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A2 adjective #3,000 am häufigsten 6 Min. Lesezeit

평평하다

pyeongpyeonghada
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At the A1 level, you only need to know that 평평하다 means 'flat' like a table or the floor. It is a descriptive word (adjective). You use it to describe things you see around you. For example, if you are playing with a ball, you want a 평평한 (flat) place. You might say '바닥이 평평해요' (The floor is flat). Don't worry about complex grammar yet; just remember it's a '-hada' word. It is the opposite of 'bumpy' or 'mountainous'. If you draw a straight line on a paper, that line is like a flat surface. It's a useful word when you are talking about where to sit or where to put your things. Think of it as a basic physical property of objects, just like 'big' or 'small'.
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At the A2 level, you should be able to use 평평하다 to describe landscapes and simple directions. You can conjugate it into different forms like 평평해서 (because it is flat) or 평평한 (flat [noun]). For instance, '땅이 평평해서 걷기 편해요' (The ground is flat, so it's easy to walk). You should also start to distinguish it from other 'flat' words. Remember that 평평하다 is about the surface being level. You will hear this word often when people talk about hiking (finding a flat spot to rest) or building things. It's also the level where you learn the adverb 평평하게 to describe how to do something, like '평평하게 펴세요' (Spread it out flatly).
At the B1 level, you can use 평평하다 in more descriptive and slightly abstract contexts. You might use it to describe the topography of a country or the specific requirements for a construction project. You should be comfortable using it with various connectors like 평평하다면 (if it is flat) or 평평하긴 하지만 (it is flat, but...). You can also use it to compare different surfaces, using particles like 보다 (than). For example, '이곳은 저곳보다 훨씬 평평합니다' (This place is much flatter than that place). You'll also start to see it in more formal writing, such as instructions for assembling furniture where the surface must be level for the pieces to fit correctly.
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At the B2 level, you should understand the nuance between 평평하다 and its synonyms like 평탄하다 or 고르다. You can use it in professional contexts, such as explaining why a certain piece of land is suitable for development. You might also encounter it in literature to set a scene. At this level, you should be able to use the word in the passive or causative-adjacent structures, like '지면을 평평하게 고르는 작업' (the work of leveling the ground surface). You should also recognize when the word is used in a slightly more technical sense, such as in geometry or physics, to describe a plane or a surface without curvature. Your usage should be natural and grammatically precise in both spoken and written forms.
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At the C1 level, you have a deep understanding of the word's Hanja roots (平平) and how that affects its tone. You can use 평평하다 to discuss complex topics like urban planning, geological formations, or even the 'flatness' of a data curve in statistics. You understand the subtle emotional or atmospheric weight the word can carry in a poem or a novel—perhaps representing a sense of monotony or, conversely, a sense of peace and stability. You can effortlessly switch between 평평하다 and more academic terms like 수평의 (horizontal) or 평면의 (planar) depending on the audience. You are also aware of idiomatic or semi-idiomatic uses in specific industries like civil engineering or traditional crafts.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of 평평하다 is indistinguishable from a native speaker's. You can use it with perfect precision in high-level academic discourse, legal documents regarding land use, or sophisticated literary critiques. You understand the historical evolution of the word and its related terms. You can manipulate the word for rhetorical effect, perhaps using it metaphorically to describe a lack of hierarchy or a 'level playing field' in a social context, although you'd know that other terms might be more common for that specific metaphor. You can identify and correct even the most subtle misuses of the word in others' writing and can explain the minute differences in connotation between 평평하다, 반듯하다, and 매끄럽다 in any given context.
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  • 평평하다 means 'to be flat' or 'level'.
  • It describes surfaces like floors, land, or tables.
  • It is the opposite of 'bumpy' (울퉁불퉁하다).
  • Commonly used in camping, construction, and daily life.

