hors في 30 ثانية
- Hors means 'outside of' or 'beyond'.
- It's used with 'de' to show exclusion or separation.
- Common phrases include 'hors de danger' and 'hors service'.
- Distinguish from 'dehors' (adverb meaning 'outside').
Understanding "Hors"
The French preposition 'hors' is a versatile word that typically translates to 'outside of' or 'beyond the limits of' in English. It signifies exclusion or being separate from a group, category, or boundary. Think of it as a way to say something or someone is not included in a particular set or context. It's frequently encountered in everyday French, indicating that something is an exception or is situated externally to something else.
- Core Meaning
- 'Hors' essentially means 'out of' or 'apart from'. It establishes a separation between the subject and the object it relates to.
- Usage Contexts
- You'll often hear 'hors' used in phrases that denote exceptions, physical locations outside of something, or abstract boundaries. For example, 'hors de danger' means 'out of danger,' and 'hors sujet' means 'off-topic.' It can also refer to something being outside of a specific time frame or a particular group.
Exploring Different Scenarios
Consider a scenario where a group of friends is going to the cinema. If one friend cannot make it, you might say, 'Paul est absent, il est hors de la sortie.' (Paul is absent, he is outside of the outing.) This clearly excludes Paul from the planned activity. In a more physical sense, if a ball goes out of bounds in a game, one might say, 'Le ballon est hors du terrain.' (The ball is outside of the field.) This indicates its position relative to the designated playing area.
The phrase 'hors d'oeuvre' (appetizer) is a common example, literally meaning 'outside of the main work' or 'outside of the main course.' This illustrates how 'hors' can demarcate something that precedes or is separate from the principal part. In discussions, 'hors de propos' means 'irrelevant' or 'out of place,' signifying that a comment does not belong to the current topic. The preposition 'hors' is fundamental for expressing these kinds of separations and exclusions in a precise manner.
Cette idée est complètement hors de propos pour notre discussion actuelle.
Les enfants jouent dehors, hors de la maison.
- Key Concept
- 'Hors' is often used with 'de' to form specific expressions like 'hors de portée' (out of reach) or 'hors de question' (out of the question).
Mastering 'hors' will significantly enhance your ability to express nuances of exclusion and separation in French, making your communication more precise and idiomatic.
Constructing Sentences with "Hors"
Using 'hors' correctly involves understanding its role as a preposition, often followed by 'de' and then the noun or pronoun it modifies. This construction helps to clearly define the boundary or the group from which something is excluded or separated.
Common Structures and Patterns
The most frequent structure you will encounter is 'hors de + noun'. This pattern is used to indicate being outside of a physical space, a conceptual boundary, or a state. For instance:
- Physical Location
- 'Le chat est hors du jardin.' (The cat is outside of the garden.) Here, 'du jardin' specifies the area the cat is not within.
- Abstract Boundaries
- 'Cette proposition est hors de propos.' (This proposal is out of place/irrelevant.) 'Propos' refers to the topic of discussion, and the proposal is outside of it.
- Exclusion from a Group
- 'Il est hors de question qu'il vienne.' (It is out of the question that he comes.) This strongly negates the possibility, placing his coming outside of any consideration.
Idiomatic Expressions
'Hors' is also part of several fixed expressions that are crucial for fluent French:
- Hors d'œuvre
- Literally 'outside of the work,' referring to appetizers served before the main meal.
- Hors service
- Meaning 'out of order' or 'out of service,' typically for machines or services.
- Hors la loi
- Meaning 'outlawed' or 'outside the law.'
Le téléphone est hors service, je ne peux pas vous appeler.
When constructing your own sentences, try to think about what is being excluded or separated. Is it a physical space? A topic? A possibility? This will guide you in choosing the appropriate context for 'hors de' or other idiomatic uses.
Nous devons rester hors de danger.
"Hors" in Real-Life French
You'll encounter 'hors' in a wide variety of everyday situations in French-speaking environments, from casual conversations to more formal settings. Its presence signifies a separation, an exception, or an external position relative to something else.
Everyday Conversations
In casual chats, people might say things like:
- Discussing Location
- 'Laisse les enfants jouer hors de la maison.' (Let the children play outside of the house.)
- Expressing Exclusion
- 'Il est hors de question que je fasse ça.' (It is out of the question that I do that.)
