اسمهای جمع بیقاعده: قانونشکنان (مردان، پاها، کودکان)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Most English nouns add '-s' to become plural, but 'Rule Breakers' change their spelling entirely without adding an 's'.
- Vowel changes: 'man' becomes 'men' and 'foot' becomes 'feet'.
- Special endings: 'child' becomes 'children' and 'ox' becomes 'oxen'.
- No change: some words like 'sheep' and 'fish' stay exactly the same.
مرور کلی
sheeps یا childs و حس کنی یه جای کار... میلنگه؟ تنها نیستی!s میگیرن و جمع بسته میشن. یه cat (گربه)، دوتا cats (گربهها).moose در مقابل mice دیدی، این قانون رو در عمل دیدی.family (خانواده)، friends (دوستان)، یا pets (حیوانات خونگی) حرف بزنی. ولی نگران نباش. میلیونها تا ازشون وجود نداره.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
-s یا -es هست. احتمالاً dogs، boxes و cities رو از قبل بلدی.-s بچسبونن ته کلمه، خودِ کلمه تغییر شکل میده. بعضی وقتا یه تغییر کوچیک توی وسط کلمهست.fish داری.fish هستن. انگار یه شنل نامرئی برای حالت جمعشون دارن. چرا این مهمه؟mans، مردم میفهمن چی میگی، اما یکم شبیه حرف زدنِ یه بچه کوچولو به نظر میاد. برای اینکه توی یه تماس زوم (Zoom) یا گروه واتساپ طبیعی به نظر برسی، باید فرم درستش رو بلد باشی. مثل لباس پوشیدن برای یه موقعیت خاص بهش فکر کن.people بهجای persons، همون تیپ «رسمی-اسپرت» (business casual) توی گرامره. خیلی شیک و مناسبه.-s جور در بیان.-s دار به نظرت «غلط» میان.
الگوی ساخت
man ← men (a تبدیل میشه به e)
woman ← women (o میمونه، اما a تبدیل میشه به e — تلفظش هم تغییر میکنه!)
foot ← feet (oo تبدیل میشه به ee)
tooth ← teeth (یه پرش دیگه از oo به ee)
goose ← geese (دیگه الگو رو گرفتی، نه؟)
mouse ← mice (کلاً وسطش عوض میشه!)
-en: این یه روش خیلی قدیمی برای جمع بستنه. فقط چندتا کلمه هنوز این مدلیان.
child ← children (دقت کن که صدای child چطور عوض میشه!)
ox ← oxen (خیلی رایج نیست مگر اینکه داری بازی شبیهساز مزرعه بازی میکنی!)
sheep ← sheep (هیچوقت نگو sheeps!)
fish ← fish (معمولاً. ممکنه fishes رو برای گونههای مختلف بشنوی، ولی فعلاً به همون fish بچسب!)
deer ← deer (سریع و سخت برای گرفتن، درست مثل همین قانون!)
-ves: اگه کلمهای با f یا fe تموم بشه، اغلب به ves تغییر میکنه.
leaf ← leaves (یاد درختای پاییزی بیفت!)
knife ← knives (توی آشپزخونه مراقب باش!)
life ← lives (مثل جون توی بازیهای ویدیویی!)
person ← people. این همونیه که هر روزِ خدا ازش استفاده میکنی. با اینکه persons عملاً توی متون حقوقی وجود داره، people چیزیه که آدمای واقعی میگن.
Feet, Teeth, and Geeseفکر کن. همشون توی حالت جمع دوتا
e دارن! اینا «تیمِ ایای» (EE-Team) بیقاعدهها هستن.
کی استفاده کنیم
- شبکههای اجتماعی: وقتی یه عکس از اکیپتون میذاری، میگی
The
(آدمای توی این عکس فوقالعادهن). هرگز نگوpeoplein this photo are amazingThe
.persons - خرید آنلاین: اگه داری جوراب نو میخری، سایت ممکنه درباره سایز پات (
feet) بپرسه. - گیمینگ: اگه داری یه بازی نقشآفرینی (RPG) میکنی، ممکنه با یه گروه
miceبجنگی یا یه گلهsheepتوی دشت ببینی. - پیام دادن: "I'm taking the
childrento the park« (دارم بچهها رو میبرم پارک). این خیلی طبیعیتر از »the kids" توی بعضی گروههای رسمیترِ خانوادگیه، اما خیلی بهتر ازchildsهست. - سفر: اگه داری از سفرت به یه مزرعه ولاگ (vlog) میگیری، کلی
sheepوdeerمیبینی. - سلامتی: اگه بری دندونپزشکی، اونا دندونهات (
teeth) رو چک میکنن، نهtoothsرو.