The Korean adjective 평평하다 (pyeong-pyeong-hada) is a foundational descriptive word primarily used to describe surfaces that are level, even, and devoid of significant bumps, slopes, or irregularities. At its core, it conveys the physical state of being 'flat.' However, in the context of the Korean language, 'flatness' can be nuanced. While English uses 'flat' for a pancake (which is thin) and 'flat' for a road (which is level), Korean distinguishes these. 평평하다 specifically focuses on the evenness of a surface area, making it an essential word for describing geography, architecture, and everyday objects.

Etymological Root
Derived from the Hanja 平 (평 - level/peaceful), which is doubled to emphasize the absolute consistency of the surface. This doubling suggests a sense of stability and balance.
Physical Application
It is most commonly applied to land (대지), floors (바닥), or tabletops (책상 위). If you are looking for a place to pitch a tent, you look for 평평한 곳 (a flat place).
Visual Perception
When something is described as 평평하다, the visual implication is one of horizontal perfection. It lacks the 'jaggedness' (울퉁불퉁함) of a mountain path or the 'steepness' (가파름) of a hill.

"마당이 평평해서 아이들이 뛰어놀기 아주 좋아요." (The yard is flat, so it's great for kids to run around.)

— Example of spatial description

Beyond physical geography, the word can occasionally describe abstract concepts like data trends or distributions, though this is more advanced. In a basic sense, if you can roll a ball across it without it changing direction due to bumps, it is 평평하다. It provides a sense of safety and predictability in the physical environment.

"책상이 평평하지 않아서 글씨를 쓰기가 불편해요." (The desk isn't level, so it's uncomfortable to write.)

Comparison with '납작하다'
While 평평하다 means level, 납작하다 means 'squashed' or 'thin and flat' (like a coin). You wouldn't call a coin '평평하다' unless you were talking about its surface texture rather than its shape.

"이 길은 아주 평평하게 잘 닦여 있습니다." (This road is well-paved and very level.)

"산 정상에 올라가니 의외로 평평한 바위가 많았다." (When I reached the top of the mountain, there were surprisingly many flat rocks.)

Using 평평하다 correctly involves understanding its conjugation as a descriptive verb (adjective) and its common grammatical patterns. Since it ends in -하다, it follows the standard 'ha-da' conjugation rules which are relatively straightforward for A2 learners.

1. Basic Conjugations

  • Present Tense: 평평해요 (Polite), 평평하다 (Plain/Written), 평평합니다 (Formal).
  • Past Tense: 평평했어요 (Polite), 평평했다 (Plain).
  • Adnominal Form (Modifying a noun): 평평한 (e.g., 평평한 땅 - flat land).
  • Adverbial Form: 평평하게 (e.g., 평평하게 펴다 - to spread out flatly).

2. Common Sentence Patterns

The most frequent way you'll use this word is to describe a subject using the 이/가 particle:

[Subject]이/가 평평하다.

Example: 바닥이 평평해요. (The floor is flat.)

When you want to describe an action that results in something being flat, use the adverbial form 평평하게 with verbs like 만들다 (to make) or 다지다 (to flatten/tamp down):

[Object]을/를 평평하게 [Verb].

Example: 땅을 평평하게 골랐어요. (I leveled the ground.)

3. Nuanced Usage: Comparison

It is often used in contrast with 울퉁불퉁하다 (to be bumpy/uneven). In descriptive writing, pairing these two can create a vivid picture of a landscape. For example: "길의 시작은 평평했지만, 갈수록 울퉁불퉁해졌다" (The beginning of the road was flat, but it became bumpier as I went on).

4. Social Register

In formal settings, such as a construction briefing or a scientific report, 평평하다 is the standard term. In very casual speech, people might use simpler terms, but 평평하다 remains the most precise and commonly understood word for 'level' across all social levels.

You will encounter 평평하다 in various real-life scenarios in Korea. Understanding these contexts helps in recognizing the word naturally.

1. Outdoor Activities & Camping

Korea has a huge camping culture. When setting up a tent, the first thing people look for is a 평평한 곳. You'll hear this in vlogs, camping shows, or when hiking with friends. "여기 평평하니까 여기에 텐트 치자!" (It's flat here, so let's set up the tent here!)