- Talking about Status
- 'Le magasin est hors service aujourd'hui.' (The store is out of service today.)
Media and Formal Contexts
You'll also find 'hors' in more formal settings:
- News and Reports
- 'L'entreprise a enregistré des pertes, mais le bénéfice net est hors des attentes.' (The company recorded losses, but the net profit is outside of expectations.)
- Culinary Context
- 'Le chef a préparé des hors-d'œuvre magnifiques.' (The chef prepared magnificent appetizers.)
- Legal and Technical Documents
- 'Le véhicule est tombé en panne, il est hors d'usage.' (The vehicle broke down, it is out of use.)
Le signal était trop faible, hors de portée de la tour.
Hearing 'hors' in these diverse contexts will help solidify its meaning and usage in your mind. It's a word that truly bridges the gap between abstract ideas and tangible realities, always indicating a separation or an external position.
Il a agi hors la loi.
Avoiding Pitfalls with "Hors"
While 'hors' is a common word, learners sometimes make mistakes that can lead to confusion or incorrect meaning. Being aware of these potential pitfalls will help you use 'hors' more accurately.
Confusing "Hors" with "Dehors"
One of the most frequent errors is confusing 'hors' with 'dehors.' While both relate to being outside, they function differently.
- 'Dehors' as an Adverb
- 'Dehors' is primarily an adverb meaning 'outside' (as opposed to inside). It doesn't typically take an object. For example: 'Il fait beau, allons dehors.' (It's nice out, let's go outside.)
- 'Hors' as a Preposition
- 'Hors' is a preposition, almost always used with 'de' ('hors de'), to indicate being outside of a specific place, group, or concept. For example: 'Le chien est hors du jardin.' (The dog is outside of the garden.) You wouldn't say 'Le chien est hors du jardin' with 'dehors' in this way.
Incorrect Omission of "de"
'Hors' rarely stands alone. It needs the preposition 'de' to connect it to what it is outside of. Forgetting 'de' can make a sentence grammatically incorrect or change its intended meaning.
- Incorrect
- 'Il est hors danger.' (Grammatically awkward, though sometimes understood.)
- Correct
- 'Il est hors de danger.' (He is out of danger.)
Misunderstanding Idiomatic Expressions
Many common uses of 'hors' are part of fixed idiomatic phrases. Trying to interpret them literally can lead to misunderstandings.
- Literal vs. Idiomatic
- 'Hors d'œuvre' literally means 'outside of the work,' but it refers to appetizers, not something physically outside of a task. Similarly, 'hors de propos' means 'irrelevant,' not just physically outside of a speech.
Ne dites pas 'Je suis hors la loi', mais 'Je suis hors la loi'.
By paying attention to these common mistakes, you can ensure your use of 'hors' is accurate and natural-sounding in French.
C'est une situation hors du commun.
Alternatives to "Hors"
While 'hors' is useful for expressing exclusion or being outside of a boundary, other words and phrases can sometimes convey similar meanings, depending on the nuance. Understanding these alternatives will broaden your vocabulary and precision.
Comparing "Hors" with "Dehors"
As discussed, 'dehors' and 'hors' are often confused. Here's a direct comparison:
- Hors de
- Usage: Prepositional phrase. Indicates being outside of a specific place, group, or abstract concept. It defines a boundary.
- Example: 'Il est hors de danger.' (He is out of danger.) 'Le ballon est hors de la cour.' (The ball is outside of the yard.)
- Dehors
- Usage: Adverb. Indicates the general direction or location of being outside, as opposed to inside. It describes a state of being.
- Example: 'Allons dehors pour prendre l'air.' (Let's go outside to get some air.) 'Il pleut, reste dehors.' (It's raining, stay outside.)
Other Prepositions and Phrases
Depending on the specific nuance of 'outside,' other prepositions might be more appropriate:
- À l'extérieur de
- Meaning: 'On the outside of', 'exterior to'. Very similar to 'hors de' but can sometimes feel slightly more formal or literal when referring to physical spaces.
- Example: 'La piscine est située à l'extérieur du bâtiment.' (The swimming pool is located on the outside of the building.)
- En dehors de
- Meaning: 'Apart from', 'besides', 'outside of' (in a broader sense, often for abstract ideas or exceptions).
