هذه الصفحة بلغتك

English

فارسی

Deutsch

Español

Français

日本語

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

A1 noun #3,000 الأكثر شيوعاً 9 دقيقة للقراءة

지하

jiha الأكثر شيوعاً #3,000

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح 지하 في 30 ثانية

الشرح 지하 in your Level:

At the A1 level, the focus is on basic survival and navigation. You will primarily learn '지하' (ji-ha) as a way to find your way around a city. The most important compound word is '지하철' (ji-ha-cheol), which means subway. You will also use it to find locations in buildings, such as the restroom or a specific shop. At this stage, you should practice the phrase '지하 1층' (ji-ha il-cheung) for B1 and '지하에 있어요' (ji-ha-e iss-eo-yo) for 'It is in the basement.' You don't need to worry about metaphorical meanings yet. Just focus on recognizing the word on signs and elevator buttons. Remember that in Korea, many restaurants and convenience stores are located in the '지하,' so knowing this word helps you find food and services. You should also learn the basic particle '에' to indicate location. For example, '지하에 식당이 있어요' (There is a restaurant in the basement). This level is all about identifying the physical space and using it for simple directions.

At the A2 level, you begin to use '지하' (ji-ha) in more complex descriptive sentences. You might describe the qualities of an underground space using basic adjectives like '어둡다' (dark), '춥다' (cold), or '조용하다' (quiet). You will also start encountering more compound nouns like '지하상가' (underground shopping mall) and '지하주차장' (underground parking lot). At this stage, you should be comfortable using the direction particle '로' (ro) to say things like '지하로 내려가세요' (Please go down to the basement). You might also start to notice the word '반지하' (semi-basement) in conversations about housing. You should be able to distinguish between '지하' (the floor/level) and '지하실' (a specific basement room). Practice using '지하' in the context of meeting people, such as '지하철역 1번 출구에서 만나요' (Let's meet at subway station exit 1). This level expands your ability to navigate and describe your immediate environment using the word.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the B1 level, you can use '지하' (ji-ha) to talk about social and environmental issues. You might discuss the '반지하' (semi-basement) housing situation in Korea, which is a significant social topic. You will also encounter '지하' in news reports, particularly regarding '지하수' (groundwater) or '지하 자원' (underground resources). Your grammar should include the use of '에서' to describe actions happening underground, such as '지하에서 공사를 하고 있어요' (Construction is happening underground). You can also use '지하' in more abstract ways, like '지하 경제' (underground economy), though still in a relatively simple context. This level requires you to understand the word not just as a location, but as a space with specific characteristics and social implications. You should be able to follow more detailed directions that involve multiple levels, such as '지하 2층에서 환승하세요' (Transfer on the second basement level).

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the B2 level, you will encounter '지하' (ji-ha) in more formal and technical contexts. This includes urban planning discussions, environmental science, and literature. You might read about '지하 공간 활용' (the utilization of underground space) in Korean cities or '지하 시설물 관리' (management of underground facilities). At this stage, you should be familiar with the metaphorical use of '지하' in political history, such as '지하 조직' (underground organization) referring to secret movements during the pro-democracy era. You will also see '지하' used in more sophisticated compound words like '지하화' (ji-ha-hwa), which means 'moving something underground' (like a highway or railway). You should be able to express opinions about the pros and cons of living in a basement or the efficiency of Korea's underground infrastructure. Your vocabulary should include synonyms and related technical terms like '지중' (ji-jung), which is a more formal way of saying 'underground' in engineering contexts.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the C1 level, you are expected to understand the nuances of '지하' (ji-ha) in literature, high-level journalism, and academic writing. You will encounter the word in philosophical discussions about the 'underworld' or the 'subconscious' (though '무의식' is more common for the latter, '지하' can be used creatively). You should be able to analyze the cultural significance of underground spaces in Korean cinema and literature, such as the symbolic use of the basement in the movie 'Parasite' or 'Oldboy.' You will also deal with complex economic terms like '지하 자금' (underground funds/black money) and their impact on the national economy. At this level, you should be able to use '지하' with a high degree of precision, choosing it over native Korean alternatives like '땅속' to maintain a formal or academic tone. You will also understand historical references to '지하 격전' (underground battles) or the strategic importance of underground tunnels in military history.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the C2 level, your mastery of '지하' (ji-ha) is near-native. You can appreciate and use the word in highly stylized or archaic contexts. This includes understanding the word's role in classical Hanja-based poetry or historical documents where '지하' might refer to the realm of the dead in a highly poetic way (e.g., '지하에서도 당신을 잊지 않겠소' - I will not forget you even in the underworld). You can engage in deep debates about urban sociology, focusing on 'subterranean urbanism' and how '지하' spaces shape human interaction in megacities like Seoul. You will be able to interpret subtle wordplay involving '지하' in contemporary art and media. Your command of the word allows you to use it in complex grammatical structures effortlessly, and you can explain the etymological nuances of the characters 地 and 下 to others. At this level, '지하' is not just a vocabulary word but a conceptual tool for discussing architecture, history, sociology, and the human condition.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

지하 في 30 ثانية

지하 (Ji-ha) means 'underground' or 'basement' in Korean.
It is commonly used for subways (지하철) and basement levels (지하 1층).
It comes from Hanja: 地 (earth) and 下 (below).
It is the opposite of 지상 (ji-sang), which means 'above ground'.

