鉴于 في 30 ثانية
- 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a formal preposition meaning 'in view of' or 'considering,' used to introduce situational reasons for a decision.
- It is primarily used in professional, legal, and news contexts, providing more gravitas than the casual '因为' (because).
- The word can be followed by a noun phrase or a full clause and usually appears at the beginning of a sentence.
- Mastering this word is essential for B1+ learners to navigate formal Chinese environments and professional written communication.
The Chinese preposition 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a sophisticated linguistic tool primarily utilized in formal writing, legal documentation, and professional discourse. It serves as a logical bridge, introducing a specific reason, background, or set of circumstances that directly informs a subsequent decision, observation, or action. In English, it is most closely translated as 'in view of,' 'considering,' 'seeing as,' or 'in light of.' Unlike the common word for 'because' (因为 - yīnwèi), which can be used in almost any context from casual to formal, 鉴于 carries a weight of authority and deliberation. It suggests that the speaker has carefully examined the facts at hand before arriving at a conclusion. The first character, 鉴 (jiàn), historically refers to a bronze mirror or the act of reflecting and inspecting, while 于 (yú) is a classical preposition meaning 'at' or 'in.' Together, they evoke the image of looking into a situation as if into a mirror to understand its true nature before moving forward.
- Etymological Nuance
- The character 鉴 contains the radical for metal, reminding us of ancient bronze mirrors. This implies that the 'reason' being introduced is not just a random cause, but a reflection of reality that must be acknowledged.
- Grammatical Positioning
- Typically placed at the very beginning of a sentence or a clause, it sets the stage. It can be followed by a noun phrase (e.g., 鉴于目前的情况 - in view of the current situation) or a full clause (e.g., 鉴于他表现出色 - considering he performed excellently).
鉴于天气恶劣，比赛将被推迟。
When you use 鉴于, you are signaling to your audience that what follows is a logical necessity derived from the facts. It is the language of news anchors describing diplomatic shifts, CEOs explaining budget cuts, and judges delivering verdicts. It is rarely heard in a grocery store or at a dinner party unless the speaker is intentionally being humorous or overly dramatic. For a learner at the B1 level, mastering this word marks a transition from 'survival Chinese' to 'professional Chinese.' It allows you to structure arguments more persuasively and understand high-level news reports. The word is often paired with consequences that are either restrictive (like cancellations) or rewarding (like promotions), emphasizing that the outcome is a direct response to the evidence presented.
鉴于您的杰出贡献，我们决定给予您奖励。
In summary, 鉴于 is about the 'why' behind a formal 'what.' It is the foundation of a formal justification. Whether it is a change in policy or a shift in a personal relationship that requires a serious tone, this word provides the necessary gravitas to explain the background. It bridges the gap between raw information and the resulting action, making it an essential component of professional Chinese vocabulary.
Using 鉴于 (jiànyú) correctly requires an understanding of its structural flexibility. While it is primarily a preposition, it acts as a subordinating conjunction that anchors the reason for the main clause. The most common pattern is 鉴于 + [Reason], [Action/Result]. Unlike many other Chinese conjunctions, it does not strictly require a correlative partner like '所以' (suǒyǐ), though '所以' can occasionally be used for emphasis. However, in high-level writing, the comma alone or a transition like '因此' (yīncǐ) is preferred to maintain a professional flow.
- Pattern 1: Noun Phrase Follower
- The simplest way to use it is followed by a noun or a noun phrase that summarizes the situation. For example: 鉴于目前形势 (In view of the current situation). This is extremely common in news headlines.
- Pattern 2: Clause Follower
- It can also introduce a full sentence with a subject and verb. For example: 鉴于他已经承认了错误 (Considering he has already admitted his mistake). This is more descriptive and used in detailed reports.
鉴于双方意见分歧较大，谈判暂时中断。
One must be careful not to confuse 鉴于 with 由于 (yóuyú). While both can mean 'because of,' 鉴于 emphasizes the act of 'taking something into consideration' as a basis for judgment, whereas 由于 is a more general cause-and-effect marker. If you are explaining why you are late because of a traffic jam, 由于 is appropriate. If a committee is deciding to cancel an event because of safety concerns, 鉴于 is the superior choice. This nuance is crucial for achieving a native-like tone in academic and business contexts.