- Example: 'En dehors de cela, tout va bien.' (Apart from that, everything is fine.) 'Il est très compétent en dehors de ses heures de travail.' (He is very competent outside of his working hours.)
- Sans
- Meaning: 'Without'. This can be used to express exclusion in a more direct way.
- Example: 'La réunion aura lieu sans le directeur.' (The meeting will take place without the director.) This is different from 'hors de la réunion' which might imply the director is not part of the meeting's scope.
Le musée est à l'extérieur du centre-ville.
Choosing the right word depends on the specific context and the precise meaning you wish to convey. 'Hors de' is excellent for exclusion and exceptions, while 'dehors' is for general location. 'À l'extérieur de' and 'en dehors de' offer further nuances.
En dehors de ses obligations professionnelles, il est très créatif.
How Formal Is It?
حقيقة ممتعة
The Latin word 'foris' is also the root of the English word 'foreign', highlighting a shared concept of being outside or external to something.
دليل النطق
- Pronouncing the 'r' like an English 'r'.
- Using an English vowel sound for 'o'.
- Adding an unnecessary 's' sound at the end.
مستوى الصعوبة
Recognizing 'hors' in its common idiomatic expressions like 'hors de danger' or 'hors service' is achievable at this level. Understanding its use as a preposition indicating exclusion requires more context.
Learners can begin to use 'hors de' in simple contexts, but mastering the nuances and idiomatic phrases requires practice. Differentiating it from 'dehors' is key.
Producing sentences with 'hors de' is possible, especially with common phrases. Spontaneous use in varied contexts might be challenging.
Identifying 'hors' in spoken French is feasible, particularly in its frequent idiomatic uses. Understanding the precise meaning depends on the surrounding words and context.
ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك
المتطلبات الأساسية
تعلّم لاحقاً
متقدم
قواعد يجب معرفتها
Contraction of 'de' with articles
'Hors de le jardin' becomes 'Hors du jardin'. 'De les' becomes 'des'.
Use of prepositions with locations
'Hors de' specifies being outside a defined area, contrasting with 'dans' (in) or 'sur' (on).
Adverb vs. Preposition
'Dehors' (adverb) means 'outside' generally, while 'hors de' (preposition) means 'outside of' a specific thing.
Idiomatic expressions
Many uses of 'hors' are fixed phrases that must be learned as a whole unit, e.g., 'hors de question'.
Agreement in compound words
In 'hors-d'œuvre', the plural is formed by adding 's' to 'œuvre' (hors-d'œuvres).
أمثلة حسب المستوى
Le chat est dehors.
The cat is outside.
'Dehors' is an adverb meaning 'outside'.
La porte est ouverte.
The door is open.
Simple adjective use.
Je vais dehors.
I am going outside.
'Dehors' as an adverb of place.
Les enfants jouent dehors.
The children are playing outside.
Adverbial use of 'dehors'.
Il fait froid dehors.
It is cold outside.
Describing external weather conditions.
Elle est sortie.
She went out.
Past tense of 'sortir' (to go out).
Le chien aboie dehors.
The dog is barking outside.
Action happening outside.
Regarde dehors !
Look outside!
Imperative verb with adverb.
Le ballon est hors du terrain.
The ball is outside of the field.
'Hors de' means 'outside of'. 'Du' is the contraction of 'de le'.
Nous sommes hors de danger maintenant.
We are out of danger now.
'Hors de danger' is a common idiom for 'out of danger'.
Cette machine est hors service.
This machine is out of service.
'Hors service' means 'out of order' or 'out of service'.
Il est hors de question de fumer ici.
It is out of the question to smoke here.
'Hors de question' means 'out of the question', expressing strong refusal.
Les enfants jouent hors de la maison.
The children are playing outside of the house.
Specifying location outside a defined area.
C'est une idée hors du commun.
It is an unusual idea.
'Hors du commun' means 'out of the ordinary' or 'unusual'.
Le livre est hors de ma portée.
The book is out of my reach.
'Hors de portée' means 'out of reach'.
Il a agi hors la loi.
He acted outside the law.
'Hors la loi' means 'outlaw'.
La discussion est complètement hors sujet.
The discussion is completely off-topic.
'Hors sujet' means 'off-topic' or 'irrelevant'.
