оправдание 30秒了解
- A versatile Russian noun meaning 'excuse,' 'justification,' or 'acquittal' depending on the context.
- Commonly used in daily life to explain mistakes or in legal settings to declare someone not guilty.
- Often carries a defensive tone when used as 'excuse' but a positive tone when used as 'acquittal'.
- Derived from the root 'прав' (right), reflecting the idea of making something right or proven true.
The Russian word оправдание (pronounced: op-rav-DA-ni-ye) is a multifaceted noun that English speakers often translate as 'excuse,' 'justification,' or 'acquittal.' At its core, it stems from the root прав (right/truth), suggesting an action that makes something 'right' again or proves its righteousness. Understanding this word requires navigating the thin line between a valid reason and a weak pretext. In a legal context, it is the highest form of victory—a full acquittal. In interpersonal relationships, it often carries a slightly defensive or even negative connotation, implying that someone is trying to avoid blame.
- Moral Justification
- This refers to the underlying reason why an action, which might otherwise seem wrong, is actually acceptable. For example, 'оправдание насилия' (justification of violence) is a common philosophical and political topic. Here, the word seeks to align an action with a set of values or necessity.
- Legal Acquittal
- In a courtroom, оправдание is the formal declaration that a defendant is not guilty. It is the opposite of 'осуждение' (conviction). A lawyer strives for the 'оправдание подсудимого' (acquittal of the defendant).
- Weak Excuses
- In everyday speech, if you are late for a meeting, you might offer an оправдание. However, if your boss says 'Это не оправдание!' (That is no excuse!), they are rejecting your explanation as insufficient or irrelevant.
Его опозданию нет никакого оправдания, так как транспорт работал исправно.
When using this word, consider the intent. Are you proving innocence, or are you trying to dodge responsibility? The verb form оправдывать (to justify/acquit) is equally common. For instance, 'Цель оправдывает средства' is the Russian equivalent of 'The end justifies the means.' This phrase highlights the word's role in weighing the morality of actions against their outcomes. In literature, characters often engage in long monologues of самооправдание (self-justification), a key theme in Dostoevsky's works where characters struggle with their conscience.
Суд вынес оправдание по всем пунктам обвинения.
- Common Collocations
- 'Искать оправдания' (to look for excuses), 'Найти оправдание' (to find a justification), 'Веское оправдание' (a compelling excuse).
Using оправдание correctly requires understanding its grammatical behavior, primarily its case requirements and the verbs it typically pairs with. As a neuter noun ending in -ие, it follows the second declension pattern. When you say 'excuse for something,' you typically use the preposition для + Genitive or the dative case depending on the construction, but most often it stands alone or with a possessive.
Твоё оправдание звучит неубедительно.
One of the most frequent structures is нет + оправдания (Genitive). This is used to express that an action is inexcusable. 'Этому нет оправдания' (There is no excuse for this). Notice how the object of the excuse (the thing being excused) is in the Dative case (этому). This is a vital pattern for B2 learners to master.
- The 'Searching' Metaphor
- Russians often talk about 'searching' for excuses. 'Перестань искать оправдания!' (Stop looking for excuses!). This implies that the person is actively trying to construct a narrative to avoid guilt.
- The 'Finding' Success
- Conversely, 'найти оправдание' means to successfully rationalize something. 'Он всегда находит оправдание своей лени' (He always finds a justification for his laziness).
В качестве оправдания он привёл свою болезнь.
In formal writing, you might encounter 'служить оправданием' (to serve as a justification). This is a sophisticated way to link a fact to a conclusion. 'Тяжёлое детство не может служить оправданием преступлению' (A difficult childhood cannot serve as a justification for a crime). Here, 'оправданием' is in the Instrumental case because of the verb 'служить'.
The word оправдание is ubiquitous in Russian life, appearing in three primary domains: the legal system, political discourse, and daily social interactions. If you watch Russian news, you will frequently hear about 'оправдательный приговор' (an acquittal verdict). This is a high-stakes term used when a court finds a defendant not guilty. Because acquittal rates in some jurisdictions are historically low, the word 'оправдание' carries a weight of immense relief and significance.
- In the Media
- Political analysts often discuss the 'оправдание действий' (justification of actions) by various governments. It is a key term in debates about ethics, war, and economic policy.