鉴于该员工的违规行为，公司决定予以解雇。
In more complex sentence structures, 鉴于 can appear in the middle of a sentence, but it still functions to introduce a reason for the second half. For instance, '我们之所以这样做，是鉴于...' (The reason we are doing this is in view of...). This structure is less common but highly effective for emphasizing the reason over the action. As you advance, you will notice that 鉴于 is often followed by formal vocabulary like 形势 (xíngshì - situation), 因素 (yīnsù - factor), or 考量 (kǎoliáng - consideration). Mastering these collocations will significantly improve your writing fluency.
The word 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a staple of the 'formal' landscape in China. If you turn on the news, specifically CCTV-13 (the news channel), you will hear it within the first ten minutes. It is the language of the state. When the government issues a statement regarding international relations or domestic policy, 鉴于 is used to provide the rationale for their stance. For example, '鉴于当前国际局势的复杂性...' (In view of the complexity of the current international situation...). It creates a sense of objective necessity rather than personal whim.
- Corporate and Legal Environments
- In business meetings, especially those involving contracts, mergers, or high-level strategy, 鉴于 is used to justify board decisions. Legal documents and contracts often start with '鉴于' clauses (similar to 'Whereas' in English contracts) to establish the background facts before stating the terms of the agreement.
- Academic and Scientific Discourse
- In research papers, scholars use 鉴于 to explain why a particular study was necessary. '鉴于前人研究的局限性' (In view of the limitations of previous research) is a classic way to introduce a new thesis.
鉴于互联网技术的飞速发展，传统行业面临着巨大挑战。
You will also encounter this word in official announcements at transport hubs. If a flight is canceled due to weather, the announcement might begin with 鉴于. It sounds more professional and apologetic than a simple 'because.' It implies that the decision was made after a careful 'inspection' (鉴) of the safety conditions. In the workplace, if a company is announcing a holiday or a change in office hours, the memo will almost certainly use 鉴于 to cite the reason, such as a upcoming festival or a maintenance schedule.
鉴于您在行业内的声誉，我们诚邀您参加本次论坛。
Finally, in more formal social settings, such as a wedding speech or a retirement ceremony, a speaker might use 鉴于 to highlight the long-term qualities of the person being honored. It adds a layer of respect and solemnity to the occasion. While you might not use it every day, recognizing it in these contexts will help you navigate the more serious aspects of Chinese society with ease.
The most frequent mistake learners make with 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a 'register mismatch.' Because learners often learn '鉴于' as a synonym for 'because,' they might try to use it in casual conversation. Saying '鉴于我饿了，我要去吃饭' (In view of the fact that I am hungry, I am going to eat) sounds incredibly stiff and bizarre to a native speaker—it’s like wearing a tuxedo to a backyard barbecue. Always reserve 鉴于 for situations that involve objective facts, professional decisions, or formal justifications.
- Redundancy Errors
- Learners sometimes add '因为' before '鉴于' (e.g., '因为鉴于...'). This is redundant. 鉴于 already contains the causal meaning. Similarly, adding '的缘故' (de yuángù) at the end of the clause is unnecessary and makes the sentence clunky.
- Incorrect Preposition Usage
- Some students try to say '在鉴于...' or '鉴于...中'. As mentioned before, 鉴于 is a self-contained prepositional unit. It does not need the support of '在' or '中' to function correctly.
鉴于我太累了，所以我不去派对。
✓ 因为我太累了，所以我不去派对。
Another common error is failing to provide a clear 'action' or 'result' after the 鉴于 clause. Since 鉴于 introduces a premise, the listener expects a conclusion. If you just say '鉴于目前的情况' and then stop, the sentence is incomplete. Furthermore, ensure the reason provided is actually a 'fact' or a 'situation.' It shouldn't be a command or a question. For example, '鉴于请关门' is nonsensical; it must be '鉴于安全原因，请关门' (In view of safety reasons, please close the door).
Lastly, don't confuse 鉴于 with 关于 (guānyú), which means 'about' or 'concerning.' While they sound similar and both start with prepositions, 关于 simply introduces a topic, while 鉴于 provides a justification. If you are writing a report 'about' the economy, use 关于. If you are changing interest rates 'in view of' the economy, use 鉴于.