Il est hors de question que nous acceptions ce marché.
It is out of the question for us to accept this deal.
Strong refusal using 'hors de question'.
Les frais sont hors taxes.
The fees are excluding taxes.
'Hors taxes' means 'excluding taxes'.
Ce type de comportement est hors de mon contrôle.
This type of behavior is outside of my control.
'Hors de mon contrôle' signifies lack of power over a situation.
Les hors-d'œuvre étaient délicieux.
The appetizers were delicious.
'Hors-d'œuvre' (plural) refers to appetizers.
Le signal est hors de portée.
The signal is out of range.
'Hors de portée' means 'out of range' or 'out of reach'.
Il a été mis hors la loi.
He was declared an outlaw.
'Mis hors la loi' means 'declared an outlaw'.
La voiture est hors d'usage.
The car is out of use (broken).
'Hors d'usage' means 'out of use', 'unusable'.
Ce genre de remarque est hors de propos dans ce contexte.
This kind of remark is out of place in this context.
'Hors de propos' means 'irrelevant', 'out of place'.
Il est hors de question qu'il bénéficie d'un traitement de faveur.
It is out of the question that he receives special treatment.
Emphasizing unfairness using 'hors de question'.
Les prix sont affichés hors TVA.
The prices are displayed excluding VAT.
'Hors TVA' is a common abbreviation for 'hors taxe sur la valeur ajoutée'.
La situation politique est hors de contrôle.
The political situation is out of control.
'Hors de contrôle' signifies a lack of governance or order.
Nous avons commandé des hors-d'œuvre variés pour commencer.
We ordered various appetizers to start.
Using 'hors-d'œuvre' in a plural, descriptive context.
Le satellite est hors d'orbite.
The satellite is out of orbit.
'Hors d'orbite' means 'out of orbit'.
Il est considéré comme un hors-la-loi.
He is considered an outlaw.
Using 'hors-la-loi' as a noun.
Le vieux mécanisme est hors d'usage depuis des années.
The old mechanism has been out of use for years.
'Hors d'usage' implying obsolescence or permanent damage.
Ce commentaire était totalement hors de propos et a dévié l'attention du sujet principal.
This comment was totally out of place and diverted attention from the main subject.
Sophisticated use of 'hors de propos' to describe a conversational digression.
Il est hors de question que nous cédions à la pression externe.
It is out of the question for us to yield to external pressure.
Expressing strong principled resistance with 'hors de question'.
Les tarifs sont indiqués hors frais de douane.
The rates are indicated excluding customs fees.
'Hors frais de douane' signifies exclusion of specific charges.
La situation financière de l'entreprise est hors de contrôle, malgré les efforts de la direction.
The company's financial situation is out of control, despite management's efforts.
Describing a severe, unmanageable state with 'hors de contrôle'.
Le menu proposait une sélection impressionnante de hors-d'œuvre gastronomiques.
The menu offered an impressive selection of gastronomic appetizers.
Elevated use of 'hors-d'œuvre' in a culinary context.
La station spatiale est restée hors d'orbite pendant plusieurs minutes avant d'être stabilisée.
The space station remained out of orbit for several minutes before being stabilized.
'Hors d'orbite' in a technical, space-exploration context.
Les autorités ont traqué le hors-la-loi pendant des mois.
The authorities tracked the outlaw for months.
Using 'hors-la-loi' in a narrative about law enforcement.
Ce vieux moulin à vent est hors d'usage, mais il reste un symbole du paysage.
This old windmill is out of use, but it remains a symbol of the landscape.
'Hors d'usage' used to describe historical, non-functional structures.
Son intervention, bien qu'animée, était hors de propos et a suscité l'irritation des participants.
His intervention, though lively, was out of place and caused irritation among the participants.
Nuanced critique of an inappropriate contribution using 'hors de propos'.
Il est hors de question d'envisager une solution qui compromette nos valeurs fondamentales.
It is out of the question to consider a solution that compromises our fundamental values.
Ethical stance articulated with unwavering resolve using 'hors de question'.
Les prix de gros sont indiqués hors taxes et hors frais d'expédition.
Wholesale prices are indicated excluding taxes and shipping costs.
Comprehensive exclusion list using 'hors taxes' and 'hors frais'.
