A1 · مبتدی فصل 3

Naming Things and People

6 مجموع قواعد
69 مثال‌ها
5 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of naming everything you see and expressing who owns what with confidence.

  • Distinguish between specific and general objects.
  • Transform singular nouns into plurals effortlessly.
  • Identify ownership using possessive adjectives.
Name your world and claim your things!

چی یاد می‌گیری

Ready to talk about everything around you? In this chapter, we'll discover how to make words go from one to many – like a cat to many cats! You'll also learn to say who owns what, so you can easily talk about 'my book' or 'your friend.' Let's start naming things together!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: correctly use articles and plurals to describe items in your room.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Imagine you're in a new place and want to point to things, talk about what you see, or introduce your friends. How do you do it? This chapter is your first big step!
We're diving into the exciting world of English naming things and people for beginners. You'll learn the fundamental rules that help you talk about everything around you, from one small object to many big ideas. This is incredibly important for anyone who wants to learn English A1 grammar because it unlocks so much of daily communication.
We'll start by understanding how to use little words like 'a', 'an', and 'the' to talk about things – whether it's any item or a very specific one you both know. Then, we'll explore how to go from talking about just one book to many books by learning how to make words plural. Finally, you'll discover how to show who owns what, so you can easily say
my cat
or
your friend.
These grammar points work together to give you the power to describe your world clearly and confidently.
Get ready to name things like a pro!

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At its heart, this chapter is about making your words clear. When you talk about a single item, you often need articles: 'a' or 'an'. Use 'a' before words that start with a consonant sound, like
a book
or
a table
.
Use 'an' before words that start with a vowel sound, like
an apple
or
an orange
. Remember, it's about the sound you hear, not always the letter you see! For example, it's
an hour
because 'h' is silent.
When you want to be very specific about a thing – something you and your listener both know – you use the article 'the'. For instance, if you say
I want a coffee,
it means any coffee. But if you say
Can you pass me the coffee?
, it means a specific coffee that you both see.
Moving on to quantity, when you have more than one of something, you make the noun plural. Most nouns just add -s (e.g., cat becomes
cats
). Some add -es (e.g., box becomes
boxes
) or change -y to -ies (e.g., baby becomes
babies
).
However, watch out for irregular plural nouns like man changing to
men
– they don't follow the regular rules! Finally, to show ownership, we use possessive adjectives like 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her', 'its', 'our', and 'their'. These words always come *before* the noun, telling us whose it is:
my phone
or
their house
.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1Confusing 'a' and 'an' based on spelling, not sound
✗ I have a orange.
✓ I have an orange.
Explanation: The word 'orange' starts with a vowel *sound*, so we use 'an'. It's always about the sound!
  1. 1Using 'the' incorrectly (either too much or not enough)
✗ I like the cats. (when talking about cats in general)
✓ I like cats.
✗ Give me book. (when talking about a specific book you both know)
✓ Give me the book.
Explanation: Use 'the' only when you're talking about a specific item. If it's general or new information, use 'a/an' or no article for plurals.
  1. 1Trying to make irregular plural nouns follow regular rules
✗ I see two childs.
✓ I see two children.
Explanation: Some words, like 'child', have special irregular plural forms that you need to learn – they don't just add -s.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Can I have a sandwich, please?
B

B

Of course. Is this your sandwich?
A

A

Yes, it is! Thank you.
A

A

Look! My friend has a new car.
B

B

Wow! It’s a nice car. Are those his keys?
A

A

Yes, they are.
A

A

Do you like dogs?
B

B

Yes, I love dogs! I have two dogs at home.
A

A

Oh, really? Are they big dogs?

سؤالات رایج

Q

How do I know when to use 'a' or 'an'?

Listen to the *sound* of the first letter of the word. If it's a consonant sound (like in cat or house), use 'a'. If it's a vowel sound (like in apple or elephant), use 'an'. Remember

an hour
because the 'h' is silent!

Q

What is the main difference between 'a/an' and 'the'?

Use 'a' or 'an' when you talk about *one* thing that is *not specific*, or when you mention something for the first time. For example,

I see a bird.
Use 'the' when you talk about a specific thing that *both you and the listener know* about. For example,
Look at the bird on that tree!
(We both know which bird.)