To truly master 鉴于 (jiànyú), it is helpful to compare it with other causal or prepositional terms in Chinese. Each has a slightly different shade of meaning and belongs to a different level of formality. Understanding these differences allows you to choose the perfect word for your specific context.
- 鉴于 vs. 考虑到 (kǎolǜ dào)
- 鉴于 is more formal and objective. It sounds like a finalized judgment. 考虑到 (taking into account) is slightly more flexible and suggests an ongoing thinking process. You might use 考虑到 in a collaborative brainstorm, while 鉴于 is for the final announcement.
- 鉴于 vs. 由于 (yóuyú)
- 由于 is the most versatile 'formal' version of 'because.' It focuses strictly on the cause. 鉴于 focuses on the 'consideration' of that cause. If a tree fell because of a storm, use 由于. If a road is closed 'in view of' the damage caused by the storm, 鉴于 is more appropriate.
- 鉴于 vs. 因为 (yīnwèi)
- This is the most basic comparison. 因为 is for everyone, everywhere. 鉴于 is for professionals in professional settings. Never use 鉴于 in a casual text to a friend about why you're late for a movie.
Comparison Chart:
- 鉴于: Formal, Objective, Justification-based.
- 由于: Formal/Neutral, Cause-based.
- 考虑到: Neutral, Deliberation-based.
- 因为: Casual/Neutral, General purpose.
Another alternative is 凭着 (píngzhe), which means 'relying on' or 'based on.' However, 凭着 usually refers to a quality or a tool (e.g., 'relying on his courage'), whereas 鉴于 refers to a situation or fact. There is also 基于 (jīyú), which means 'based on.' 基于 is often used for technical foundations (e.g., 'based on this theory'), while 鉴于 is used for situational background. Choosing between them depends on whether you are citing a foundational principle (基于) or a circumstantial reason (鉴于).
In some literary contexts, you might see 因 (yīn) used alone, which is a classical remnant. However, in modern standard Mandarin, 鉴于 remains the gold standard for formal situational justification. By understanding these nuances, you can avoid the 'uncanny valley' of using words that are slightly off for the intended social setting.
How Formal Is It?
حقيقة ممتعة
In ancient China, before glass mirrors, people used highly polished bronze plates. The word '鉴' literally meant looking at your reflection to check for flaws, which evolved into 'inspecting a situation' before acting.
دليل النطق
- Pronouncing 'yú' as 'yū' (flat tone) instead of the rising tone.
- Confusing 'jiàn' with 'jiān' (first tone).
- Failing to round the lips for the 'ü' sound in 'yú'.
- Pronouncing 'jiàn' like 'john'.
- Missing the glottal stop between the two syllables in fast speech.
مستوى الصعوبة
Common in newspapers and books, but requires understanding of formal structure.
Hard to use without sounding too stiff if the context is wrong.
Mainly used in presentations or speeches, not daily talk.
Easy to recognize once you know the 'jiàn' sound.
ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك
المتطلبات الأساسية
تعلّم لاحقاً
متقدم
قواعد يجب معرفتها
Prepositional Phrases as Sentence Starters
鉴于目前的情况，我们必须撤离。
Omission of 'So' (所以) in Formal Chinese
鉴于他表现优异，公司决定提拔他。(No '所以' needed)
Noun Phrase vs. Clause as Object of Preposition
鉴于他的努力 (Noun) vs. 鉴于他很努力 (Clause)
Register Matching
Use 鉴于 with formal words like 予以, 采取, 决定.
Placement of Subject after the Prepositional Phrase
鉴于天气原因，[我们] 推迟了比赛。
أمثلة حسب المستوى
鉴于天气，我们不去公园。
In view of the weather, we aren't going to the park.
鉴于 is used here to give a simple reason for not going.
鉴于时间，我们要走了。
In view of the time, we have to leave.
Simple noun phrase '时间' follows 鉴于.
鉴于他生病了，他没来学校。
In view of him being sick, he didn't come to school.
Introducing a simple clause as a reason.
鉴于这个很好，我买了。
In view of this being good, I bought it.
Very simple justification.