- In the Office
- Corporate culture uses it when projects fail. A manager might ask, 'Какое у вас оправдание за срыв сроков?' (What is your excuse for missing the deadlines?). In this context, it is often a stern demand for accountability.
«Не ищи оправданий, просто сделай работу лучше в следующий раз», — сказал тренер.
In literature, particularly the classics like Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, оправдание is a philosophical pillar. Dostoevsky’s characters are constantly seeking 'оправдание перед Богом' (justification before God) or 'оправдание своей жизни' (justification of one's life). For a learner, recognizing this word in these deep contexts helps bridge the gap between 'excuse' and 'existential validation.' You will also hear it in sports commentary when a player tries to explain a poor performance, often met with 'это лишь слабые оправдания' (these are just weak excuses).
The most frequent mistake English speakers make with оправдание is confusing it with извинение (apology). While both are used when someone has done something wrong, they serve different functions. An 'извинение' is the act of saying 'I'm sorry' and asking for forgiveness. An 'оправдание' is the act of explaining why you did it, often to prove you weren't actually in the wrong. If you say 'Я жду твоего оправдания,' you are asking for a justification, which might sound confrontational. If you want an apology, you should say 'Я жду твоих извинений.'
- Confusion with 'Причина'
- Learners often use 'оправдание' when they simply mean a 'cause' or 'reason' (причина). Remember: a 'причина' is neutral (the reason the car broke down), while 'оправдание' is evaluative (the reason why breaking the car was okay).
- Case Errors
- Using the wrong case after 'без' or 'нет'. It must be 'без оправдания' (Genitive). Also, using 'для' when a simple Dative is more natural: 'оправдание поступку' instead of 'оправдание для поступка'.
❌ Мне не нужно твоё извинение (when you mean 'justification').
✅ Мне не нужно твоё оправдание.
Another mistake is the overuse of the plural 'оправдания' when the singular 'оправдание' is intended. In English, we often say 'No excuses!' (plural), which translates well as 'Никаких оправданий!' (plural genitive). However, when referring to a specific act of justification, the singular is often more precise in Russian. Finally, watch out for the stress. It is on the third syllable: оп-рав-дА-ни-е. Misplacing the stress can make the word unrecognizable to native speakers.
To truly master the Russian language, you must be able to choose between оправдание and its synonyms based on the register and the specific nuance you wish to convey. While 'оправдание' is the most general and versatile term, other words can be more precise in specific contexts.
- Оправдание vs. Предлог
- A предлог (pretext) is often a false excuse. If you use 'предлог', you are implying that the reason given is a cover for the real, perhaps more sinister, reason. 'Оправдание' can be honest or dishonest, but 'предлог' is almost always deceptive.
- Оправдание vs. Довод
- A довод (argument/reason) is more intellectual and less defensive. In a debate, you use 'доводы' to support your position. If your 'довод' is used specifically to defend a questionable action, it becomes an 'оправдание'.
- Оправдание vs. Алиби
- In a criminal context, an алиби (alibi) is a specific type of 'оправдание'—proof that you were elsewhere. All alibis are justifications, but not all justifications are alibis.
Он использовал работу как предлог, чтобы не идти на вечеринку.
In formal or academic Russian, you might see обоснование (grounding/substantiation). This is used when providing a logical or scientific basis for a theory or project. 'Обоснование проекта' is much more professional than 'оправдание проекта'. If you use 'оправдание' for a business proposal, it sounds like the project is already in trouble and you are defending its existence. Use 'обоснование' when you are building something up from a position of strength.
How Formal Is It?
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趣味小知识
The root 'прав' is so powerful in Russian that it forms the basis for 'правда' (truth), 'право' (right/law), and 'правительство' (government). Using 'оправдание' literally means 'bringing someone back to the state of being right.'
发音指南
- Stressing the first syllable: 'Оправдание' (Incorrect).
- Pronouncing the final 'e' as a hard 'ey' like in 'hey'. It should be a soft 'ye'.
- Muffling the 'v' sound so it sounds like 'f'.
- Ignoring the soft 'n' before 'i'.
- Over-pronouncing the first 'o' as 'oh' instead of the reduced 'ah' sound.
难度评级
Common in literature and news, easily recognizable root.