2. Home Improvement & Interior Design

If you are buying furniture or renovating a house, the evenness of the floor is crucial. Delivery workers or contractors might say, "바닥이 평평하지 않아서 수평을 맞춰야 해요" (The floor isn't level, so we need to adjust the balance).

3. Geography & Weather Reports

News reports describing regions or disaster areas (like a landslide area that has been cleared) will use this word. It's also used in school textbooks to describe plains (평야) or plateaus (고원).

4. Daily Kitchen Conversations

When cooking, you might need a flat surface to roll out dough or chop vegetables. "평평한 도마 위에서 썰어라" (Chop it on a flat cutting board). This is a very common everyday instruction.

5. Sports & Exercise

In sports like golf, soccer, or even yoga, the quality of the ground matters. A coach might say, "평평한 곳에서 연습해야 자세가 안 망가져요" (You need to practice on a flat surface so your posture doesn't get ruined).

Learners often struggle with 평평하다 because English uses the word 'flat' for many different concepts that Korean separates into distinct words.

1. Confusing 'Level' with 'Thin'

In English, a pancake is 'flat'. In Korean, if you call a pancake 평평하다, it sounds like you are commenting on the smoothness of its surface texture, not its thin shape. For thin/flat objects like pancakes, paper, or a squashed box, use 납작하다.

2. Misusing with 'Smooth' (Texture)

While a flat surface is often smooth, 평평하다 refers to the macro level (no hills/bumps), while 매끄럽다 refers to the micro level (no roughness/friction). A piece of sandpaper can be 평평하다 (it's a flat sheet) but it is definitely not 매끄럽다 (it's rough).

3. Overusing it for 'Boring'

In English, a 'flat' performance means boring. In Korean, you cannot use 평평하다 for this. Instead, use 단조롭다 (monotonous) or 지루하다 (boring).

4. Confusion with '고르다'

고르다 also means 'even' or 'uniform'. However, 고르다 is often used for distribution (e.g., even breathing, even teeth). While they can overlap when describing land, 평평하다 is the more common physical descriptor for the shape of the ground itself.

To truly master 평평하다, you should know its neighbors in the semantic field of 'flatness' and 'evenness'.

  • 1. 고르다 (Goreuda):
    Focuses on 'uniformity'. Used for surfaces, but also for things like 'even breathing' (숨이 고르다) or 'even distribution' (분포가 고르다). If a field is 고르다, it means the soil is spread out evenly.
  • 2. 반듯하다 (Bandeuthada):
    Means 'straight' or 'upright'. While 평평하다 is about the surface, 반듯하다 is about the alignment. A flat board that is tilted is 평평하다 but not 반듯하다 in its placement.
  • 3. 매끄럽다 (Maekkeureopda):
    Means 'smooth' or 'slick'. This describes the tactile sensation. A flat road (평평한 길) might be made of rough gravel, but a smooth road (매끄러운 길) is likely paved with fine asphalt.
  • 4. 평탄하다 (Pyeongtanhada):
    A more formal/literary version of 평평하다. It is often used metaphorically to describe a 'smooth life' or 'peaceful times' (평탄한 삶).
  • 5. 납작하다 (Napjakhada):
    Means 'flat' in the sense of being pressed down or thin. Think of a 'flat nose' or a 'flat tire'.

How Formal Is It?

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

-게 만들다 (To make something [adjective])

-아/어 보이다 (To look [adjective])

-ㄴ/은 곳 (A [adjective] place)

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

책상이 평평해요.

The desk is flat.

Present tense polite form.

2

바닥이 평평합니다.

The floor is flat.

Formal polite form.

3

평평한 곳에 앉으세요.

Please sit in a flat place.

Adnominal form modifying '곳'.

4

이 길은 평평해요.

This road is flat.

Topic marker '은' used for description.

5

종이가 평평해요.