The Korean word 지하 (Ji-ha) is a foundational noun that every learner of Korean must master early in their journey. Etymologically rooted in Hanja (Sino-Korean characters), it is composed of 地 (지) meaning 'earth' or 'ground' and 下 (하) meaning 'below' or 'under.' Therefore, the literal and most common translation is 'underground' or 'basement.' In the context of Korea's hyper-urbanized landscape, especially in cities like Seoul, 지하 represents much more than just a dark storage space; it refers to a secondary world of commerce, transportation, and daily life. You will encounter this word immediately upon arriving in Korea, as it is the prefix for the most important transportation system: the 지하철 (ji-ha-cheol) or subway.

Physical Space: In architecture, 지하 refers to any floor located below the ground level. While English speakers might use 'basement' for a house and 'lower level' for a mall, Korean consistently uses 지하 followed by the floor number, such as 지하 1층 (ji-ha il-cheung) for B1.

저희 매장은 지하 2층에 있습니다.
(Our store is located on the second basement level.)

Beyond physical buildings, 지하 is used to describe anything subterranean. This includes natural features like 지하수 (ji-ha-su) meaning groundwater, or man-made structures like 지하도 (ji-ha-do) meaning an underground passage or pedestrian tunnel. In a metaphorical sense, similar to English, it can refer to things that are hidden, unofficial, or 'underground' in a political or social sense, such as 지하 경제 (ji-ha gyeong-je) meaning the underground economy or black market. However, for a beginner, the most frequent usage will be related to navigation—finding shops, parking lots, and train platforms which are often tucked away beneath the bustling streets.

Metaphorical Depth: In literature or news, 지하 can represent the world of the deceased or a state of being forgotten, though this is less common in daily conversation than its literal architectural meaning.

지하철역이 어디에 있어요?
(Where is the subway station?)

In summary, 지하 is an essential spatial marker. Whether you are navigating the vast underground shopping malls of Gangnam, looking for a cool basement cafe in Hongdae, or simply trying to find the subway, this word is your primary guide to the vertical dimension of Korean urban life. It is distinct from words like '아래' (below) because it specifically denotes being beneath the surface of the earth or the main floor of a structure.

Using 지하 correctly involves understanding how it interacts with particles and counters. As a noun, it often functions as a modifier for other nouns or stands alone to indicate a location. The most common grammatical pattern you will see is 지하 + [Floor Number] + 층. Unlike English, where we might say 'the first basement,' Korean places the word 지하 first, followed by the number and the counter for floors, 층 (cheung).

The Location Particle '에': When stating that something is located underground, you must attach the particle 에 (e). For example: '지하에 있어요' (It is in the basement/underground).

화장실은 지하 1층에 있습니다.
(The restroom is on the first basement floor.)

Another frequent usage is as a prefix to create compound nouns. In these cases, 지하 acts like an adjective. Examples include 지하상가 (ji-ha-sang-ga) which refers to an underground shopping arcade, and 지하주차장 (ji-ha-ju-cha-jang) for an underground parking lot. When using these compound nouns, you don't need a space between 지하 and the following noun in many standardized terms, though in casual writing, people might add one for clarity.

Describing Conditions: Because 지하 spaces are often enclosed, they are frequently described using adjectives like 어둡다 (eo-dup-da, dark) or 습하다 (seup-ha-da, humid). Example: '지하 방은 조금 습해요' (The basement room is a bit humid).

이 건물은 지하가 아주 넓어요.
(This building's basement is very spacious.)

In more advanced contexts, 지하 can be used with the particle 에서 (e-seo) to denote an action happening underground. For instance, '지하에서 공연을 해요' (They are performing in the basement). Understanding these three particles—에 (location), 로 (direction), and 에서 (action)—will allow you to use 지하 in almost any daily conversational context. Remember that in elevator buttons, 지하 is almost always abbreviated as B (from the English 'Basement'), but when speaking, Koreans will always say 지하.