Requires correct case endings and understanding of nuances vs. synonyms.
Stress placement is vital for being understood.
Clear pronunciation usually helps in identifying the word.
接下来学什么
前置知识
接下来学习
高级
需要掌握的语法
Genitive of Negation
Нет (чего?) оправдания.
Instrumental with verbs of being/serving
Это служит (чем?) оправданием.
Dative for 'to whom/what'
Оправдание (чему?) его лени.
Neuter noun declension (-ие)
Оправдание, оправдания, оправданию...
Verbal nouns
Оправдание is derived from the verb оправдать.
按水平分级的例句
Это моё оправдание.
This is my excuse.
Neuter singular nominative.
Где твоё оправдание?
Where is your excuse?
Possessive pronoun 'твоё' matches neuter 'оправдание'.
Нет оправдания.
There is no excuse.
Genitive case after 'нет'.
Плохое оправдание.
A bad excuse.
Adjective 'плохое' matches neuter noun.
Это не оправдание.
This is not an excuse.
Negation with 'не'.
Твоё оправдание — это ложь.
Your excuse is a lie.
Simple subject-predicate structure.
У него есть оправдание.
He has an excuse.
У + Genitive construction.
Маленькое оправдание.
A small excuse.
Basic adjective-noun agreement.
Никаких оправданий!
No excuses!
Plural genitive after 'никаких'.
Я ищу оправдание.
I am looking for an excuse.
Accusative case (same as nominative for inanimate neuter).
У неё было веское оправдание.
She had a valid excuse.
Past tense 'было' matches neuter noun.
Это глупое оправдание.
This is a silly excuse.
Adjective 'глупое' (silly/stupid).
Нам нужно оправдание.
We need an excuse.
Dative 'нам' + 'нужно'.
Твои оправдания не работают.
Your excuses don't work.
Plural nominative.
Он придумал оправдание.
He made up an excuse.
Verb 'придумать' (to invent/make up).
Это было его единственное оправдание.
That was his only excuse.
Adjective 'единственное' (only/sole).
Оправдание подсудимого было неожиданным.
The acquittal of the defendant was unexpected.
Legal context: acquittal.
Я не хочу слушать твои оправдания.
I don't want to listen to your excuses.
Plural accusative.
Его поведению нет оправдания.
There is no excuse for his behavior.
Dative 'поведению' + 'нет оправдания'.
Она нашла оправдание своему поступку.
She found a justification for her action.
Dative 'поступку' follows 'оправдание'.
Трудно найти оправдание такой лени.
It is hard to find a justification for such laziness.
Adverb 'трудно' + infinitive.
Это лишь слабое оправдание.
This is only a weak excuse.
Adjective 'слабое' (weak).
Вам не нужно искать оправдания.
You don't need to look for excuses.
Infinitive 'искать' with plural object.
Это звучит как оправдание.
It sounds like an excuse.
Preposition 'как' + nominative.
Обстоятельства могут служить оправданием.
Circumstances can serve as a justification.
Instrumental case after 'служить'.
Он привел болезнь в качестве оправдания.
He cited illness as an excuse.
Phrase 'в качестве' + genitive.
Моральное оправдание войны — сложная тема.
The moral justification of war is a complex topic.
Genitive 'войны' follows 'оправдание'.
Суд вынес оправдательный приговор.
The court issued an acquittal verdict.
Adjective 'оправдательный' derived from the noun.
Перестань заниматься самооправданием.
Stop engaging in self-justification.
Compound noun 'самооправдание'.
Это не может быть оправданием для насилия.
This cannot be a justification for violence.
Instrumental case 'оправданием' after 'быть'.
Её молчание было лучшим оправданием.
Her silence was the best justification.
Superlative 'лучшим'.
Он всегда находит оправдание своим ошибкам.
He always finds a justification for his mistakes.
Dative plural 'ошибкам'.
Абсолютное оправдание требует глубокого анализа.
Absolute justification requires deep analysis.
Formal register.
Его слова были восприняты как попытка оправдания.
His words were perceived as an attempt at justification.
Passive construction 'были восприняты'.
Рациональное оправдание часто скрывает эмоции.
Rational justification often hides emotions.
Abstract concept.
В этой ситуации оправдание невозможно.
In this situation, justification is impossible.