The paper is flat.

Basic adjective usage.

6

평평한 땅이 좋아요.

Flat land is good.

Adnominal form + '좋아요'.

7

여기는 평평하지 않아요.

This place is not flat.

Negative form '-지 않다'.

8

운동장이 아주 평평해요.

The school playground is very flat.

Adverb '아주' (very) modifying the adjective.

1

땅을 평평하게 만들었어요.

I made the ground flat.

Adverbial form '평평하게' with '만들다'.

2

평평한 길을 따라서 걸어요.

Walk along the flat path.

Adnominal form modifying '길'.

3

침대가 평평해서 편해요.

The bed is flat, so it's comfortable.

Reason connector '-어서'.

4

마당이 평평하면 좋겠어요.

It would be nice if the yard were flat.

Conditional '-으면 좋겠다'.

5

이 돌은 아주 평평하네요!

This stone is very flat!

Exclamatory ending '-네요'.

6

평평한 곳을 찾아보세요.

Try to find a flat spot.

Imperative '-어 보세요'.

7

바닥을 평평하게 닦으세요.

Wipe the floor flatly (evenly).

Adverbial usage in instructions.

8

어제는 평평한 곳에서 잤어요.

Yesterday, I slept in a flat place.

Past tense adnominal form.

1

지도가 평평하게 펼쳐져 있습니다.

The map is spread out flat.

State of being '-어 있다'.

2

이 지역은 지형이 매우 평평합니다.

The terrain in this area is very flat.

Formal description of geography.

3

평평한 바닥에 물건을 놓아야 안전해요.

You must put items on a flat floor for safety.

Necessity '-어야'.

4

길이 평평하지 않아서 운전하기 힘들어요.

The road isn't flat, so it's hard to drive.

Reason connector '-어서' with negative.

5

반죽을 평평하게 밀어 주세요.

Please roll the dough out flat.

Adverbial form with request.

6

평평한 면이 위로 오게 하세요.

Make sure the flat side is facing up.

Causative structure '-게 하다'.

7

산꼭대기가 의외로 평평하더라고요.

The mountain top was surprisingly flat (I found).

Retrospective ending '-더라고요'.

8

평평한 곳을 골라서 텐트를 칩시다.

Let's choose a flat spot and pitch the tent.

Suggestive ending '-읍시다'.

1

공사를 시작하기 전에 땅을 평평하게 골라야 합니다.

Before starting construction, the ground must be leveled.

Formal requirement structure.

2

이 테이블은 상판이 평평하지 않아서 수평이 안 맞아요.

The top of this table isn't flat, so it's not level.

Describing technical flaws.

3

평평한 대지 위에 세워진 현대적인 건물입니다.

It is a modern building built on flat land.

Passive participle '세워진'.

4

화면이 평평한 모니터를 선호하는 사람들이 많습니다.

There are many people who prefer monitors with flat screens.

Relative clause with '선호하는'.

5

평평하게 다져진 흙길을 따라 자전거를 탔어요.

I rode my bike along a well-flattened dirt path.

Compound adjective '다져진'.

6

운동장 전체를 평평하게 만드는 작업이 진행 중입니다.

Work to make the entire playground flat is in progress.

Noun phrase '진행 중'.

7

그의 목소리는 평평하고 감정이 없었다.

His voice was flat and emotionless.

Metaphorical usage (advanced).

8

평평한 수평선을 바라보며 마음을 정리했다.

I cleared my mind while looking at the flat horizon.

Literary description.

1

지표면이 평평하다고 해서 지구가 평평한 것은 아니다.

Just because the surface of the earth looks flat doesn't mean the earth is flat.

Concessive structure '-다고 해서 ... 것은 아니다'.

2

이 논문은 평평한 우주 모델에 대해 다루고 있습니다.

This paper deals with the flat universe model.

Academic context.

3

콘크리트를 타설한 후 표면을 평평하게 마무리하는 것이 중요합니다.