اشتباهات رایج
- اشتباه 1: اضافه کردن
-sبه همه چی.Childs،mans،foots. این رایجترین اشتباهه. یادت باشه، این کلمهها کولتر (cool) از اونن که تابع قانون-sباشن. - اشتباه 2: جمعهای دوبله.
Peoplesیاchildrens. چون کلمه خودش جمعه، اضافه کردن یهsمثل اینه که روی کلاهت یه کلاه دیگه بذاری. لازمش نداری! (استثنا:peoplesمیتونه به معنی اقوام و ملل مختلف باشه، ولی توی سطح A1 به کارت نمیاد). - اشتباه 3: تلفظ
women. ما اونو مثلwomanبا یهeمینویسیم، اما «ویم-ین» (WIM-min) تلفظش میکنیم. این یه دام کلاسیک انگلیسیه! - اشتباه 4: استفاده از
fishs. فقط بگوfish. مگر اینکه زیستشناس دریایی باشی و داری درباره ده نوع مختلف ماهی استوایی حرف میزنی، وگرنه سختش نکن. - اشتباه 5:
Mouses. اگه منظور حیوونه، میشهmice. اگه منظور اون وسیله کامپیوتره، بعضیا واقعاً میگنmouses، ولیmiceهنوزم امنتره!
sheep) هیچوقت گم نمیشن؟ چون وقتی سعی میکنن برن، همه sheep-ish (خجالتی/شرمنده) به نظر میان! (باشه، این یکی بد بود، دیگه ادامه نمیدم).مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- باقاعده:
cat←cats. بیقاعده:mouse←mice. - باقاعده:
phone←phones. بیقاعده:man←men. - باقاعده:
book←books. بیقاعده:child←children.
s تهشون سبز میشه؟ اونا همون شکلیان، فقط یکم طولانیتر. بیقاعدهها واقعاً شکلشون رو عوض میکنن. مثل تکامل پیدا کردن پوکمونه، نه فقط اضافه کردن یه اکسسوری جدید.s ختم میشن اشتباه نگیر. کلماتی مثل news (اخبار) یا physics (فیزیک) جمع به نظر میان اما در واقع مفردن. The news is good (خبر خوبیه) (نه are good).s)، اما جمع *هستن*. The people are happy (مردم خوشحالن) (نه is happy).Person در مقابل People.Person= 1 نفر.People= 2 نفر یا بیشتر.
person استفاده کنن. There are five person. نه! از people استفاده کن. این کلمه برای گروهه.سؤالات رایج
fishes درسته یا fish؟
از fish استفاده کن. Fishes خیلی نادره و معمولاً توی علم استفاده میشه. برای شامت یا آکواریوم خونگی، fish عالیه.
چرا children هست و childs نیست؟
این یه فرم جمع قدیمی ژرمنیه. انگلیسی قبلاً کلمات خیلی بیشتری مثل این داشت، اما بیشترشون به -s تغییر کردن. Children یه بازماندهی کلهشقه!
میتونم بگو persons؟
فقط اگه وکیلی هستی که داره قرارداد مینویسه. توی زندگی واقعی، از people استفاده کن.
در مورد mouses کامپیوتر چی؟
هم mice و هم mouses برای تکنولوژی پذیرفتهست، اما mice توی کتابهای درسی رایجتره.
این کلمات از is استفاده میکنن یا are؟
اونا جمع هستن، پس از are استفاده میکنن. The men are here (مردها اینجان). The children are playing (بچهها دارن بازی میکنن).
چطوری همهشون رو حفظ کنم؟
روی اونایی تمرکز کن که استفاده میکنی! تو خیلی بیشتر درباره people، children و feet حرف میزنی تا oxen یا geese. از همینا شروع کن!
Common Irregular Plural Patterns
| Singular | Plural | Pattern Type | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Man
|
Men
|
Vowel Change (a -> e)
|
The men are working.
|
|
Woman
|
Women
|
Vowel Change (o -> e sound)
|
Three women entered.
|
|
Child
|
Children
|
Suffix (-ren)
|
The children play.
|
|
Foot
|
Feet
|
Vowel Change (oo -> ee)
|
My feet are cold.
|
|
Tooth
|
Teeth
|
Vowel Change (oo -> ee)
|
White teeth are nice.
|
|
Mouse
|
Mice
|
Vowel Change (ou -> i)
|
The mice like cheese.
|
|
Sheep
|
Sheep
|
No Change
|
Ten sheep are eating.
|
|
Fish
|
Fish
|
No Change
|
I see many fish.
|
|
Person
|
People
|
Suppletion (New Word)
|
People are kind.
|
|
Goose
|
Geese
|
Vowel Change (oo -> ee)
|
The geese fly away.
|
Meanings
Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not follow the standard rule of adding '-s' or '-es' to the end of the word to indicate more than one.