Short adjective 'невозможно'.
Он не нуждается в оправдании своих действий.
He does not need a justification for his actions.
Verb 'нуждаться' + в + prepositional case.
Это лишь формальное оправдание системы.
This is just a formal justification of the system.
Adjective 'формальное'.
Мы услышали долгое и нудное оправдание.
We heard a long and tedious excuse.
Double adjectives.
Оправдание зла ведет к новым преступлениям.
The justification of evil leads to new crimes.
Philosophical statement.
Теодицея — это попытка оправдания Бога за наличие зла.
Theodicy is an attempt to justify God for the existence of evil.
Theological term.
Его жизнь стала оправданием всех его страданий.
His life became the justification for all his sufferings.
Metaphorical usage.
Никакое оправдание не вернет доверие.
No justification will bring back trust.
Strong negative assertion.
Он виртуозно владел искусством оправдания.
He was a master of the art of justification.
High-level vocabulary 'виртуозно'.
Оправдание подвига не требуется, он говорит сам за себя.
Justification for a heroic deed is not required; it speaks for itself.
Concept of 'подвиг' (heroic deed).
Это было лишь жалкое подобие оправдания.
It was but a pitiful semblance of a justification.
Literary phrase 'жалкое подобие'.
В его голосе звучало скрытое оправдание.
A hidden justification sounded in his voice.
Subtle nuance.
Поиск оправдания стал его навязчивой идеей.
The search for justification became his obsession.
Psychological context.
常见搭配
常用短语
— Used to dismiss someone's reason as invalid or insufficient.
Болезнь — это не оправдание для пропуска экзамена.
— A strong way to say someone's actions are completely unacceptable.
Ты предал друга, нет тебе оправдания.
— To invent a reason to avoid blame.
Он быстро придумал оправдание своему опозданию.
— Used when starting to explain one's actions.
В своё оправдание я могу сказать только одно...
— Living up to the trust placed in someone.
Это было оправдание доверия избирателей.
— Doing something wrong without even trying to explain it.
Он ушел без всякого оправдания.
— To convince oneself that one's wrong actions were okay.
Он всегда найдет себе оправдание.
— To be a valid reason for something.
Усталость не служит оправданием грубости.
— The justification or return on investment.
Экономическое оправдание новых инвестиций.
容易混淆的词
An apology vs. a justification.
A neutral cause vs. a defensive reason.
A factual justification vs. a deceptive pretext.
习语与表达
— The result is so important that any method to achieve it is acceptable.
Он верит, что цель оправдывает средства, но я не согласен.
philosophical/proverb— A modern cynical saying that successful people don't make excuses.
Как говорят в бизнесе, оправдание — это клей для неудачников.
informal/motivational— To make a very obvious and unconvincing excuse.
Твоё оправдание шито белыми нитками.
idiomatic/informal— Always looking for reasons not to do something.
Он всю жизнь провел в поиске оправданий.
metaphorical— Trying to satisfy one's own sense of guilt.
Это было лишь оправдание перед собственной совестью.
literary— A demand for total compliance without explanation.
Я хочу результат. Никаких 'но', никаких оправданий.
authoritative— A sarcastic way to describe a very creative but unbelievable excuse.
Ну, это просто оправдание на миллион!
slang/sarcastic— To find a technicality to justify a wrong.
Юристы нашли лазейку для оправдания клиента.
legal/informal— Seeking social acceptance for an action.
Он искал оправдания в глазах общества.
sociological— Proving oneself through actions rather than words.
Лучшее оправдание — это оправдание делом.
motivational容易混淆
Both are nouns from the same verb.
'Оправдание' is the result or the specific reason; 'оправдывание' is the continuous process of making excuses.
Его постоянное оправдывание (process) всех раздражает.
Both relate to being justified.
'Оправданность' is the state of being justified (abstract noun).
Оправданность (justifiability) этих мер под вопросом.
句型
Это [noun] оправдание.
Это моё оправдание.
У меня есть [adj] оправдание.
У меня есть веское оправдание.
[Dative] нет оправдания.
Этому поступку нет оправдания.
Я не ищу [Genitive Plural].
Я не ищу оправданий.
[Noun] служит оправданием для [Genitive].
Болезнь служит оправданием для отсутствия.