鉴于你是我的朋友，我帮你。
In view of you being my friend, I'll help you.
Using friendship as the formal reason.
鉴于今天放假，商店不开门。
In view of today being a holiday, the store is not open.
A formal reason for a shop being closed.
鉴于人很多，请排队。
In view of the many people, please line up.
Reason for a request.
鉴于太贵了，我不买。
In view of it being too expensive, I won't buy it.
Simple logic.
鉴于他表现很好，老师给了他一个奖。
Considering his good performance, the teacher gave him a prize.
Reason for a reward.
鉴于目前的状况，会议取消了。
In view of the current situation, the meeting is canceled.
Common formal phrase '目前的情况'.
鉴于安全原因，请不要进入。
For safety reasons, please do not enter.
Formal justification for a rule.
鉴于他已经道歉，我原谅他了。
Seeing as he has already apologized, I have forgiven him.
A decision based on a previous action.
鉴于这本书很有用，我建议你读一下。
Considering this book is very useful, I suggest you read it.
Formal recommendation.
鉴于你的成绩，你可以参加比赛。
In view of your grades, you can participate in the competition.
Qualification based on facts.
鉴于路不好走，请开车小心。
In view of the bad road conditions, please drive carefully.
Reason for a warning.
鉴于大家都很累，我们休息一下吧。
Seeing as everyone is tired, let's take a break.
Group decision based on collective state.
鉴于该项目的复杂性，我们需要更多时间。
In view of the complexity of the project, we need more time.
Professional project management context.
鉴于你的一贯表现，公司决定晋升你。
In view of your consistent performance, the company has decided to promote you.
Corporate justification for promotion.
鉴于市场需求的变化，我们调整了策略。
In view of changes in market demand, we have adjusted our strategy.
Strategic business context.
鉴于双方未能达成一致，合同尚未签署。
In view of the failure of both parties to reach an agreement, the contract has not yet been signed.
Formal negotiation context.
鉴于目前资源有限，我们要节约使用。
In view of the limited resources at present, we must use them sparingly.
Resource management context.
鉴于他在该领域的经验，他是最佳人选。
In view of his experience in this field, he is the best candidate.
Recruitment justification.
鉴于天气预报有大雨，活动改为室内举行。
In view of the heavy rain forecast, the event has been moved indoors.
Formal logistical change.
鉴于该产品的安全隐患，厂家已开始召回。
In view of the safety hazards of the product, the manufacturer has started a recall.
Legal/Safety notification.
鉴于国际形势的动荡，政府加强了边境管控。
In view of the instability of the international situation, the government has strengthened border controls.
Political/National security context.
鉴于被告人的悔罪表现，法庭决定从轻处罚。
In view of the defendant's expression of remorse, the court decided to impose a lighter sentence.
Legal/Judicial context.
鉴于该技术尚不成熟，目前不宜大规模推广。
In view of the fact that the technology is not yet mature, it is not suitable for large-scale promotion at present.
Technical/Scientific assessment.
鉴于通货膨胀压力，央行宣布提高利率。
In view of inflationary pressures, the central bank announced an increase in interest rates.
Economic policy context.
鉴于该地区的历史背景，冲突的根源非常深。
In view of the historical background of the region, the roots of the conflict are very deep.
Sociopolitical analysis.
鉴于员工的强烈要求，公司增加了福利待遇。
In view of the strong demands of the employees, the company increased the benefits.
Human resources/Labor relations.
鉴于该建筑的结构性损坏，必须立即拆除。
In view of the structural damage to the building, it must be demolished immediately.
Engineering/Safety assessment.
鉴于目前科学研究的进展，我们对该疾病有了新认识。
In view of current progress in scientific research, we have a new understanding of the disease.
Academic/Scientific update.
鉴于文化差异对跨国并购的影响，风险评估至关重要。
In view of the impact of cultural differences on cross-border mergers and acquisitions, risk assessment is crucial.
High-level business/cultural analysis.
鉴于该哲学体系的严密性，很难找到其逻辑漏洞。
In view of the rigor of this philosophical system, it is difficult to find logical loopholes in it.
Philosophical/Academic critique.
鉴于地缘政治的博弈，能源安全已成为国家战略的核心。
In view of geopolitical maneuvering, energy security has become the core of national strategy.
