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B1 noun محايد #9,000 الأكثر شيوعاً 3 دقيقة للقراءة

〜かけ

kake /kake/
تدرّب عليها ملاحظات ونصائح

Overview

The Japanese suffix '〜かけ' (-kake) is a versatile and nuanced expression that conveys the idea of an action being in progress or incomplete, often with an implication that the action was interrupted or left unfinished. It attaches to the stem of verbs (the masu-form stem, which is the verb without the 'ます' ending). While a direct English translation can be 'halfway through' or 'partially done,' '〜かけ' often carries more specific connotations depending on the context.

Formation and Usage:

'〜かけ' is formed by taking the masu-stem of a verb and directly attaching 'かけ'.

  • 食べる (taberu - to eat) → 食べます (tabemasu) → 食べかけ (tabe-kake): half-eaten, in the middle of eating
  • 読む (yomu - to read) → 読みます (yomimasu) → 読みかけ (yomi-kake): half-read, in the middle of reading
  • 書く (kaku - to write) → 書きます (kakimasu) → 書きかけ (kaki-kake): half-written, in the middle of writing

Nuances and Common Contexts:

  1. 1Interrupted Action: This is perhaps the most common nuance. '〜かけ' often implies that an action was started but stopped before completion, usually due to some external factor or distraction.
  • 食べかけのパン (tabe-kake no pan): a half-eaten bread (implying someone was eating it and stopped)
  • 読みかけの本 (yomi-kake no hon): a half-read book (implying someone was reading it and put it down)
  • 書きかけの手紙 (kaki-kake no tegami): a half-written letter (implying someone started writing it but hasn't finished)
  1. 1Incomplete State: It can also describe the state of something that is not yet fully realized or finished.
  • 工事かけのビル (kouji-kake no biru): a building under construction (literally, 'a building halfway through construction')
  1. 1About to Happen (less common, but exists): In some specific contexts, especially with verbs related to movement or commencement, '〜かけ' can indicate that something is on the verge of happening, though this is less frequent than the 'interrupted/incomplete' meaning.
  • 死にかけ (shini-kake): on the verge of death, dying (literally, 'halfway to death')
  • 落ちかけ (ochi-kake): about to fall, on the verge of falling
  1. 1Figurative Use: Beyond physical actions, '〜かけ' can be used more figuratively.
  • 言いかけの言葉 (ii-kake no kotoba): words left unsaid, words that were about to be spoken

Distinguishing from other forms:

It's important not to confuse '〜かけ' with other grammatical forms that express ongoing actions:

  • 〜ている (-te iru): This indicates a continuous action or a state resulting from an action. While '食べかけ' implies something was eaten and then stopped, '食べている' (tabete iru) means 'is eating' (the action is currently in progress).
  • 〜そう (-sou): This expresses appearance or likelihood ('looks like X', 'seems like X'). While '落ちそう' (ochisou) means 'looks like it will fall', '落ちかけ' implies it's already in the process of falling or very close to it.

Practical Examples:

  • 「彼は言いかけの言葉を飲み込んだ。」(Kare wa ii-kake no kotoba wo nomikonda.) - He swallowed the words he was about to say.
  • 「テーブルの上に食べかけのリンゴが置いてある。」(Teeburu no ue ni tabe-kake no ringo ga oite aru.) - There's a half-eaten apple on the table.
  • 「読みかけの雑誌を閉じて、彼女は立ち上がった。」(Yomi-kake no zasshi wo tojite, kanojo wa tachiagatta.) - Closing the half-read magazine, she stood up.
  • 「その老人男性は死にかけているように見えた。」(Sono roujin dansei wa shini-kake-te iru you ni mieta.) - The old man looked like he was on the verge of death.

In summary, '〜かけ' is a powerful suffix that adds a layer of meaning about the incompletion or interruption of an action, making it a nuanced and frequently used part of Japanese expression.

أمثلة

1

やりかけの仕事をそのままにしている。

Describes an action that has been started but not completed, often with a nuance of being left in that state.

I’m leaving my work unfinished.

2

食べかけのリンゴ

Describes an object that has been partially consumed or used.

a half-eaten apple

3

読みかけの本を机の上に置いた。

Refers to something that is in the middle of being read.

I put the half-read book on the desk.

4

死にかける

Used to express being on the verge of a state or action, often a negative one.

to be on the verge of death; to nearly die

5

彼は言いかけて口をつぐんだ。

Describes someone stopping an action in the middle of it.

He stopped speaking halfway through his sentence.

تلازمات شائعة

食べかけ (tabekake, half-eaten)
読みかけ (yomikake, half-read)
書きかけ (kakikake, half-written)
死にかけ (shinikake, on the verge of death)

يُخلط عادةً مع

〜かけ مقابل 〜かける
〜かける is the verb form, meaning 'to start to do something' or 'to be about to do something.' 〜かけ is the noun form or a suffix, indicating something is in the middle of an action or partially done.
〜かけ مقابل 〜かけで
〜かけで is a more complete phrase, often meaning 'in the middle of doing something, and then...' or 'while something was halfway done, something else happened.' 〜かけ is simply the state of being halfway through.