В качестве [Genitive] он привел [Accusative].
В качестве оправдания он привел занятость.
Попытка [Genitive] была [Adj].
Попытка оправдания была неудачной.
[Noun] не требует [Genitive].
Подвиг не требует оправдания.
词族
名词
动词
形容词
相关
如何使用
Highly frequent in both legal and interpersonal contexts.
-
Я жду твоего оправдания (when wanting an apology).
→
Я жду твоих извинений.
Asking for an 'оправдание' is asking for a reason, not a sorry.
-
Это не оправдание для меня.
→
Это мне не оправдание.
While the first is okay, the second is more idiomatic in Russian.
-
У него нет оправдание.
→
У него нет оправдания.
Genitive case is required after 'нет'.
-
Оправдание к преступлению.
→
Оправдание преступления (Gen) or преступлению (Dat).
The preposition 'к' is not used here.
-
Stressing the first 'O'.
→
Stressing the 'A'.
Russian stress is mobile and vital for meaning.
小贴士
Check your cases
Remember: 'Нет' + 'оправдания' (Genitive). This is the most common mistake for learners.
Don't over-justify
In Russian culture, providing too many 'оправдания' can make you look weak or dishonest. Sometimes a simple apology is better.
Learn the verb
Learn 'оправдать' alongside the noun. It will help you understand the logic of the word family.
Stress it right
Practice saying 'оп-рав-дА-ни-е' five times fast to get the rhythm right.
Listen for the 'prav'
The root 'prav' is your key. It's the same root as in 'pravda' (truth).
Use in essays
Use 'оправдание' when discussing ethics or law in your Russian writing assignments.
The 'Right' connection
Think: 'Justification makes it RIGHT (Prav).'
Legal nuance
In a legal context, 'оправдание' is always positive for the accused.
Know 'отмазка'
Understand 'отмазка' when you hear it, but use 'оправдание' in your own speech to be safe.
Plural vs Singular
Use plural 'оправдания' for 'excuses' (general) and singular for a specific 'justification'.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of 'OP-RAV-DA'. 'OP' (like 'operation') + 'RAV' (like 'raw') + 'DA' (like 'yes'). An 'operation' to make the 'raw' truth a 'yes' (right).
视觉联想
Imagine a judge hitting a gavel and the word 'RIGHT' (ПРАВДО) appearing in glowing letters. This connects 'оправдание' to being 'made right'.
Word Web
挑战
Try to write three 'оправдания' for why you didn't learn Russian today, then label them as 'веское' (valid) or 'жалкое' (pitiful).
词源
Derived from the Old Church Slavonic root 'прав-' (prav-), which means 'straight,' 'right,' or 'true.' This root is foundational in Slavic languages for concepts of law and truth.
原始含义： The act of making something straight or right in the eyes of the law or God.
Indo-European -> Balto-Slavic -> Slavic -> East Slavic -> Russian.文化背景
Be careful not to sound defensive. If you are apologizing, lead with 'извините' rather than your 'оправдание'.
In English, 'excuse' is often negative. In Russian, 'оправдание' can be very positive (legal acquittal).
在生活中练习
真实语境
Courtroom
- оправдательный приговор
- полное оправдание
- оправдание по всем статьям
- требовать оправдания
Office/Work
- оправдание задержки
- веское оправдание
- оправдание расходов
- без оправданий
Personal Relationships
- глупое оправдание
- искать оправдания
- не нужно оправданий
- твоё оправдание
Academic/Philosophy
- моральное оправдание
- логическое оправдание
- оправдание зла
- историческое оправдание
Sports
- оправдание проигрыша
- слабое оправдание
- нет оправданий
- оправдать ожидания (verb)
对话开场白
"Как вы думаете, есть ли оправдание лжи во благо?"
"Какое самое странное оправдание вы слышали от опоздавшего коллеги?"
"Может ли плохая погода быть оправданием для плохого настроения?"
"Важно ли для вас найти оправдание своим прошлым ошибкам?"
"Как часто вы принимаете оправдания других людей без лишних вопросов?"
日记主题
Опишите ситуацию, когда ваше оправдание было правдивым, но в него никто не поверил.
Напишите о том, почему 'цель оправдывает средства' — это опасная или полезная философия.