After pouring concrete, it is important to finish the surface flatly.

Technical instruction.

4

평평한 지형 덕분에 이 도시는 자전거 이용률이 높습니다.

Thanks to the flat terrain, this city has a high rate of bicycle use.

Causal '덕분에'.

5

작가는 평평한 인물보다는 입체적인 인물을 창조하려고 노력했다.

The author tried to create three-dimensional characters rather than flat ones.

Literary criticism term 'flat character'.

6

평평하게 깎인 나무판자가 공방 구석에 쌓여 있었다.

Flatly shaved wooden planks were stacked in the corner of the workshop.

Passive description.

7

경제 지표가 평평한 곡선을 그리며 정체기에 접어들었다.

Economic indicators drew a flat curve and entered a period of stagnation.

Metaphorical economic usage.

8

평평한 대지 위에 펼쳐진 지평선이 끝없이 이어졌다.

The horizon spread out over the flat land continued endlessly.

Descriptive literary style.

1

지질학적으로 이 지역은 오랜 침식 작용으로 인해 매우 평평해졌다.

Geologically, this area has become very flat due to long-term erosion.

Advanced causal '인해'.

2

평평한 면을 얻기 위해 정밀한 연마 과정이 필수적이다.

A precise grinding process is essential to obtain a flat surface.

Technical/Industrial context.

3

그의 문체는 평평하다 못해 건조하게 느껴질 정도였다.

His writing style felt so flat it was almost dry.

Exaggerative structure '-다 못해'.

4

도시의 평평한 스카이라인은 이 지역의 건축 규제를 반영한다.

The city's flat skyline reflects the architectural regulations of the area.

Analytical observation.

5

평평한 바닥면과의 마찰력을 최소화하기 위한 설계입니다.

This is a design intended to minimize friction with the flat floor surface.

Engineering terminology.

6

사건의 전개가 너무 평평하여 독자들의 흥미를 끌지 못했다.

The development of the story was too flat to attract the readers' interest.

Abstract usage in narrative theory.

7

평평하게 펼쳐진 소금 사막은 마치 거울처럼 하늘을 비추었다.

The flatly spread salt desert reflected the sky like a mirror.

Highly descriptive/Poetic.

8

수학적으로 평평한 공간은 곡률이 0인 다양체를 의미한다.

Mathematically, a flat space refers to a manifold with zero curvature.

Purely academic/Scientific definition.

Häufige Kollokationen

평평한 바닥 (Flat floor)
평평한 땅 (Flat land)
평평한 곳 (Flat place)
평평하게 펴다 (To spread out flat)
평평하게 고르다 (To level out)
지형이 평평하다 (Terrain is flat)
표면이 평평하다 (Surface is flat)
평평한 돌 (Flat stone)
평평한 옥상 (Flat rooftop)
평평한 길 (Flat road)

Häufige Phrasen

평평한 곳을 찾다 (To look for a flat spot)
바닥을 평평하게 만들다 (To make the floor level)
평평한 면 (Flat side/surface)
평평한 세상 (A flat world - metaphorical)
평평한 신발 (Flat shoes - though '굽 없는 신발' is more common)
평평한 배 (Flat stomach - though '날씬한 배' is more common)
평평한 가슴 (Flat chest)
평평한 모니터 (Flat monitor)
평평한 들판 (Flat field)
평평한 바위 (Flat rock)

Wird oft verwechselt mit

평평하다 vs 납작하다 (Thin-flat)

평평하다 vs 매끄럽다 (Smooth-texture)

평평하다 vs 고르다 (Evenly distributed)

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"평평한 길만 걷다 (To walk only on flat paths - meaning to have an easy life)"
"땅이 평평해야 집을 짓는다 (The ground must be flat to build a house - meaning preparation is key)"
"평평한 물에 돌 던지기 (Throwing a stone into flat water - causing a stir in a peaceful situation)"
"평평한 곳에서 넘어지다 (To trip on a flat surface - to make a silly mistake)"
"마음이 평평하다 (To have a flat/calm mind - less common, but used in poetry)"
"평평한 잣대 (A flat yardstick - an even/fair standard)"
"평평한 바닥에서 시작하다 (To start from a flat floor - to start from scratch/level ground)"
"평평한 하늘 (Flat sky - describing a cloudless, uniform sky)"
"평평한 소리 (Flat sound - monotone voice)"
"평평한 관계 (A flat relationship - one without ups and downs)"

Leicht verwechselbar

평평하다 vs 납작하다

Refers to being thin or squashed, like a pancake.