Vowel Mutation
Changing the internal vowel sound of the word to indicate plurality.
“My left foot hurts, but my feet are usually fine.”
“That man is tall, but those men are even taller.”
The '-en' Ending
Adding a suffix other than 's', specifically '-en' or '-ren'.
“I have one child and she has three children.”
“The farmer uses an ox to plow, but he has four oxen in total.”
Zero Plural
Nouns that have the exact same form for both singular and plural.
“I saw one sheep on the hill.”
“There are fifty sheep in the field.”
Reference Table
| مفرد | جمع | نوع تغییر | مثال رایج |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Man
|
Men
|
Vowel Change
|
The men are working.
|
|
Woman
|
Women
|
Vowel Change
|
The women are singing.
|
|
Child
|
Children
|
Special Ending
|
The children love toys.
|
|
Person
|
People
|
New Word
|
Many people live here.
|
|
Foot
|
Feet
|
Vowel Change
|
My feet are tired.
|
|
Tooth
|
Teeth
|
Vowel Change
|
Brush your teeth!
|
|
Sheep
|
Sheep
|
No Change
|
Ten sheep are in the field.
|
|
Mouse
|
Mice
|
Vowel Change
|
The mice are in the house.
|
طیف رسمیت
The children are currently attending their lessons. (Education / Family)
The children are playing outside. (Education / Family)
The kids are having fun. (Education / Family)
The rugrats are wilding. (Education / Family)
The Three Paths of Irregulars
Vowel Changers
- Foot -> Feet Vowel shift
- Man -> Men Vowel shift
The En-Group
- Child -> Children Suffix change
- Ox -> Oxen Suffix change
The Identicals
- Sheep -> Sheep No change
- Fish -> Fish No change
Regular vs. Irregular
Common Irregular Categories
People
- • Men
- • Women
- • Children
- • People
Body Parts
- • Teeth
- • Feet
Animals
- • Mice
- • Sheep
- • Fish
- • Geese
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I see three men.
I see three men.
The children are happy.
The children are happy.
I have two feet.
I have two feet.
Look at the white sheep.
Look at the white sheep.
How many people are in the room?
How many people are in the room?
Brush your teeth every morning.
Brush your teeth every morning.
There are many mice in the old house.
There are many mice in the old house.
We saw five deer in the forest.
We saw five deer in the forest.
The women in the office are very professional.
The women in the office are very professional.
Geese fly south for the winter.
Geese fly south for the winter.
The farmer bought several oxen for the heavy work.
The farmer bought several oxen for the heavy work.
I caught three large fish yesterday.
I caught three large fish yesterday.
The children's playground was recently renovated.
The children's playground was recently renovated.
Many people believe that technology is a double-edged sword.
Many people believe that technology is a double-edged sword.
The mice were used in a controlled laboratory experiment.
The mice were used in a controlled laboratory experiment.
A series of unfortunate events led to the company's downfall.
A series of unfortunate events led to the company's downfall.
The criteria for the scholarship are quite stringent.
The criteria for the scholarship are quite stringent.
The phenomena observed during the eclipse were breathtaking.
The phenomena observed during the eclipse were breathtaking.
The alumni of the university gathered for the gala.
The alumni of the university gathered for the gala.
The data suggest that the market is stabilizing.
The data suggest that the market is stabilizing.
The brethren of the lodge met in secret to discuss the charter.
The brethren of the lodge met in secret to discuss the charter.
The various fishes of the Amazon basin show incredible diversity.
The various fishes of the Amazon basin show incredible diversity.
The stimuli provided during the trial were insufficient to elicit a response.
The stimuli provided during the trial were insufficient to elicit a response.
The cacti in the botanical garden are over a century old.
The cacti in the botanical garden are over a century old.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners try to add 's' to everything because 95% of English nouns work that way.
Learners think 'people' is a different word entirely rather than the plural of 'person'.
Learners see 'fishes' in books and get confused.
اشتباهات رایج
Two mans
Two men
Three childs
Three children
My tooths are white.
My teeth are white.
I see many sheeps.
I see many sheep.