In South Korea, you will hear the word 지하 dozens of times a day, often without even realizing it. The most common auditory encounter is through public transportation announcements. Every time a subway train approaches, the automated voice might mention the 지하철역 (ji-ha-cheol-yeok) or provide directions to the 지하 환승 통로 (ji-ha hwan-seung tong-ro), which is the underground transfer passage. If you are lost in a large department store like Lotte or Shinsegae, the information desk staff will frequently use 지하 to direct you to the food court or the grocery section, which are traditionally located on the first or second basement levels.

In Modern Media: The word gained global recognition through the Oscar-winning film Parasite, which focused on the lives of a family living in a 반지하 (ban-ji-ha), or 'semi-basement.' While 지하 is fully underground, 반지하 rooms are partially above ground, a unique architectural feature of many Seoul neighborhoods.

이번 역은 지하 신촌, 신촌역입니다.
(This stop is Underground Sinchon, Sinchon Station.)

In everyday life, you'll hear it in casual conversations when meeting friends. 'Let's meet at the underground fountain' (지하 분수대에서 봐요) is a common phrase in places like the COEX mall or Yeongdeungpo Station. It is also a staple in news reports during the monsoon season. Reporters will warn citizens about 지하 침수 (ji-ha chim-su), which refers to the flooding of basement levels. This highlights that 지하 isn't just a location but a space with specific environmental concerns in the Korean consciousness.

Real Estate and Business: When looking for office space or a restaurant location, real estate agents will distinguish between 지상 (ji-sang, above ground) and 지하 (ji-ha, below ground), as the rent prices differ significantly.

지하 주차장이 만차입니다.
(The underground parking lot is full.)

Finally, you will hear it in the context of history. Korea's history of rapid development and conflict has led to the creation of many 지하 대피소 (ji-ha dae-pi-so), or underground shelters. Even today, many subway stations serve a dual purpose as civil defense shelters. Thus, the word 지하 carries a weight of safety and necessity that goes beyond simple architecture. Whether it's for shopping, commuting, or safety, the 'underground' is an integral part of the Korean experience.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when using 지하 is confusing it with the words 밑 (mit) or 아래 (arae). While all three words deal with the concept of being 'under' or 'below,' they are not interchangeable. 지하 is a noun that specifically refers to the space beneath the ground level. In contrast, 밑 and 아래 are relative terms used to describe the position of one object in relation to another. For example, you would say your shoes are 밑 the table, but you would never say your shoes are 지하 the table unless they were literally buried in the dirt beneath the floorboards.

The 'Floor' Confusion: In English, we say 'the first basement' (B1). Beginners often try to translate this literally as '첫 번째 지하' (cheot beon-jjae ji-ha). However, the standard Korean way is 지하 1층. Using the ordinal 'first' (첫 번째) here sounds unnatural and confusing to native speakers.

❌ 책이 지하에 있어요.
(Incorrect if you mean 'the book is under the desk'—this implies the book is in the basement of the building.)

Another common error is the misuse of particles when describing movement. Students often say 지하에 가요 (I go in the basement) when they mean 지하로 가요 (I am going TO the basement). While 에 can indicate destination, 로 is much more common when navigating floor levels in a building. Additionally, learners sometimes forget that 지하 is a noun and try to use it like a preposition. Remember, 지하 cannot be placed after another noun to mean 'under that noun.' You cannot say '책상 지하' to mean 'under the desk'; you must use '책상 밑' or '책상 아래'.

Spelling and Pronunciation: Some learners misspell it as '저하' (jeo-ha), which means 'decline' or 'deterioration.' Always remember the 'i' (ㅣ) sound in 'ji'.

✅ 지하 주차장에 차를 세웠어요.
(I parked the car in the underground parking lot.)

Finally, avoid overusing 지하 when referring to specific rooms. If a building has a dedicated basement room for living or storage, it is often called a 지하실 (ji-ha-sil), where 실 (sil) means 'room.' Simply saying 지하 is like saying 'the underground,' whereas 지하실 is 'the basement room.' Using the correct nuance will make your Korean sound much more natural and precise.

While 지하 is the standard term for underground spaces, several related words offer more specific meanings. Understanding these distinctions will help you navigate Korean architecture and culture more effectively. The most common alternative is 지하실 (ji-ha-sil). While 지하 refers to the general concept or the entire floor, 지하실 specifically refers to a basement room or cellar. If you are going to a storage room in a house, 지하실 is the more appropriate term.

지하 vs. 반지하: As mentioned before, 반지하 (ban-ji-ha) means 'semi-basement.' The prefix 반 (ban) means 'half.' These are common in older residential areas and have a different social connotation than a standard 지하 parking lot or subway station.

이 집은 지하가 아니라 반지하예요.
(This house isn't a full basement; it's a semi-basement.)

