them in a specific, unchanged state, often for symbolic reasons. However, for simple maintenance of objects, verbs like '유지하다' or '보존하다' (to preserve) are more common. For instance, '그는 옛날 자동차를 고수했다' (He adhered to his old car) might imply he refuses to sell it or modify it, keeping it as is out of principle.

Not necessarily. While '고수하다' can describe someone who is principled, steadfast, and unwavering in a positive way (e.g., '자신의 신념을 고수하다' - to adhere to one's beliefs), it can also imply stubbornness or inflexibility if the context suggests that change is needed or beneficial. For example, if someone '고수하다' an outdated method despite clear evidence it's inefficient, the usage might be critical. The connotation depends heavily on the context and surrounding words.

The Hanja for '고수하다' is 固守. 固 (go) means 'firm,' 'solid,' or 'hard,' and 守 (su) means 'to guard,' 'to keep,' or 'to defend.' Together, they literally mean 'to firmly guard' or 'to solidly keep,' which perfectly reflects the meaning of adhering strictly to something.

'고수하다' means to adhere strictly, which can be neutral or positive. It's about maintaining a stance or principle. '고집하다' specifically means to insist stubbornly, often in a negative way, implying unreasonable obstinacy. If someone is holding onto a correct principle, use '고수하다'. If they are unreasonably refusing to change their mind about something wrong, use '고집하다'.

Yes, '고수하다' can be used with abstract nouns that represent principles or ideals. For example, '자유를 고수하다' (to adhere to freedom) or '정의를 고수하다' (to adhere to justice). However, in such cases, '수호하다' (to defend/protect) might be a more common and fitting verb, especially if the context implies active defense rather than just steadfast adherence.

Common phrases include '신념을 고수하다' (to adhere to beliefs), '원칙을 고수하다' (to adhere to principles), '전통을 고수하다' (to adhere to tradition), '입장을 고수하다' (to maintain one's stance), and '의견을 고수하다' (to stick to one's opinion).

'고수하다' conjugates like a regular verb. Present tense: 고수합니다/고수해요. Past tense: 고수했습니다/고수했어요. Future tense: 고수할 것입니다/고수할 거예요. For example, '저는 제 원칙을 고수할 것입니다.' (I will adhere to my principles.)

'고수하다' is not typically used in very casual, everyday conversation unless discussing personal strong beliefs or principles. In more casual contexts, simpler verbs like '지키다' (to keep) or '내 방식대로 하다' (to do it my way) might be used. '고수하다' tends to appear in more formal settings or when emphasizing a significant commitment.

'고수하다' means to adhere strictly and maintain something, implying a strong conviction and often resistance to change. '따르다' means to follow or abide by, suggesting compliance with rules, instructions, or a certain path. You might '따르다' a leader's instructions, but you '고수하다' your own principles.

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