أنماط نحوية

Verb stem + かけ (e.g., 食べかけ - tabekake - half-eaten, 読みかけ - yomikake - half-read) Noun + かけ (less common, but can be seen in some fixed expressions or with certain nouns, e.g., 仕事かけ - shigotokake - in the middle of work, though 途中 - tochuu - is more common) Expression used to describe an action that was started but not finished, or something that is partially done.

كيفية الاستخدام

ملاحظات الاستخدام

The suffix '〜かけ' attaches to the stem of a verb (e.g., 食べかけ - tabe-kake, half-eaten; 読みかけ - yomi-kake, half-read). It indicates that an action has been started but is currently incomplete. It can be used for both physical actions and more abstract processes. While often describing something tangible like food or a book, it can also refer to projects or tasks that are underway. It implies a temporary state of incompletion, and often that the action is likely to be resumed. It's distinct from '〜途中' (-tochū), which indicates being 'in the middle of' something, but '〜かけ' specifically highlights the unfinished aspect.

أخطاء شائعة

One common mistake is confusing ～かけ (-kake) with ～かける (-kakeru). While related, -kakeru is a verb that means 'to begin to, to start to, to be about to do'. -kake, on the other hand, is a suffix that attaches to the stem of a verb (e.g., 食べ (tabe) from 食べる (taberu)) and indicates that an action is incomplete or in progress, or that an object is in a 'half-done' state. For example, 食べかけ (tabe-kake) means 'half-eaten' or 'in the middle of eating', referring to the state of the food or the action. Another mistake is using it with verbs that don't imply a progressive or incomplete action. It's best used with verbs that can be thought of as having a distinct beginning, middle, and end, where the 'kake' part refers to the middle. Also, ensure you are attaching it to the *verb stem* and not the plain form of the verb.

نصائح

💡

Meaning and Usage

The suffix 〜かけ (kake) attaches to the stem of a verb to indicate that an action is incomplete, in progress, or partially done. It conveys a sense of being 'halfway through' something, or that something is 'half-done' or 'partially eaten/read/written,' etc.
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Formation

To form 〜かけ, you take the ます-stem (conjunctive form) of a verb and attach かけ. For example, 食べる (taberu - to eat) becomes 食べかけ (tabekake - half-eaten). 読む (yomu - to read) becomes 読みかけ (yomikake - half-read).
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Examples

1. 食べかけのパン (tabekake no pan): half-eaten bread. 2. 読みかけの本 (yomikake no hon): a half-read book. 3. 書きかけの手紙 (kakikake no tegami): a half-written letter. 4. 彼は言いかけてやめた (Kare wa iikakete yameta): He started to say something and then stopped (he was halfway through saying it).

أصل الكلمة

200+ WORDS origin history.

السياق الثقافي

The suffix '〜かけ' (-kake) in Japanese is often used to describe a state of incompletion, suggesting something is in the process of being done or has been started but not finished. This concept of being 'halfway through' or 'partially done' reflects a cultural appreciation for processes and the journey towards completion, rather than just the final product. It can evoke a sense of anticipation or, in some contexts, a lingering task. For example, a 'half-eaten' apple might be seen not just as incomplete, but as something that was enjoyed and then set aside, carrying a subtle narrative within its state.

نصيحة للحفظ

Visualize 'kake' as 'half-baked' or 'half-done'. Think of something being in the middle of an action or state. For example, a cake that's 'kake' is half-baked. A person who is 'tabe-kake' is halfway through eating.

الأسئلة الشائعة

4 أسئلة
The Japanese suffix '〜かけ' (-kake) indicates that an action is halfway through or incomplete. It can also describe a state of being partially done or half-eaten when attached to certain nouns.
When used with verbs, '〜かけ' (-kake) is attached to the ます-stem (pre-masu form) of the verb. For example, 食べます (tabemasu - to eat) becomes 食べかけ (tabekake - halfway through eating, half-eaten). Another example is 読みます (yomimasu - to read) becoming 読みかけ (yomikake - halfway through reading, partially read).
Yes, '〜かけ' (-kake) can be used with some nouns, particularly those related to food, to indicate a state of being partially consumed or half-eaten. For instance, 食べかけのパン (tabekake no pan) means 'half-eaten bread,' and 飲みかけのジュース (nomikake no jyuusu) means 'half-drunk juice.' It emphasizes the unfinished state of the item.
Common examples include: * 食べかけのリンゴ (tabekake no ringo): 'a half-eaten apple' * 読みかけの本 (yomikake no hon): 'a book I'm halfway through reading' * 書きかけの手紙 (kakikake no tegami): 'a letter I'm halfway through writing' * 話しかける (hanashikakeru): 'to begin to speak to someone' (in this case, 'かける' is a verb meaning 'to hang' or 'to start', but in compounds like this, it implies the beginning or partial action).

اختبر نفسك

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ご飯を___途中で電話がかかってきた。

صحيح! ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة:
fill blank

彼女は本を___のまま、部屋を出て行った。

صحيح! ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة:
fill blank

このケーキは___だから、後でまた食べよう。

صحيح! ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة:

النتيجة: /3

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