Q

Can you give me more examples of irregular plural nouns?

Sure! Besides man (men) and child (children), some other common ones are foot (feet), tooth (teeth), mouse (mice), and person (people). Some words like fish stay the same for both singular and plural!

Q

Why do we use words like 'my', 'your', and 'his'?

These are possessive adjectives. We use them *before a noun* to show who something belongs to.

My book
means the book belongs to *me*.
Her phone
means the phone belongs to *her*. They make it clear whose item you are talking about.

بافت فرهنگی

Native English speakers use these patterns all the time, often without thinking. While you're learning, it's good to be precise with your articles and plurals. In very informal speech, you might hear some articles dropped (Going to store, instead of
Going to the store
), but for A1, sticking to the rules will make you sound much clearer.
For irregular plurals, there aren't many regional differences; men is men everywhere.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

I saw `a` cool video on TikTok.

یه ویدیوی باحال تو تیک‌تاک دیدم.

حرف‌های تعریف انگلیسی: A, An و The
2

Did you see `the` video I sent you?

ویدیویی که برات فرستادم رو دیدی؟

حرف‌های تعریف انگلیسی: A, An و The
3

I need a coffee before the meeting.

من قبل از جلسه یه قهوه می‌خوام.

حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN
4

She wants to be an influencer.

اون می‌خواد یه اینفلوئنسر بشه.

حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN
5

I need to find `the` charger for my laptop.

باید شارژر لپ‌تاپم رو پیدا کنم.

کلمه "The" (حرف تعریف معین)
6

Did you see `the` post I tagged you in?

پستی که تگت کردم رو دیدی؟

کلمه "The" (حرف تعریف معین)
7

I have two `cats` and they love to sleep on my bed.

من دو تا گربه دارم و اونا عاشق خوابیدن روی تخت منن.

اسم‌های جمع انگلیسی: از یک به تعداد زیاد (-s, -es, -ies)
8

The `buses` in this city are always late.

اتوبوس‌های این شهر همیشه دیر میان.

اسم‌های جمع انگلیسی: از یک به تعداد زیاد (-s, -es, -ies)

نکات و ترفندها (4)

🎯

راز «بار دوم گفتن»

اولین باری که اسم یه چیز رو میاری، 'a' یا 'an' بذار. بعد از اون هر بار که دوباره بهش اشاره می‌کنی، از 'the' استفاده کن. انگار اون چیز غریبه بوده و حالا دوست شده!
I saw a cat. The cat was black.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حرف‌های تعریف انگلیسی: A, An و The
🎯

به گوشات اعتماد کن

همیشه کلمه رو با صدای بلند بگو. اگه حس کردی یه 'گیر' توی صدات هست، احتمالاً به 'n' توی 'an' نیاز داری تا روون بشه. مثلاً برای 'an apple' صدای 'ن' کمک می‌کنه. "Say 'an apple'."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN
🎯

قانون اولین بار گفتن

وقتی برای اولین بار درباره یه چیزی حرف می‌زنی، از a یا an استفاده کن. وقتی طرفت فهمید چی میگی، بعدش the میاد. انگار دوستتو معرفی می‌کنی:
I saw a cat. The cat was black.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کلمه "The" (حرف تعریف معین)
⚠️

آپوستروف نه!

هیچ وقت از آپوستروف (مثل apple's) برای جمع کردن یه اسم استفاده نکن. این اشتباه رو حتی انگلیسی‌زبان‌ها هم زیاد می‌کنن! "Don't use apple's to mean many apples."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اسم‌های جمع انگلیسی: از یک به تعداد زیاد (-s, -es, -ies)

واژگان کلیدی (5)

cat small feline apple red fruit child young person book reading material friend companion

Real-World Preview

library

At the Library

Review Summary

  • A/An/The + Noun
  • My/Your/His/Her... + Noun

اشتباهات رایج

Use 'an' before words starting with a vowel sound, not just a letter. This helps with flow.

Wrong: I have a apple.
صحیح: I have an apple.

Some nouns are irregular and don't take an -s. Remember the unique plural forms.

Wrong: I have two childs.
صحیح: I have two children.

You don't need 'the' when using possessive adjectives like 'my'.

Wrong: It is my the book.
صحیح: It is my book.