La crise économique a plongé le pays dans une situation hors de contrôle, nécessitant une intervention internationale.
The economic crisis plunged the country into an out-of-control situation, requiring international intervention.
Describing a dire, unmanageable national crisis with 'hors de contrôle'.
Le chef a revisité le concept des hors-d'œuvre, les transformant en petites œuvres d'art culinaire.
The chef revisited the concept of appetizers, transforming them into small culinary works of art.
Artistic and innovative approach to 'hors-d'œuvre'.
L'astronaute a dû effectuer une sortie extravéhiculaire pour réparer le module après qu'il fut sorti d'orbite.
The astronaut had to perform an extravehicular activity to repair the module after it went out of orbit.
Technical jargon 'hors d'orbite' in a complex space scenario.
La légende du hors-la-loi est devenue un mythe culturel, alimentant d'innombrables récits.
The legend of the outlaw has become a cultural myth, fueling countless stories.
'Hors-la-loi' elevated to a mythical, archetypal figure.
Ce monument historique, bien qu'hors d'usage, témoigne de l'ingéniosité de ses bâtisseurs.
This historic monument, although out of use, testifies to the ingenuity of its builders.
'Hors d'usage' used to describe heritage structures, emphasizing their historical significance.
تلازمات شائعة
العبارات الشائعة
— Safe; no longer in danger.
Après l'accident, les médecins ont annoncé que le patient était enfin hors de danger.
— Out of order; not working.
Je ne peux pas retirer d'argent car le distributeur est hors service.
— Out of the question; impossible; unacceptable.
Il est hors de question que je fasse un tel sacrifice pour lui.
— Off-topic; irrelevant to the subject being discussed.
Sa dernière remarque était intéressante, mais totalement hors sujet.
— Out of use; broken; unusable.
Ce vieux magnétophone est hors d'usage depuis longtemps.
— Out of reach; inaccessible.
Le sommet de la montagne était hors de portée pour nous aujourd'hui.
— Outlaw; someone who lives outside the law.
Le personnage du bandit hors-la-loi est un classique du western.
— Appetizer; starter (food served before the main course).
Nous avons dégusté une variété de hors-d'œuvre avant le dîner.
— Out of the ordinary; unusual; exceptional.
C'était un spectacle hors du commun, plein de surprises.
يُخلط عادةً مع
'Dehors' is an adverb meaning 'outside' in a general sense, indicating location. 'Hors de' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'outside of' a specific entity or boundary, and it requires an object.
This phrase also means 'outside of' but is often more specific to physical locations and can be slightly more formal than 'hors de'.
Similar to 'hors de', but 'en dehors de' can also mean 'apart from' or 'besides', often used for exceptions or to list things not included.
تعبيرات اصطلاحية
— To be beside oneself with anger or emotion; to lose one's temper or composure.
Quand il a appris la nouvelle, il était hors de lui.
Informal— To be out of the game; to be out of contention; to be unable to participate.
Avec cette blessure, il est hors jeu pour le reste de la saison.
Neutral— To make someone lose their temper; to infuriate someone.
Ses remarques constantes le mettaient hors de lui.
Informal— To be outstanding; to be second to none; to be exceptional.
Son talent de musicien est hors pair.
Neutral/Formal— Irrelevant; out of place; inappropriate.
Sa dernière remarque était totalement hors de propos.
Neutral/Formal— Out of earshot; too far away to be heard.
Il parlait trop bas, j'étais hors de portée de voix.
Neutral— To be an outlaw; to operate outside the law.
Il a vécu une partie de sa vie comme un hors-la-loi.
Neutral— To be out of touch with the times; to be anachronistic.
Ses idées sur la technologie le font paraître hors du temps.
Neutral— To be out of the loop; to be unaware of current events or discussions.
Depuis que je suis en vacances, je suis complètement hors circuit.
Informal— Out of proportion; disproportionate.
La réaction de la police semblait hors de proportion.
Neutralسهل الخلط
Both refer to being outside.
'Hors de' is a preposition that must be followed by a noun or pronoun to specify what is being excluded or is outside of. 'Dehors' is an adverb that simply means 'outside' and does not take an object. For example, 'Il est dehors' (He is outside), but 'Il est hors de danger' (He is out of danger).