The people is here.
The people are here.
The childrens are playing.
The children are playing.
Ten fishes
Ten fish
Two mouses
Two mice
The data is...
The data are...
الگوهای جملهسازی
There are many ___ in the ___.
My ___ are very ___.
I saw a group of ___ walking ___.
The ___ in this area are known for ___.
Real World Usage
I need to get my teeth cleaned.
These shoes are too small for my feet.
The children had so much fun today! 🎈
I managed a team of twenty people.
Many women are leading new tech companies.
I'll have the grilled fish, please.
روی پرکاربردها تمرکز کن
I see many people, children, men, and women every day.
تله جمع دوبل
I have two children, not two childrens.
Person و People
There are many people at the party.
Smart Tips
Check if it's 'foot' or 'tooth'. These are the most common body parts that don't use 's'.
Always use 'are', never 'is'.
Remember that 'sheep', 'fish', and 'deer' are the 'No-Change Trio'.
If it's not on the 'Top 10' list (man, woman, child, foot, tooth, mouse, sheep, fish, person, goose), it's probably regular.
تلفظ
Woman vs. Women
The first 'o' in 'woman' sounds like 'u' in 'put'. In 'women', the 'o' sounds like 'i' in 'sit'.
The 'th' in Teeth
The 'th' is unvoiced, like in 'think'.
Plural Emphasis
I said two MEN, not one.
Stress the irregular plural to clarify quantity.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember: 'One child, many children; one foot, two feet. No 's' is needed for the people you meet!'
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a giant 'S' being chased away by a group of men and children. The 'S' is crying because it's not allowed to join their group.
Rhyme
Double 'O' becomes double 'E', for teeth and feet and geese you see!
Story
A man and a woman took their child to a farm. They saw a sheep eating a fish. Suddenly, a mouse ran over their feet! (All these nouns are irregular).
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around the room or out a window. Find at least three things that use irregular plurals (e.g., people, feet, teeth) and say a sentence for each.
نکات فرهنگی
Using 'persons' instead of 'people' makes you sound like a police officer or a lawyer. 'People' is much friendlier.
In some UK dialects, you might hear 'me feet' instead of 'my feet', but the plural 'feet' remains the same.
Scientists use 'fishes' to talk about different species, but a fisherman would always say 'I caught ten fish'.
Most irregular plurals come from Old English, which had a much more complex system of noun endings and vowel changes.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
How many children do you want to have in the future?
Do you think people are generally kind?
Have you ever seen any wild deer or sheep?
What do you do to keep your teeth healthy?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
How many ______ (child) do you have?
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
The sheeps are in the field.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesI have two [child].
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
My tooths are white.
Mouse
are / sheep / field / the / in / ten
The plural of 'fish' is always 'fishes'.
A: Look at those ___! B: Yes, they are flying south for winter.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThere are three ______ (woman) in the office.
We saw many ______ (mouse) in the barn.
The five peoples in the car are my friends.
Mis dientes están blancos.
Match the pairs:
are / playing / The / children / outside
I brushed my ______ (tooth) this morning.
Ten ______ (sheep) live on the hill.
Are there many mens at the party?
Ella vio dos ratones.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
English is a mix of languages. 'Man' is an old Germanic word that uses an ancient plural system. 'Pan' is newer and follows the modern 's' rule.
Yes, but only if you are talking about different species of fish (e.g., 'The fishes of the Pacific Ocean'). For eating or counting, use `fish`.
It is plural. You must use `are` or `were`. 'The people are happy.'
The standard plural is `people`. You can use `persons` in very formal or legal writing, but it sounds strange in conversation.
Both `mice` and `mouses` are accepted for technology, but `mice` is more common.
Focus on the sound. 'Woman' (singular) sounds like 'man' at the end. 'Women' (plural) sounds like 'WIM-min'.
The only other common one is `oxen`. Words like `brethren` exist but are very old-fashioned.
In Old English, some nouns didn't have a plural ending. Sheep is one of the few that stayed that way for over 1,000 years!
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Plurales regulares (-s, -es)
Spanish has almost no internal vowel-changing plurals.
Pluriels irréguliers (-ail -> -aux)
French irregulars often change the end of the word, not the middle vowel.
Umlaut Plurals
German still uses this rule for thousands of words, while English only kept a few.
No plural marking
English requires a change (regular or irregular), Japanese does not.
Broken Plurals (جمع التكسير)
Arabic broken plurals are much more common and complex than English ones.
Measure words / No plural
English changes the noun; Chinese changes the surrounding words.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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