قواعد این فصل (6)

Next Steps

You have done a fantastic job! Keep practicing these nouns and you will be speaking fluently in no time.

Label items in your house with sticky notes

تمرین سریع (10)

کدوم جمله درسته؟

Select the right way to talk about general likes:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I love music.
وقتی در مورد یه چیز کلی حرف می‌زنیم، از 'the' استفاده نمی‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کلمه "The" (حرف تعریف معین)

اشتباه رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

The sheeps are in the field.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The sheep are in the field.
کلمه 'sheep' توی مفرد و جمع یکیه. هیچ‌وقت بهش 's' اضافه نکن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اسم‌های جمع بی‌قاعده: قانون‌شکنان (مردان، پاها، کودکان)

کدوم جمله درسته؟

Select the right one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He is an honest man.
'Honest' حرف 'h' ساکت داره، پس با صدای صدادار شروع میشه. همچنین، شغل‌ها یا توصیف‌های مفرد نیاز به حرف تعریف دارن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN

جای خالی رو با a، an یا the پر کن.

I want to buy ___ new iPhone next month.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
داری درباره یه آیفون جدید به طور کلی صحبت می‌کنی و 'new' با صدای صامت شروع میشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حرف‌های تعریف انگلیسی: A, An و The

جای خالی رو با 'the' پر کن یا اگه نیاز نیست، خالی بذار.

I am going to ___ United Kingdom for my vacation.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: the
کشورهایی که تو اسمشون کلماتی مثل 'Kingdom', 'Republic' یا 'States' دارن، همیشه از 'the' استفاده می‌کنن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کلمه "The" (حرف تعریف معین)

کدوم جمله از صفت ملکی درست استفاده کرده؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She loves her cat.
'Her' صفت ملکیه که قبل از اسم 'cat' میاد تا نشون بده مال 'she' هست. 'She' فاعله و 'hers' ضمیر ملکیه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صفت‌های ملکی: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

جای خالی رو با فرم جمع درست پر کن.

How many ______ (child) do you have?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: children
جمع 'child' میشه 'children'. 'Childs' غلطه و 'childrens' جمع دوبله.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اسم‌های جمع بی‌قاعده: قانون‌شکنان (مردان، پاها، کودکان)

کدوم جمله درسته؟

جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I saw an elephant at the zoo.
'Elephant' با صدای صدادار شروع میشه، پس باید از 'an' استفاده کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حرف‌های تعریف انگلیسی: A, An و The

جای خالی رو با 'a' یا 'an' پر کن

I have ___ interview on Zoom today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: an
'interview' با صدای صدادار /i/ شروع میشه، پس 'an' استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN

اشتباه رو پیدا کن

Find and fix the mistake:

I want to study at an university in London.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I want to study at a university in London.
'University' با صدای 'ی' (صامت) شروع میشه، پس 'a' نیاز داره، نه 'an'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف تعریف نامعین: تفاوت A و AN

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

زبان انگلیسی قوانین عجیب خودش رو داره! ما به 'the internet' به عنوان یه سیستم جهانی و منحصر به فرد نگاه می‌کنیم. اما 'television' رو بیشتر یه رسانه یا مفهوم انتزاعی می‌دونیم، مثل 'radio'.
بله، اگه منظور جمع‌های خاصی باشه. مثلاً 'I like dogs' (همه سگ‌ها) فرق داره با 'I like the dogs in that park' (سگ‌های خاص تو اون پارک).
چون 'university' با صدای 'ی' شروع میشه (یونیورسیتی). توی گرامر انگلیسی، 'y' اول کلمه مثل یه صدای صامت عمل می‌کنه.
I go to a university.
'an hour' درسته، چون 'h' تلفظ نمیشه. فقط صدای 'o' اول کلمه رو می‌شنوی.
I will be back in an hour.
معمولا نه. میگیم 'I'm having dinner.' اما اگه منظورت یه شام خاصه، مثلاً 'The dinner at the wedding was great,' اون وقت استفاده می‌کنی.
کشورهایی که تو اسمشون کلماتی مثل 'Kingdom', 'States' یا 'Republic' دارن، به 'the' نیاز دارن. 'France' یه اسم تنهاست، پس 'the' نمی‌خواد.