Allons dehors. (Let's go outside.) vs. Le chien est hors du jardin. (The dog is outside of the garden.)
Both indicate being outside a boundary.
'Hors de' is generally more versatile and can apply to abstract concepts (e.g., 'hors de question'), whereas 'à l'extérieur de' is more frequently used for physical locations (e.g., 'à l'extérieur du bâtiment').
Le parc est hors de la ville. (The park is outside the city - common usage.) vs. La piscine est à l'extérieur du complexe. (The pool is on the outside of the complex - more specific to physical exterior.)
Both can mean 'outside of' or 'apart from'.
'En dehors de' can often be used as a synonym for 'hors de' when referring to exclusion or exception, but it also carries the meaning of 'besides' or 'apart from' in a way that 'hors de' typically doesn't. 'En dehors de' is often used to introduce a list of things that are exceptions.
En dehors de ce problème, tout va bien. (Apart from this problem, everything is fine.) vs. Il est hors de danger. (He is out of danger - 'hors de' is the standard for this state.)
Both can imply exclusion.
'Sans' means 'without' and indicates the absence of something. 'Hors de' indicates being outside a specific boundary, group, or state. For example, 'Je suis venu sans mon livre' (I came without my book) is about absence, while 'Le livre est hors de ma portée' (The book is out of my reach) is about a boundary.
Il est venu sans invitation. (He came without an invitation.) vs. Il est hors de question qu'il vienne sans invitation. (It is out of the question that he comes without an invitation - emphasizing refusal of the possibility.)
Both can imply distance from something.
'Loin de' means 'far from' and primarily indicates a physical or temporal distance. 'Hors de' signifies being outside a defined limit or category. While something far away might also be 'hors de portée', 'loin de' focuses on the distance itself.
Sa maison est loin de la ville. (His house is far from the city.) vs. Cette idée est hors de propos. (This idea is irrelevant - not about distance, but about relevance.)
أنماط الجُمل
Dehors + verb.
Dehors, il pleut.
Hors de + noun (definite article).
Le chat est hors du jardin.
Hors service.
Le feu est hors service.
Hors de question + infinitive.
Hors de question de partir maintenant.
Hors de + noun (abstract).
C'est hors de mon contrôle.
Hors taxes.
Le prix est hors taxes.
Hors de propos + sentence.
Cette remarque est hors de propos dans ce contexte.
Hors + noun (compound).
Il a mangé beaucoup de hors-d'œuvre.
عائلة الكلمة
الأسماء
مرتبط
كيفية الاستخدام
Common
-
Confusing 'hors de' with 'dehors'.
→
Use 'dehors' as an adverb for general outside location, and 'hors de' as a preposition for being outside of something specific.
For example, 'Il est dehors' means 'He is outside'. 'Il est hors de danger' means 'He is out of danger'. You cannot say 'Il est dehors danger'.
-
Omitting 'de' after 'hors'.
→
Always use 'de' after 'hors' when it functions as a preposition indicating exclusion or being outside of something.
Incorrect: 'C'est hors question.' Correct: 'C'est hors de question.' Incorrect: 'Il est hors danger.' Correct: 'Il est hors de danger.'
-
Using 'hors' where 'dans' or 'à l'intérieur de' is needed.
→
Use 'dans' or 'à l'intérieur de' to indicate being inside a place or category.
'Hors de' signifies being outside. If you want to say something is inside, you use 'dans' or 'à l'intérieur de'. For example, 'Le livre est dans la boîte', not 'Le livre est hors de la boîte'.
-
Literal translation of idiomatic expressions.
→
Learn common expressions with 'hors' as complete units.
Phrases like 'hors d'œuvre' (appetizer) or 'hors de propos' (irrelevant) cannot be understood by translating each word literally. They have established meanings.
-
Using 'hors de' for simple physical location where 'dehors' is more appropriate.
→
Use 'dehors' when simply stating that someone or something is outside, without specifying a boundary it's outside of.
If you just want to say 'He is outside', use 'Il est dehors'. If you want to say 'He is outside of the house', you can use 'Il est dehors la maison' (less common, more adverbial) or 'Il est hors de la maison' (more precise about the boundary).
نصائح
Hors vs. Dehors
Remember: 'Dehors' is an adverb meaning 'outside' (general location). 'Hors de' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'outside of' a specific thing, requiring an object. Think of 'hors de danger' - outside of danger.