Another important contrast is 지상 (ji-sang), which means 'above ground.' In directories, you will see '지상 1-10층' (Floors 1-10 above ground) and '지하 1-3층' (Basements 1-3). If you are looking for natural features, you might encounter 땅속 (ttang-sok). While 지하 is a formal, Sino-Korean word, 땅속 is a native Korean word meaning 'inside the ground.' You would use 땅속 when talking about worms or buried treasure, but 지하 when talking about subways or basement floors.

Common Synonyms and Related Terms

굴 (gul): Tunnel or cave (natural or simple).
터널 (teo-neol): Tunnel (usually for cars/trains).
저층 (jeo-cheung): Low floors (can include the basement but usually means floors 1-3).

지하 세계
(The underworld / The subterranean world)

Lastly, in the context of the afterlife, you might hear 황천 (hwang-cheon) or 저승 (jeo-seung). While 지하 can metaphorically mean the world below, these specific terms are used for the spiritual realm of the dead. For learners, sticking to 지하 for everything physical and architectural is the safest bet. It is the most versatile and widely used term for anything that exists beneath the surface of the earth.

How Formal Is It?

حقيقة ممتعة

The character 地 (ji) is also found in '지구' (Earth/Globe) and '지도' (Map). The character 下 (ha) is found in '아래' (below) and '하락' (fall/decline).

دليل النطق

UK /d͡ʑi.ɦa/

US /d͡ʒi.hɑ/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal weight, but a slight emphasis may fall on the first syllable '지'.

يتقافى مع

귀하 (gwi-ha) 귀하 (gwi-ha) 기하 (gi-ha) 상하 (sang-ha) 천하 (cheon-ha) 이하 (i-ha) 최하 (choe-ha) 부하 (bu-ha)

أخطاء شائعة

Pronouncing it as 'ji-a' by dropping the 'h' sound.
Using a hard English 'J' instead of the softer Korean 'ㅈ'.
Making the 'i' sound too short.
Confusing the pitch with similar sounding words like '저하'.
Adding an extra 'n' sound like 'jin-ha'.

مستوى الصعوبة

القراءة 1/5

Very easy to read as it consists of two simple blocks.

الكتابة 1/5

Easy to write, but remember the 'h' in 'ha'.

التحدث 2/5

Easy, but must aspirate the 'h' clearly.

الاستماع 1/5

Distinctive sound, easy to pick out in announcements.

ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك

المتطلبات الأساسية

땅 (ground) 아래 (below) 층 (floor) 건물 (building) 역 (station)

تعلّم لاحقاً

지상 (above ground) 옥상 (rooftop) 반지하 (semi-basement) 교통 (traffic/transportation) 위치 (location)

متقدم

지하화 (subterraneanization) 대수층 (aquifer) 지질학 (geology) 지하 경제 (underground economy) 심층 (deep layer)

قواعد يجب معرفتها

Noun + 에 (Location)

지하에 있어요. (It is in the basement.)

Noun + 로/으로 (Direction)

지하로 가세요. (Go to the basement.)

Noun + 에서 (Action Location)

지하에서 밥을 먹어요. (I eat in the basement.)

Sino-Korean Numbers + 층 (Floor Counter)

지하 1층, 지하 2층... (B1, B2...)

Noun-Modifying Form (Present)

지하로 내려가는 길 (The way going down to the basement.)

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

지하 1층에 식당이 있어요.

There is a restaurant on the first basement floor.

지하 1층 (B1) + 에 (location particle) + 있어요 (exists/there is).

지하철역이 어디예요?

Where is the subway station?

지하철 (subway) + 역 (station) + 이 (subject particle) + 어디예요 (where is it).

지하로 내려가세요.

Please go down to the basement.

지하 (basement) + 로 (direction particle) + 내려가세요 (please go down).

지하 주차장은 넓어요.

The underground parking lot is spacious.

지하 주차장 (underground parking lot) + 은 (topic particle) + 넓어요 (is spacious).

화장실은 지하에 있습니다.

The restroom is in the basement.

Formal ending '-습니다' is used here for a polite announcement.

지하 2층으로 오세요.

Please come to the second basement level.

지하 2층 (B2) + 으로 (direction particle) + 오세요 (please come).

여기는 지하예요.

This place is underground.

여기 (here) + 는 (topic particle) + 지하예요 (is underground).

지하철을 타요.

I take the subway.

지하철 (subway) + 을 (object particle) + 타요 (ride/take).

지하 상가에서 옷을 샀어요.

I bought clothes at the underground shopping mall.

지하 상가 (underground mall) + 에서 (action location particle).

지하는 조금 어둡고 추워요.

The basement is a bit dark and cold.

Adjectives 어둡다 (dark) and 춥다 (cold) are connected with -고 (and).

지하 1층에 편의점이 있나요?

Is there a convenience store on the first basement level?

-나요? is a polite questioning ending.

지하실에 물건이 많아요.

There are many things in the basement room.

지하실 refers to a specific basement room, unlike the general '지하'.