Размышляйте о разнице между прощением и оправданием в личных отношениях.
Если бы вы были адвокатом, какое оправдание вы бы придумали для сказочного злодея?
Почему людям так важно искать самооправдание даже в мелочах?
常见问题
10 个问题No, 'оправдание' is a justification or excuse. For an apology, use 'извинение'.
Not at all. In legal contexts, it is the best possible outcome—an acquittal.
The plural is 'оправдания'. It is often used in the phrase 'никаких оправданий' (no excuses).
You can say 'Он был оправдан' (participle) or 'Суд вынес ему оправдание'.
Yes, but it is very slangy. Use it only with friends.
Usually, 'обоснование' or 'доказательство' is better for math.
It often takes the Dative for the thing being justified (оправдание поступку).
It is 'self-justification'—when you make excuses to yourself to feel better.
Use 'без оправдания' or 'без всякого оправдания'.
No, the stress is on the 'а': оправдАние.
自我测试 180 个问题
Translate: 'There is no excuse for this lateness.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence using 'искать оправдания'.
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Translate: 'He found a justification.'
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Translate: 'Stop making up excuses.'
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Translate: 'This sounds like an excuse.'
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Translate: 'No more excuses.'
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Translate: 'The end justifies the means.'
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Translate: 'I am not looking for excuses.'
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Translate: 'That's a weak excuse.'
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Translate: 'I have no excuse.'
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Translate: 'His lateness has no excuse.'
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Translate: 'Is there any excuse?'
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Translate: 'I need an excuse.'
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Translate: 'You have no excuse.'
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Translate: 'I don't need your justification.'
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Translate: 'It's hard to find an excuse.'
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Translate: 'Give me one excuse.'
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Translate: 'Everything has an excuse.'
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Translate: 'Stop searching for excuses.'
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Translate: 'An acquittal is possible.'
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Translate: 'He has no more excuses.'
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Translate: 'Find an excuse.'
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Translate: 'There are many excuses.'
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Translate: 'Is that your excuse?'
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Translate: 'Stop it.'
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Translate: 'I believe you.'
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Translate: 'I am sorry.'
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Translate: 'Tell me the truth.'
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Translate: 'No excuses today.'
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Translate: 'He is innocent.'
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Translate: 'I don't believe him.'
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Translate: 'Show me.'
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Translate: 'Listen to me.'
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Translate: 'Enough excuses.'
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/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The word 'оправдание' is essential for expressing reasons for actions. While it translates to 'excuse,' remember that in a Russian court, it means the ultimate success: a full acquittal. Example: 'Этому нет оправдания' (There is no excuse for this).
- A versatile Russian noun meaning 'excuse,' 'justification,' or 'acquittal' depending on the context.
- Commonly used in daily life to explain mistakes or in legal settings to declare someone not guilty.
- Often carries a defensive tone when used as 'excuse' but a positive tone when used as 'acquittal'.
- Derived from the root 'прав' (right), reflecting the idea of making something right or proven true.
Check your cases
Remember: 'Нет' + 'оправдания' (Genitive). This is the most common mistake for learners.
Don't over-justify
In Russian culture, providing too many 'оправдания' can make you look weak or dishonest. Sometimes a simple apology is better.
Learn the verb
Learn 'оправдать' alongside the noun. It will help you understand the logic of the word family.
Stress it right
Practice saying 'оп-рав-дА-ни-е' five times fast to get the rhythm right.
相关内容
更多general词汇
абсолютно
A2absolutely, completely
абсолютный
B1绝对的、完全的、彻底的。用于强调没有任何保留或例外的状态。例如，“绝对真理”。
авторитетный
C1有权威的，可信的，受人尊敬的。
адаптация
B1适应是指调整以适应新条件的过程。他对新环境的适应非常快。
адаптировать
C1To make something suitable for a new use
адекватный
B21. 这是一个足够好的解决方案。 (This is an adequate solution for the problem.) 2. 他的反应相当恰当。 (His reaction was quite adequate.)
азиатский
B1亚洲的. 例如：亚洲市场非常大。 (The Asian market is very large.)
активизация
C1使过程或活动变得更加活跃或有效的过程；强化。
активизировать
B2政府决定激活经济改革。
активно
B2他<span class='italic'>积极地</span>参与这个项目。