Strategic geopolitical discourse.
鉴于该艺术家的独特风格，其作品在市场上极具辨识度。
In view of the artist's unique style, their work is highly recognizable in the market.
Art criticism/Market analysis.
鉴于人口老龄化的严峻挑战，养老金制度亟需改革。
In view of the severe challenge of population aging, the pension system urgently needs reform.
Social policy/Macroeconomic analysis.
鉴于该法律条款的模糊性，司法解释显得尤为重要。
In view of the ambiguity of this legal provision, judicial interpretation is particularly important.
Legal theory and practice.
鉴于生态系统脆弱的平衡，任何外部干扰都可能导致灾难。
In view of the fragile balance of the ecosystem, any external interference could lead to disaster.
Environmental science/Ecological discourse.
鉴于历史文献的缺失，这段时期的真相仍有待考证。
In view of the lack of historical documents, the truth of this period remains to be verified.
Historiography/Academic research.
鉴于全球化进程中利益分配的不均，反全球化思潮抬头。
In view of the unequal distribution of benefits in the process of globalization, anti-globalization sentiments are rising.
Sophisticated sociological and economic analysis.
鉴于量子力学的非定域性特征，我们必须重新审视实在论。
In view of the non-locality characteristics of quantum mechanics, we must re-examine realism.
Advanced scientific and philosophical discourse.
鉴于该朝代末期政治腐败与天灾并降，其灭亡乃历史之必然。
In view of the political corruption and natural disasters occurring simultaneously at the end of the dynasty, its fall was a historical necessity.
Classical historical determinism.
鉴于语用学在跨文化交际中的核心地位，单纯的语法学习已不足够。
In view of the core position of pragmatics in cross-cultural communication, mere grammar learning is no longer sufficient.
Linguistic theory.
鉴于算法偏见对社会公正的潜在威胁，必须加强技术伦理审查。
In view of the potential threat of algorithmic bias to social justice, technical ethical reviews must be strengthened.
Contemporary technology and ethics.
鉴于该文学流派对传统美学的颠覆，评论界对其评价褒贬不一。
In view of this literary movement's subversion of traditional aesthetics, the critics' evaluations have been mixed.
High-level literary criticism.
鉴于主权国家在国际法中的主体地位，干涉内政须有严谨的法理依据。
In view of the primary status of sovereign states in international law, any interference in internal affairs must have a rigorous legal basis.
International law and diplomacy.
鉴于宇宙膨胀速度的加快，人类对宇宙终极命运的预测发生了转变。
In view of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, human predictions about the ultimate fate of the cosmos have shifted.
Astrophysics and cosmology.
تلازمات شائعة
العبارات الشائعة
— In view of this; based on this situation.
鉴于此，我们决定改变计划。
— A slightly more formal version of '鉴于此.'
有鉴于此，政府发布了新规定。
— To feel strongly about a situation (rare but formal).
深感鉴于局势严重。
— A more wordy version of 'because of...'
鉴于天气恶劣的缘故。
— Considering past experience.
鉴于以往经验，这种方法行不通。
— Considering the reality of the situation.
鉴于现实情况，我们需要调整预期。
— In view of the current predicament.
鉴于目前的困境，我们需要团结。
— In view of the public interest.
鉴于公众利益，此信息必须公开。
— In view of legal regulations.
鉴于法律规定，我们不能这样做。
— Considering various factors.
鉴于各种因素，我们选择了方案A。
يُخلط عادةً مع
Guānyú means 'about' or 'concerning' a topic, while Jiànyú means 'in view of' a reason.
Zhìyú means 'as for' or 'when it comes to' a secondary topic, not a reason.
Jīyú means 'based on' a foundation or principle, while Jiànyú is situational.
تعبيرات اصطلاحية
— To reflect on the past to understand the future.
我们应当鉴往知来，避免重蹈覆辙。
Formal/Literary— Lessons learned from others' failures (literally: the mirror of the cart in front).
我们要以此为前车之鉴。
Common Idiom— To take something as a warning or a lesson.
这起事故值得我们引以为鉴。
Formal— Use this as a warning/lesson.
希望大家以此为鉴，下不为例。
Formal— To have clear insight into things far away (praising intelligence).