반지하 방은 창문이 작아요.

Semi-basement rooms have small windows.

반지하 (semi-basement) + 방 (room).

지하로 내려가는 계단이 어디예요?

Where are the stairs going down to the basement?

내려가는 (going down) is a present noun-modifying form of 내려가다.

지하 주차장에 자리가 없어요.

There are no spaces in the underground parking lot.

자리가 없다 (to have no space/seat).

지하철역 근처에서 만나요.

Let's meet near the subway station.

근처 (near/vicinity) + 에서 (at).

지하수는 깨끗하게 관리해야 합니다.

Groundwater must be managed cleanly.

지하수 (groundwater) + -해야 합니다 (must do).

비가 많이 와서 지하가 침수되었어요.

The basement was flooded because it rained a lot.

-어서 (reason) + 침수되다 (to be flooded).

지하 경제의 규모가 커지고 있습니다.

The size of the underground economy is growing.

지하 경제 (underground economy) + -고 있다 (progressive).

지하 대피소의 위치를 확인하세요.

Please check the location of the underground shelter.

지하 대피소 (underground shelter) + 위치 (location).

이 건물은 지하 3층까지 있습니다.

This building goes down to the third basement level.

까지 (until/up to) indicates the limit of the depth.

지하에서 나는 소음 때문에 잠을 못 잤어요.

I couldn't sleep because of the noise coming from the basement.

나는 (coming from/occurring) + 소음 (noise) + 때문에 (because of).

지하 보도를 이용하면 안전하게 길을 건널 수 있어요.

You can cross the road safely by using the underground passage.

지하 보도 (underground walkway) + -(으)면 (if/when) + -을 수 있다 (can).

지하 창고에 오래된 책들이 쌓여 있어요.

Old books are piled up in the underground warehouse.

지하 창고 (underground warehouse/storage) + 쌓여 있다 (to be piled up).

정부는 지하 경제를 양성화하기 위해 노력하고 있다.

The government is working to bring the underground economy into the light.

양성화하다 (to bring into the open/legalize) + -기 위해 (in order to).

지하철 9호선은 지하 깊은 곳에 위치해 있습니다.

Subway Line 9 is located deep underground.

깊은 곳 (deep place) + 위치하다 (to be located).

도시의 교통 체증을 해결하기 위해 도로 지하화 사업이 추진되고 있다.

A project to move roads underground is being promoted to solve city traffic congestion.

지하화 (moving underground) + 사업 (project) + 추진되다 (to be promoted/carried out).

지하 시설물의 노후화로 인해 안전 점검이 시급하다.

Safety inspections are urgent due to the aging of underground facilities.

노후화 (aging/deterioration) + -로 인해 (due to) + 시급하다 (to be urgent).

그들은 독재 정권에 맞서 지하 조직을 결성했다.

They formed an underground organization to oppose the dictatorial regime.

지하 조직 (underground organization) + 결성하다 (to form).

지하 공간을 문화 예술 공간으로 재탄생시켰습니다.

The underground space has been reborn as a cultural and artistic space.

재탄생시키다 (to make something be reborn).

지하 자원의 무분별한 개발은 환경 파괴를 초래할 수 있다.

Indiscriminate development of underground resources can lead to environmental destruction.

무분별한 (indiscriminate) + 초래하다 (to cause/bring about).

지하철 파업으로 인해 출근길이 매우 혼잡했다.

The commute was very crowded due to the subway strike.

파업 (strike) + 혼잡하다 (to be crowded/congested).

작가는 소설 속에서 지하 세계를 인간의 무의식을 상징하는 공간으로 묘사했다.

The author described the underworld in the novel as a space symbolizing the human subconscious.

상징하는 (symbolizing) + 묘사하다 (to describe/depict).

지하수의 오염은 생태계 전반에 치명적인 영향을 미친다.

Pollution of groundwater has a fatal impact on the entire ecosystem.

전반에 (across the board/overall) + 영향을 미치다 (to influence/affect).

거대 도시의 지하에는 복잡한 거미줄 같은 배관 시설이 얽혀 있다.

In the underground of a megacity, complex spiderweb-like piping facilities are intertwined.

거미줄 같은 (spiderweb-like) + 얽혀 있다 (to be intertwined).

지하 창고에서 발견된 유물들은 역사적 가치가 매우 높다.

The artifacts found in the underground warehouse have very high historical value.

발견된 (discovered) + 유물 (artifact/relic).

그는 자신의 정체를 숨기기 위해 오랫동안 지하 생활을 이어왔다.

He had been living underground for a long time to hide his identity.

지하 생활 (living underground/in hiding) + 이어오다 (to continue/carry on).

지하 공간의 효율적 활용은 미래 도시 설계의 핵심 과제 중 하나이다.