Learn Idioms as Units
Many uses of 'hors' are in fixed expressions like 'hors de question', 'hors service', 'hors d'œuvre'. Memorize these as complete phrases for accurate usage.
Understand the Boundary
When you see or hear 'hors de', ask yourself: what boundary or category is being referred to? Is it physical, conceptual, or a state of being? This will help clarify the meaning.
The French 'R'
Practice the guttural French 'r' sound when pronouncing 'hors'. It's made in the back of the throat, not by curling the tongue like in English.
The 'Hors de' Structure
The most common structure is 'hors de' followed by a noun or article + noun. Be mindful of contractions like 'du' (de + le) and 'des' (de + les).
Exploring Alternatives
While 'hors de' is common, consider 'en dehors de' and 'à l'extérieur de' for nuances in physical location or exceptions.
Practice Sentence Creation
Try to create your own sentences using 'hors de' in different contexts. Describe something outside your room, a situation that is out of the question, or a broken item.
Beyond the Basics
Learn related terms like 'hors-d'œuvre' and 'hors-la-loi' to enrich your vocabulary and understand cultural references.
Avoid Omitting 'de'
A frequent mistake is omitting 'de' after 'hors'. Remember that 'hors' is usually part of the prepositional phrase 'hors de'.
Cultural Nuances
Understand how 'hors' and its related phrases reflect French cultural concepts, from culinary traditions to societal norms and legal frameworks.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Imagine a horse (sounds like 'hors') that has escaped from its stable, galloping 'outside of' the fence. The horse is 'hors' de la clôture.
ربط بصري
Picture a fence with a gate open, and something (like the horse) is stepping 'out' of it. The word 'hors' is written on the gate.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Try to describe five things in your room that are 'hors' of your immediate reach or 'hors' of the usual category (e.g., a book on a high shelf is 'hors de portée').
أصل الكلمة
The word 'hors' comes from the Old French 'fors' or 'ores', which itself derives from the Latin 'foris' meaning 'outside'. This Latin root is related to 'fores', meaning 'door'.
المعنى الأصلي: Literally 'outside the door'.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > Gallo-Romance > Old French > Frenchالسياق الثقافي
The phrase 'hors la loi' can be sensitive as it refers to individuals who operate outside legal structures. Its use should be appropriate to the context.
While English uses 'outside of' or 'beyond', the French 'hors de' often carries a more fixed, idiomatic weight in certain phrases, making direct translation challenging.
تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية
سياقات واقعية
Describing physical location and boundaries.
- hors de la maison
- hors du jardin
- hors de la ville
- hors de portée
Expressing exclusion or exceptions.
- hors de question
- hors sujet
- hors taxes
- hors la loi
Referring to states of being or conditions.
- hors de danger
- hors service
- hors d'usage
- hors de contrôle
Culinary terms.
- hors-d'œuvre
- hors-menu
Figurative language and idioms.
- hors du commun
- hors de soi
- hors pair
- hors de propos
بدايات محادثة
"Can you think of a time you were 'hors de danger' after a scary experience?"
"What are some common things that are 'hors service' in your daily life?"
"When is it 'hors de question' for you to do something?"
"What's the most 'hors du commun' thing you've ever seen?"
"How do you feel when a conversation goes 'hors sujet'?"
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
Describe a situation where you felt you were 'hors de portée' of your goals and how you overcame it.
Write about a time something was 'hors de contrôle' and what you learned from the experience.
Imagine you are an outlaw ('hors la loi') for a day. What would you do and why?
Reflect on something that is 'hors d'usage' in your life (a habit, an old belief) and whether it's time to let it go.
Discuss a time you had to say 'C'est hors de question' to a request and the reasons behind your refusal.
الأسئلة الشائعة
10 أسئلةThe main difference lies in their grammatical function and meaning. 'Dehors' is an adverb meaning 'outside' in a general sense, indicating location (e.g., 'Allons dehors' - Let's go outside). 'Hors de' is a prepositional phrase that means 'outside of' a specific thing, boundary, or category, and it requires an object (e.g., 'hors de danger' - out of danger). You can't say 'Il est dehors danger'; it must be 'Il est hors de danger'.