您的决策真是明鉴万里。
Honorific— To provide a reference or lesson for others.
此案例可供以资借鉴。
Academic/Formal— Something bright and pleasing (referring to reflections).
湖面油鉴可人。
Literary (Rare)— To have a profound understanding of both history and the present.
他是一位洞鉴古今的学者。
Literary— To distinguish the true from the false.
专家正在鉴别真伪。
Formal— A formal term used in letters to mean 'for your inspection/perusal.'
某某先生台鉴。
Classical/Letter Writingسهل الخلط
Both mean 'because/due to' and are formal.
由于 is more general and focus on cause; 鉴于 is for situational reflection and judgment.
由于下雨 (Cause) vs. 鉴于天气恶劣 (Judgment).
Both involve thinking about a reason.
考虑到 is a verb phrase (to consider); 鉴于 is a preposition (considering...).
我会考虑到你的建议 vs. 鉴于你的建议，我决定...
Both provide a reason.
因为 is casual and used with 所以; 鉴于 is formal and often stands without 所以.
因为我饿了 (Casual) vs. 鉴于目前粮食短缺 (Formal).
Both show a basis for an action.
凭着 is usually about a tool, skill, or quality; 鉴于 is about a situation.
凭着勇气 (Quality) vs. 鉴于危险 (Situation).
Both show the origin of a decision.
根据 refers to a rule or evidence source; 鉴于 refers to the background context.
根据法律 (Rule) vs. 鉴于他违法 (Context).
أنماط الجُمل
鉴于 + [Noun], [Action].
鉴于天气，我们不去。
鉴于 + [Noun Phrase], [Subject] + [Verb].
鉴于目前的情况，我不能帮你。
鉴于 + [Clause], [Subject] + [Verb].
鉴于他已经认错了，我们原谅他吧。
[Subject] + [Verb], 是鉴于 + [Reason].
我们这样做，是鉴于安全考量。
有鉴于此, [Subject] + [Verb].
有鉴于此，政府出台了新政。
鉴于 [Abstract Noun] 的 [Property], [Main Clause].
鉴于法律条款的模糊性，我们需要解释。
鉴于 [Context], [Result] 乃 [Necessity].
鉴于局势紧张，撤侨乃当务之急。
鉴于 [Historical/Scientific Fact], [Philosophical Conclusion].
鉴于宇宙之浩瀚，人类之渺小显而易见。
عائلة الكلمة
الأسماء
الأفعال
الصفات
مرتبط
كيفية الاستخدام
Common in professional/academic writing; rare in daily speech.
-
因为鉴于目前的情况...
→
鉴于目前的情况...
Redundant use of two causal markers. '鉴于' already implies 'because.'
-
鉴于我不喜欢他，我不去。
→
因为我不喜欢他，我不去。
'鉴于' is for objective facts, not personal feelings.
-
在鉴于天气中...
→
鉴于天气...
'鉴于' is a complete preposition; adding '在' or '中' is grammatically incorrect.
-
鉴于目前的情况。
→
鉴于目前的情况，我们决定推迟。
A '鉴于' clause cannot stand alone; it must be followed by a main clause.
-
鉴于...的原因。
→
由于...的原因。 / 鉴于...
Adding '的原因' after '鉴于' is often redundant. '鉴于' itself introduces the reason.
نصائح
Replace Because
In professional emails, try replacing '因为' with '鉴于' to sound more authoritative and objective.
Keep it Noun-heavy
Follow '鉴于' with a noun phrase like '目前形势' rather than a long, messy sentence for better flow.
Business Bestie
Use '鉴于' when justifying budget changes, hiring decisions, or project delays in a corporate setting.
Contract Starter
Look for '鉴于' at the start of contracts; it usually introduces the 'Whereas' clauses that explain the background.
Research Gap
Use '鉴于前人研究的不足' to justify why your paper is necessary and what new things you are bringing.
Speech Opener
Start a formal speech with '鉴于...' to grab attention and set a serious, professional tone.
Avoid Irony
Be careful using '鉴于' in casual settings as it can sound sarcastic if you're not careful.
Mirror Logic
Think of the 'mirror' (鉴) when you use it; you are reflecting on the facts before you speak.