Efficient utilization of underground space is one of the key tasks in future city design.

핵심 과제 (key task/core issue).

지하 자금의 흐름을 차단하기 위한 강력한 금융 규제가 도입되었다.

Strong financial regulations were introduced to block the flow of underground funds.

차단하기 위한 (in order to block) + 규제 (regulation).

영화는 반지하라는 공간을 통해 한국 사회의 계급 갈등을 날카롭게 파헤친다.

The movie sharply explores class conflict in Korean society through the space of the semi-basement.

파헤치다 (to dig into/probe).

지하에 잠든 선조들의 넋을 기리기 위해 제사를 지냈다.

A ritual was performed to honor the spirits of the ancestors sleeping underground.

지하에 잠들다 (to sleep underground - a euphemism for being buried/dead).

현대 도시에서 지하 공간은 단순한 기능적 장소를 넘어 삶의 터전으로 확장되고 있다.

In modern cities, underground space is expanding beyond a simple functional place into a basis for life.

넘어 (beyond) + 터전 (basis/foundation/habitat).

지하 자원의 고갈은 인류에게 새로운 에너지원 탐색이라는 전 지구적 과제를 안겨주었다.

The depletion of underground resources has presented humanity with the global task of searching for new energy sources.

고갈 (depletion) + 안겨주다 (to give/present/inflict).

그의 사상은 당시 사회의 주류에 편입되지 못한 채 지하에서 암암리에 퍼져 나갔다.

His ideas, unable to be incorporated into the mainstream of society at the time, spread secretly underground.

암암리에 (secretly/in the dark) + 퍼져 나가다 (to spread out).

지하 핵실험은 국제 사회의 거센 비난과 제재를 불러일으켰다.

The underground nuclear test provoked strong criticism and sanctions from the international community.

불러일으키다 (to cause/provoke/arouse).

도시 공학자들은 지하 대수층의 보존이 도시의 지속 가능성에 직결된다고 강조한다.

Urban engineers emphasize that the preservation of underground aquifers is directly linked to the sustainability of the city.

대수층 (aquifer) + 직결되다 (to be directly linked).

지하 창고의 깊은 어둠 속에서 그는 잃어버린 시간의 흔적을 발견했다.

In the deep darkness of the underground warehouse, he discovered traces of lost time.

흔적 (trace/vestige).

지하 경제의 양성화는 조세 정의를 실현하기 위한 필수적인 과정이다.

Bringing the underground economy into the light is an essential process for realizing tax justice.

조세 정의 (tax justice) + 실현하다 (to realize/implement).

تلازمات شائعة

지하 1층

지하철역

지하 주차장

지하 상가

지하 경제

지하수

지하 보도

지하 대피소

지하 창고

지하 통로

العبارات الشائعة

지하철을 타다

— To take/ride the subway. This is the most common way to commute in Korean cities.

저는 매일 지하철을 타고 출근해요.

지하로 내려가다

— To go down to the basement. Used for physical movement to lower levels.

엘리베이터를 타고 지하로 내려가세요.

지하에 있다

— To be located underground. Used for buildings, shops, or items.

서점은 지하 2층에 있어요.

지하를 파다

— To dig underground. Used in construction or archaeology.

새 건물을 짓기 위해 지하를 파고 있어요.

지하에서 만나다

— To meet underground. Often refers to meeting in a subway station or underground mall.

강남역 지하에서 만납시다.

지하 층

— Basement floor. A general term for any level below ground.

지하 층은 주차장으로 사용됩니다.

지하 자원

— Underground resources. Refers to minerals, oil, etc.

한국은 지하 자원이 부족해요.

지하 시설

— Underground facilities. Refers to pipes, cables, or bunkers.

지하 시설 점검이 필요합니다.

지하 생활

— Living underground. Can be literal (basement living) or metaphorical (hiding).

그는 오랫동안 지하 생활을 했습니다.

지하 공간

— Underground space. A term used in architecture and urban planning.

지하 공간을 효율적으로 활용해야 해요.

يُخلط عادةً مع

지하 vs 밑

Used for relative position under an object, while 지하 is a specific floor or space below ground.

지하 vs 아래

A general term for 'below' or 'lower', whereas 지하 is specifically 'underground'.

지하 vs 저하

Sounds similar but means 'decline' or 'lowering' of quality/level.

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"지하에서 통곡하다"

— To wail in the grave. Used when something happens that would deeply upset ancestors.

그 소식을 들으면 조상님이 지하에서 통곡하실 거다.

Literary/Dramatic

"지하 세계"

— The underworld. Can refer to the afterlife or the criminal world.

그는 지하 세계의 거물이다.

Slang/Dramatic

"지하로 숨다"

— To go underground. To hide from the public or authorities.

범인은 지하로 숨어버렸다.