평평하다 vs 매끄럽다

Refers to surface texture (lack of friction).

평평하다 vs 반듯하다

Refers to being straight or neatly aligned.

Satzmuster

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physical vs abstract

Mostly physical. Abstract use is rare and usually refers to data or voice.

positive connotation

Usually positive or neutral, implying stability.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using 평평하다 for a thin book (Use 얇다).
  • Using 평평하다 for a squashed object (Use 납작하다).
  • Using 평평하다 for a boring movie (Use 지루하다).
  • Using 평평하다 for a smooth skin (Use 매끄럽다).
  • Forgetting the '하다' when using it as a predicate.

Tipps

Root Learning

Remembering 'Pyeong' (平) helps you learn other words like 'Pyeong-hwa' (peace).

Adverbial Use

Don't forget to use '평평하게' when describing actions like smoothing or leveling.

Pronunciation

The double 'p' sounds should be crisp and aspirated.

Camping

This is a must-know word if you plan to go camping in Korea.

Flat vs. Thin

Always check if you mean 'level' (평평하다) or 'thin' (납작하다).

Descriptive Writing

Use it to describe the setting in your Korean journals.

TV Shows

Watch Korean home makeover shows to hear this word used for floors.

Geography

Understand that 'Pyeong' in city names often means the area is flat.

Visualizing

Visualize a spirit level (수평계) showing a perfectly centered bubble.

Formal vs Informal

It's safe to use in almost any situation, from casual to very formal.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Sino-Korean (Hanja)

Kultureller Kontext

Traditional Hanok houses require a perfectly leveled stone foundation (기단) which must be 평평하다.

While 'flat' in English can mean 'boring', in Korean, the root 'Pyeong' is more often associated with 'peace' and 'fairness'.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"이 근처에 텐트 칠 만한 평평한 곳이 있을까요? (Is there a flat place to pitch a tent nearby?)"

"새로 산 책상이 평평하지 않은 것 같아요. (I think the new desk I bought isn't level.)"

"한국에는 평평한 땅보다 산이 더 많죠? (There are more mountains than flat land in Korea, right?)"

"도마가 평평해야 요리하기 편해요. (The cutting board needs to be flat for easy cooking.)"

"운동장이 평평해서 축구하기 좋네요. (The playground is flat, so it's good for soccer.)"

Tagebuch-Impulse

Describe the flattest place you have ever visited.

Why is it important for a floor to be 평평하다 in a house?

Write about a time you tried to set up something on a surface that wasn't 평평하다.

Compare a 평평한 길 (flat road) with a 산길 (mountain path).

Imagine a world where nothing is 평평하다. How would life be different?

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Yes, '평평한 화면' is correct, though '평면' (flat surface) is often used as a noun.

Yes, for musical notes, Koreans use '플랫' or '반음 낮다'. 평평하다 is not used for pitch.

Only physically (e.g., flat chest), but it's not a common way to describe a person's character.

The most common opposite is '울퉁불퉁하다' (bumpy/uneven).

No, for a flat tire, use '펑크 나다' or '바람이 빠지다'.

Yes, it comes from 平 (level) + 平 (level).

No, for soda that lost its carbonation, use '김이 빠지다'.

You say '땅을 평평하게 고르다'.

Yes, it is a standard term in geography and engineering.

In literary contexts, it can describe a 'flat' character or plot, but '지루하다' is better for 'boring'.

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