Time Constraint
Memorize '鉴于时间关系' as a polite way to end a discussion or move to the next topic.
Comma usage
Always place a comma after the '鉴于' clause to separate the reason from the main action.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Think of 'jiàn' as 'inspect' and 'yú' as 'at.' So, 'jiànyú' is 'inspecting at the situation' before you make a decision.
ربط بصري
Imagine a giant bronze mirror reflecting a stormy sky. Below it, a captain decides to cancel the voyage. The mirror is the '鉴' (inspection) of the weather.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Try to write a formal apology email to an imaginary boss using '鉴于' to explain why you missed a deadline.
أصل الكلمة
The character '鉴' (jiàn) originally depicted a person looking into a large bowl of water (a mirror). The 'metal' radical (金) was added later when bronze mirrors became common. '于' (yú) is a classical preposition.
المعنى الأصلي: To look into a mirror or to reflect upon a situation.
Sino-Tibetan, specifically Sinitic (Mandarin Chinese).السياق الثقافي
Never use '鉴于' to describe someone's appearance or personal flaws in a way that sounds mocking; its formal tone can make a criticism sound like a cold, official verdict.
It is equivalent to the 'Whereas' clauses in English legal contracts or the 'In light of' in professional emails.
تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية
سياقات واقعية
Business Email
- 鉴于目前的合作进度
- 鉴于双方的协议
- 鉴于市场波动
- 鉴于您的建议
News Report
- 鉴于当前局势
- 鉴于极端天气
- 鉴于安全隐患
- 鉴于民意调查
Legal Document
- 鉴于上述事实
- 鉴于法律规定
- 鉴于合同条款
- 鉴于各方意愿
Academic Paper
- 鉴于研究现状
- 鉴于理论框架
- 鉴于实验结果
- 鉴于文献综述
Office Memo
- 鉴于节假日安排
- 鉴于系统维护
- 鉴于部门调整
- 鉴于办公环境
بدايات محادثة
"鉴于目前的情况，你觉得我们应该怎么办？"
"鉴于最近的天气，你周末有什么计划吗？"
"鉴于你对这个项目的了解，你能谈谈你的看法吗？"
"鉴于公司最近的发展，你对未来有什么期待？"
"鉴于我们之前的讨论，你现在改变主意了吗？"
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
鉴于你过去一年的经历，你觉得自己最大的变化是什么？
鉴于目前的社会发展，你认为未来十年最重要的技能是什么？
鉴于你对幸福的理解，你觉得现在的生活状态如何？
鉴于你最近读的一本书，它对你的思维有什么启发？
鉴于你面临的挑战，你打算如何克服它们？
الأسئلة الشائعة
10 أسئلةGenerally, no. It sounds too formal for a text message unless you are joking or writing a very formal business message via WeChat.
Usually, yes. It can occasionally appear after a comma in the middle of a sentence, but it always starts its own clause.
No, it's not required and often omitted in formal writing. However, using '所以' is not grammatically wrong, just less sophisticated.
'鉴于' implies a judgment or careful consideration of a fact. '由于' simply states a cause-and-effect relationship.
No. '鉴于' should be followed by objective facts or situations, not personal feelings or opinions.
Yes, it typically appears in HSK 5 and HSK 6 as part of formal reading and writing tasks.
The characters were used, but the specific prepositional usage '鉴于' as we use it today is more common in modern formal Mandarin.
It is a fixed phrase meaning 'In view of this' or 'Seeing this.' It is used to transition from a described situation to a conclusion.
Yes! For example, '鉴于你的出色表现' (In view of your excellent performance).
No, prepositions in Chinese do not have plural forms.
اختبر نفسك 200 أسئلة
Write a formal sentence using '鉴于' to explain why a meeting is postponed.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'In view of the bad weather, the match is cancelled.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence using '鉴于' and '表现' (performance).