Neutral

"지하 경제의 대부"

— Godfather of the underground economy. Refers to a powerful figure in the black market.

그는 한때 지하 경제의 대부로 불렸다.

Journalistic

"지하에 잠들다"

— To sleep underground. A polite or poetic way to say someone is buried/dead.

그는 고향 땅 지하에 잠들었다.

Poetic

"지하철 거지"

— Subway beggar. A specific term for people asking for money on trains.

지하철 거지를 보면 마음이 아파요.

Informal

"지하 단칸방"

— A single-room basement apartment. Often symbolizes poverty.

그는 지하 단칸방에서 꿈을 키웠다.

Neutral

"지하 벙커"

— Underground bunker. Used for military or survivalist contexts.

대통령은 지하 벙커에서 회의를 주재했다.

Formal

"지하 활동"

— Underground activity. Secret political or social work.

그들은 독립을 위해 지하 활동을 전개했다.

Historical

"지하 동굴"

— Underground cave. Used literally or to describe a very dark, secluded room.

방이 너무 어두워서 지하 동굴 같아요.

Informal

سهل الخلط

지하 vs 치하

Similar pronunciation.

지하 is underground; 치하 is praise or being under someone's rule.

노고를 치하합니다 (I praise your hard work) vs 지하로 가요 (Go to the basement).

지하 vs 저하

Similar vowels.

지하 is a location; 저하 is a decrease in level/quality.

기능 저하 (Functional decline) vs 지하 1층 (Basement level 1).

지하 vs 지하철 vs 기차

Both are trains.

지하철 is specifically the subway (mostly underground); 기차 is a general train (often above ground).

지하철을 타고 시내에 가요 vs 기차를 타고 부산에 가요.

지하 vs 지하 vs 지옥

Both are 'below'.

지하 is physical underground; 지옥 is the religious 'hell'.

지하 주차장 (Underground parking) vs 지옥에 가다 (Go to hell).

지하 vs 지하실 vs 지하

Both mean basement.

지하 is the level or concept; 지하실 is a specific room in the basement.

지하 1층 (Floor B1) vs 지하실을 청소해요 (Clean the basement room).

أنماط الجُمل

[Place]은/는 지하에 있어요.

화장실은 지하에 있어요.

지하 [Number]층으로 가세요.

지하 2층으로 가세요.

지하에서 [Action]해요.

지하에서 친구를 만나요.

지하 [Noun]이/가 [Adjective]해요.

지하 주차장이 아주 넓어요.

비가 와서 지하가 [Verb-Passive].

비가 와서 지하가 침수되었어요.

[Noun] 때문에 지하에 못 가요.

공사 때문에 지하에 못 가요.

[Noun]을/를 지하화하다.

철도를 지하화하기로 결정했다.

지하 공간을 [Noun](으)로 활용하다.

지하 공간을 도서관으로 활용하고 있다.

عائلة الكلمة

الأسماء

지하철 (subway)

지하실 (basement room)

지하수 (groundwater)

지하도 (underground passage)

지하상가 (underground mall)

الأفعال

지하화하다 (to move underground)

지하로 내려가다 (to go underground)

الصفات

지하의 (underground - possessive/adjectival form)

مرتبط

지상 (above ground)

반지하 (semi-basement)

땅속 (inside the ground)

지표 (surface of the earth)

지질 (geology)

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

كيفية الاستخدام

frequency

Extremely high in urban areas, high in daily conversation.

أخطاء شائعة

Using '지하' as a preposition (e.g., '책상 지하'). → 책상 밑 or 책상 아래.
'지하' is a noun meaning 'the underground,' not a relative position word like 'under'.
Saying '첫 번째 지하' for B1. → 지하 1층.
Korean uses the structure '지하 + [Sino-Korean Number] + 층' for basement levels.
Pronouncing it as '지아'. → 지하 (Ji-ha).
The 'h' sound is important to distinguish it from other words.
Using '지하' for a cave in a mountain. → 동굴 (Cave).
'지하' usually refers to the space beneath the flat ground or within a building.
Confusing '지하' with '저하'. → 지하 (Underground) / 저하 (Decline).
They sound similar but are used in completely different contexts.

نصائح

Look for the 'B'

In elevators, '지하' is always 'B'. But if you are talking to someone, always use the word '지하'.

Use Sino-Korean Numbers

When counting floors (지하 1, 2, 3), always use Sino-Korean numbers (일, 이, 삼), never native Korean numbers.

Food Courts are Underground

If you are in a Korean department store and hungry, head to '지하 1층'. That's where the best food usually is!

Breath out on 'Ha'

Make sure to give a little puff of air for the '하' sound so it doesn't sound like '지아'.

Ji = Earth

Remembering that '지' (地) means earth will help you learn many other words like '지도' (map) and '지구' (earth).