Yes, but it's usually in compound words or specific idiomatic expressions. For instance, 'hors-d'œuvre' (appetizers) and 'hors-la-loi' (outlaw) are compound nouns. 'Hors service' (out of order) is another common example. In these cases, 'hors' acts as a prefix or part of a fixed term.
Both can often be used interchangeably to mean 'outside of' or 'apart from'. However, 'hors de' is more commonly used for states of being or conditions (e.g., 'hors de danger', 'hors de contrôle'). 'En dehors de' is often used to introduce exceptions or lists of things that are not included (e.g., 'En dehors de cela, tout va bien' - Apart from that, everything is fine).
Generally, yes. 'Hors de' is a prepositional phrase that needs an object to specify what is being excluded or is outside of. This object is usually a noun or a pronoun. For example, 'hors de portée', 'hors de lui', 'hors de question'.
'Hors de propos' means 'irrelevant', 'out of place', or 'off-topic'. It's used when a comment, action, or idea does not fit the current context or discussion. For example, 'Votre commentaire est hors de propos.' (Your comment is irrelevant.)
The plural of 'hors-d'œuvre' is 'hors-d'œuvres'. The 's' is added to 'œuvre' because 'hors' is considered an inseparable part of the compound noun in this culinary context.
The formality of 'hors de' depends heavily on the context and the phrase it's used in. 'Hors de danger' or 'hors de la maison' are neutral. 'Hors de propos' or 'hors de contrôle' can be used in formal settings. Idiomatic expressions like 'être hors de soi' are more informal.
'Hors de portée' specifically means 'out of reach', implying that something is inaccessible due to its position or limitations. 'Loin de' simply means 'far from' and denotes distance. Something can be 'loin de' but still within reach, or vice versa.
Yes, in specific expressions. For example, 'hors heures de bureau' means 'outside of office hours'. 'Hors saison' means 'out of season'.
A very common mistake is confusing it with 'dehors'. Learners might say 'Il est hors du jardin' when they mean 'Il est dehors' (He is outside), or vice versa. Also, forgetting to include 'de' after 'hors' is frequent.
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Summary
The preposition 'hors', typically used as 'hors de', signifies being outside of or beyond a specified boundary, group, or state. It's crucial for expressing exclusion and is distinct from the adverb 'dehors'. Master its common idiomatic uses like 'hors de danger' (out of danger) and 'hors service' (out of order).
- Hors means 'outside of' or 'beyond'.
- It's used with 'de' to show exclusion or separation.
- Common phrases include 'hors de danger' and 'hors service'.
- Distinguish from 'dehors' (adverb meaning 'outside').
Hors vs. Dehors
Remember: 'Dehors' is an adverb meaning 'outside' (general location). 'Hors de' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'outside of' a specific thing, requiring an object. Think of 'hors de danger' - outside of danger.
Learn Idioms as Units
Many uses of 'hors' are in fixed expressions like 'hors de question', 'hors service', 'hors d'œuvre'. Memorize these as complete phrases for accurate usage.
Understand the Boundary
When you see or hear 'hors de', ask yourself: what boundary or category is being referred to? Is it physical, conceptual, or a state of being? This will help clarify the meaning.
The French 'R'
Practice the guttural French 'r' sound when pronouncing 'hors'. It's made in the back of the throat, not by curling the tongue like in English.
محتوى ذو صلة
عبارات ذات صلة
مزيد من كلمات business
à crédit
B1With deferred payment; on credit.
à défaut de
B1In the absence of; for lack of.
à jour
A2مُحَدَّث؛ مواكب لآخر التطورات. يجب تحديث البرنامج بانتظام.
à la fois...et
B1Both...and.
à la suite de
B1Following; as a result of.
à l'exception de
B1هذا التعبير يعني 'باستثناء' أو 'ما عدا'. يُستخدم لاستبعاد شيء أو شخص من مجموعة بشكل رسمي.
à l'export
B1يتعلق ببيع أو شحن البضائع إلى دول أجنبية.
à l'import
B1For import; relating to importing.
à l'ordre de
B1Payable to; specifies the beneficiary of a payment (e.g., on a check).
à mon avis
A2في رأيي؛ حسب وجهة نظري. تُستخدم لتقديم تقييم شخصي أو حكم على موقف ما.