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Explain a strategy change using '鉴于市场变化'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence using '鉴于安全原因'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Considering time constraints, let's skip this part.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a formal sentence about health reasons.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use '有鉴于此' to start a sentence about policy change.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence using '鉴于' to explain a resource shortage.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'In view of historical reasons, the two cities are close.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence using '鉴于法律规定'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use '鉴于' to justify a technology recall.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence about international relations using '鉴于'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a formal request using '鉴于'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'In view of the complexity of the project, we need more people.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence about a budget cut using '鉴于'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence about a student's grades using '鉴于'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use '鉴于' to explain a flight delay.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence about population aging.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'In view of this, we must act immediately.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Pronounce '鉴于' correctly with tones.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于目前的情况，会议取消了。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Use '鉴于' to give a formal reason for being late.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Explain a policy change using '鉴于'.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于安全考量，请佩戴头盔。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Summarize a news topic starting with '鉴于'.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Practice the 'ü' sound in 'yú'.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Use '鉴于' in a mock job interview.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于时间关系，我们进入下一项。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Explain a weather-related decision.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于他表现优异，他得到了奖励。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Use '鉴于' to justify a price increase.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于篇幅有限，不再赘述。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Explain a medical decision.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于历史原因，两国关系密切。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Use '有鉴于此' as a transition.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于法律规定，请遵守规则。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Explain a resource shortage formally.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Read aloud: 鉴于该技术的局限性。
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Speak a sentence about cultural differences.
Read this aloud:
قلت:
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Listen and write the phrase: Jiànyú mùqián xíngshì.
Is the reason given for: Weather or Money? (Audio: 鉴于天气恶劣...)
What is the outcome? (Audio: 鉴于他表现出色，公司决定提拔他。)
Listen and identify the word: Jiànyú.
True or False: The event is still happening. (Audio: 鉴于目前状况，活动取消。)
Listen for the collocation: (Audio: 鉴于时间关系...)
What is the reason for the recall? (Audio: 鉴于安全隐患...)
Is this formal or informal? (Audio: 鉴于上述理由...)
What is the subject deciding? (Audio: 鉴于健康因素，他决定辞职。)
Listen and write: Jiànyú cǐ.
Identify the tone of '鉴': (Audio: Jiàn...)
Why is the road closed? (Audio: 鉴于施工，道路封闭。)
What is the company's decision? (Audio: 鉴于市场变化，我们调整策略。)
Listen and identify: Yǒu jiànyú cǐ.
What is the student's reward? (Audio: 鉴于你的成绩，你获得了奖学金。)
/ 200 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
鉴于 (jiànyú) is the gold standard for formal justifications in Chinese. Use it when you need to cite an objective fact or situation as the reason for a professional action. Example: '鉴于您的表现，我们决定给您加薪' (In view of your performance, we have decided to give you a raise).
- 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a formal preposition meaning 'in view of' or 'considering,' used to introduce situational reasons for a decision.
- It is primarily used in professional, legal, and news contexts, providing more gravitas than the casual '因为' (because).
- The word can be followed by a noun phrase or a full clause and usually appears at the beginning of a sentence.
- Mastering this word is essential for B1+ learners to navigate formal Chinese environments and professional written communication.
Replace Because
In professional emails, try replacing '因为' with '鉴于' to sound more authoritative and objective.
Keep it Noun-heavy
Follow '鉴于' with a noun phrase like '目前形势' rather than a long, messy sentence for better flow.
Business Bestie
Use '鉴于' when justifying budget changes, hiring decisions, or project delays in a corporate setting.
Contract Starter
Look for '鉴于' at the start of contracts; it usually introduces the 'Whereas' clauses that explain the background.
مثال
鉴于目前的情况，我们决定推迟会议。
محتوى ذو صلة
عبارات ذات صلة
مزيد من كلمات academic
缺席
B1التغيب عن مكان أو حدث حيث يتوقع وجودك.
抽象的
A2شيء ليس له وجود مادي، بل هو فكرة.
抽象地
B1In an abstract manner; conceptually.
艰深
B1Profound; abstruse; recondite.
学术性
A2Academic; scholarly; relating to education and scholarship.
学术化
B1الأكاديمية: عملية جعل شيء ما أكاديمياً أو علمياً.
学术会议
A2Academic conference; a formal meeting for academic discussions.
学术交流
B1Exchange of ideas, information, and research among scholars.
学术期刊
B1المجلة الأكاديمية هي مطبوعة دورية تحتوي على مقالات علمية.
教务处
A2Academic affairs office; department handling educational administration.