Shelter Signs

Yellow signs that say '대피소' are often in '지하' locations like subway stations.

Humidity in Basements

In Korea, '지하' rooms are known for being '습하다' (humid), so people often use dehumidifiers there.

Underground Malls

'지하상가' are great places to find cheap clothes and accessories in Korea.

Subway Announcements

Listen for '이번 역은 지하...역입니다' to know if the station platform is underground.

Spacing

In '지하 1층', there is usually a space between '지하' and the number.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of 'Ji' as 'Ground' (like a Giant ground) and 'Ha' as 'Under' (like a Hat buried under). Ji-Ha is Ground-Under.

ربط بصري

Imagine an elevator button with 'B1' on it. In your mind, replace the 'B' with '지하'.

Word Web

지하철 (Subway) 지하상가 (Underground Mall) 지하주차장 (Parking) 지하실 (Basement Room) 지하수 (Groundwater) 반지하 (Semi-basement) 지하도 (Tunnel) 지하 경제 (Black Market)

تحدٍّ

Try to find three signs containing the word '지하' next time you walk through a Korean city or watch a Korean vlog.

أصل الكلمة

Composed of two Hanja characters: 地 (ji) and 下 (ha). This compound has been used in Korean for centuries to denote the vertical space below the earth.

المعنى الأصلي: Literally 'Earth Below' or 'Under the Land'.

Sino-Korean (Hanja-derived).

السياق الثقافي

Be sensitive when discussing '반지하' housing, as it is often associated with economic hardship.

In English, 'basement' often sounds like a private part of a house. In Korean, '지하' is frequently a public, commercial space.

The movie 'Parasite' (Gisaengchung) and its focus on semi-basement living. The 'Gangnam Station Underground Shopping Center' (지하상가). The 'Seoul Metropolitan Subway' system, often referred to as the 'Ji-ha-cheol'.

تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية

سياقات واقعية

At a Department Store

지하 1층에 뭐가 있어요?
식당가는 지하에 있습니다.
지하 주차장으로 가려면 어디로 가야 하나요?
지하 매장은 몇 시에 닫아요?

Using the Subway

지하철역이 멀어요?
지하철 2호선을 타세요.
지하 통로로 연결돼요.
지하철 막차 시간이 언제예요?

Real Estate

이 방은 지하예요?
반지하 방은 월세가 싸요.
지하실이 따로 있나요?
지하라서 습기가 좀 있어요.

Giving Directions

지하로 내려가면 바로 보여요.
지하 2층에 주차하세요.
지하 상가를 지나가야 해요.
지하 입구는 저쪽이에요.

Safety/Emergency

지하 대피소로 가세요.
지하가 침수되었으니 주의하세요.
지하 시설물 안전 점검 중입니다.
지하에는 비상구가 어디 있나요?

بدايات محادثة

"지하철 타고 오셨어요?"

"이 건물 지하에 맛있는 식당이 있다는데 가보실래요?"

"지하 상가에서 쇼핑하는 거 좋아하세요?"

"지하 주차장이 너무 복잡해서 차를 못 찾겠어요."

"혹시 이 근처에 지하 대피소가 어디 있는지 아세요?"

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

오늘 지하철에서 본 재미있는 광경에 대해 써보세요.

지하 공간(상가, 식당 등)을 이용할 때의 장단점은 무엇인가요?

영화 '기생충'에 나온 반지하 방에 대해 어떻게 생각하나요?

미래의 도시는 지하 공간을 어떻게 활용할 것 같나요?

내가 가본 가장 인상 깊은 지하 장소는 어디인가요?

الأسئلة الشائعة

10 أسئلة

Yes, in Korea, '지하 1층' is the equivalent of 'B1'. On elevator buttons, you will usually see 'B1', but you should say '지하 일 층' when speaking.

No, you cannot. '지하' specifically means underground. For 'under the table,' you should use '책상 밑' or '책상 아래'.

It means 'semi-basement'. These are rooms that are partially below ground level and partially above, common in older Korean apartments.

No, it is not. You should pronounce it clearly, like 'ha' in 'happy'. Dropping it might make it sound like 'ji-a'.

It is a combination of '지하' (underground) and '철도' (railway). Literally, it means 'underground railway'.

You say '지하 이 층' (Ji-ha i-cheung).

Usually, '동굴' (dong-gul) is used for natural caves, but '지하 동굴' can be used to emphasize that it is deep underground.

It means the 'underground economy' or 'black market'—economic activities that are not reported to the government.

Not directly. '지옥' (ji-ok) is hell. However, '지하 세계' (underworld) can sometimes be used in a similar poetic sense.

You can say '지하가 어디예요?' (Ji-ha-ga eo-di-ye-yo?)

سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات