A2 · مقدماتی فصل 1

چقدر و چند تا؟ فوت‌وفن‌های اسم و مقدار

5 مجموع قواعد
60 مثال‌ها
5 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of counting and measuring to speak English with precision and confidence.

  • Distinguish between countable items and uncountable substances.
  • Apply correct quantifiers to describe amounts.
  • Understand how to address groups and pairs effectively.
Measure, count, and master your English world.

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام! خب، تا اینجا عالی اومدی و کلی چیز یاد گرفتی، حالا وقتشه یه پله بریم بالاتر و یاد بگیریم چطوری مثل یه حرفه‌ای درباره‌ی مقدارها صحبت کنیم. تو این فصل قراره یاد بگیری که چطوری اسم‌های قابل‌شمارش و غیرقابل‌شمارش رو از هم تشخیص بدی؛ مثلاً بدونی چرا برای «سیب» از many ولی برای «شکر» از much استفاده می‌کنیم. تصور کن توی یه کافه یا سوپرمارکت هستی؛ قراره یاد بگیری چطوری بدون استرس بگی که دقیقاً چقدر از یه چیزی لازم داری. همچنین سراغ کلمه‌هایی مثل each، every و all می‌ریم تا بتونی درباره‌ی گروه‌ها و اعضاشون دقیق‌تر حرف بزنی. یه بخش خیلی باحال هم داریم به اسم «قانون دوتایی‌ها»! یعنی یاد می‌گیری چطوری از both، either و neither استفاده کنی تا وقتی بین دو تا گزینه گیر کردی، دقیقاً منظورت رو برسونی. راستی، یاد می‌گیری کجاها اصلاً نباید از article استفاده کنی تا جمله‌هات خیلی طبیعی‌تر به نظر بیاد. ته این فصل، تو دیگه اون زبان‌آموز مبتدی نیستی و می‌تونی با اعتمادبه‌نفس کامل درباره‌ی خریدهات، سلیقه‌ات و کلیات دنیا به انگلیسی گپ بزنی. آماده‌ای؟ بزن بریم!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: correctly identify whether a noun is countable or uncountable in a sentence.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: write a short paragraph describing a shopping list using appropriate quantifiers.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Understanding English nouns and quantities is a vital step for any A2 English grammar learner. It helps you move beyond basic phrases to truly express yourself clearly in everyday situations. Think about it: whether you're ordering food, asking for directions, or simply talking about your day, you constantly need to specify *how much* or *how many* of something there is.
This chapter will equip you with the tools to do just that, building your confidence in spoken and written English.
We'll look at the fundamental difference between things you can count, like apples, and substances you measure, like water. This distinction is key to choosing the right words, such as much and many. You'll also learn how to talk about things in general, without needing extra words, and how to discuss groups of people or items using terms like every, each, and all.
Finally, we'll explore words like both, either, and neither, which help you make precise statements when you're dealing with two options. Mastering these concepts means you'll avoid common misunderstandings and sound more natural when communicating in English.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At the heart of discussing quantities is the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are things you can count individually: one apple, two apples, three chairs. They have both singular and plural forms.
Uncountable nouns refer to substances, concepts, or things that can't be counted as separate items, like water, information, or money. They usually don't have a plural form. This distinction directly impacts how we use quantity words.
For countable nouns, we use many to ask or talk about large numbers:
How many books do you have?
For uncountable nouns, we use much:
How much coffee do you drink?
Remember, you can often use a lot of or lots of for both types in informal, affirmative sentences:
I have a lot of friends.
/
I drink a lot of water.
Sometimes, when we talk about plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns in a general sense, we don't use any article. This is called the zero article:
Birds fly.
(talking about birds in general) /
Sugar is sweet.
(talking about sugar in general). We use the only when we're talking about specific birds or sugar.
When talking about groups, all refers to the entire group and takes a plural noun:
All the students passed the exam.
Every and each, however, focus on individuals within a group and always take a singular noun:
Every student passed.
/
Each student received a certificate.
Finally, for situations involving exactly two items, both, either, and neither are invaluable. Both means the two together:
Both of my sisters are tall.
Either means
one or the other
:
You can have either tea or coffee.
Neither means
not one and not the other
:
Neither of them wants to go.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ I need much pens for school.
✓ I need many pens for school.
*Explanation: Pens are countable, so use many.*
  1. 1✗ I like the music. (when talking generally about music)
✓ I like music.
*Explanation: When talking about a general concept like music, use the zero article.*
  1. 1Every children enjoy playing.
Every child enjoys playing.
*Explanation: Every always takes a singular noun, even when referring to a group.*

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

How many apples do we have left?
B

B

Not many. Maybe three or four. How much milk do you need for your coffee?
A

A

Just a little, thanks. We should buy some more fruit tomorrow.
A

A

Did all the students finish the homework?
B

B

Yes, every student turned it in. Both David and Maria worked really hard on it.
A

A

That's great! I hope neither of them had too many problems.

سؤالات رایج

Q

When do I use a little and a few?

Use a few for countable nouns (e.g., a few friends, a few cookies) and a little for uncountable nouns (e.g., a little sugar, a little time). They both mean 'some', but not a large quantity.

Q

Can some be used with both countable and uncountable nouns?

Yes! Some is a very flexible word. You can use it with countable nouns (e.g., some books) and uncountable nouns (e.g., some water) to talk about an unspecified quantity.

Q

What's the difference between each and every?

They are quite similar but with a slight nuance. Each often emphasizes the individual items one by one, while every refers to all members of a group collectively. For example,

Each student got a different prize
(individual focus) vs.
Every student attended the assembly
(group focus).

Q

Is information countable?

No, information is an uncountable noun in English. We don't say informations. Instead, we say

a piece of information
or much information.

بافت فرهنگی

In everyday, informal English, native speakers often prefer a lot of or lots of over much and many in affirmative statements. For example,
I have a lot of friends
sounds more natural than
I have many friends
(though both are correct). Much and many are more common in questions and negative statements, or in more formal contexts.
You might also hear
Do you have any waters?
in a casual setting, referring to bottles of water, even though water itself is uncountable. However, sticking to the standard grammar rules for countable and uncountable nouns is always the safest and clearest approach for A2 learners.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

I need to buy a new phone for my YouTube channel.

من باید یه گوشی جدید برای کانال یوتیوبم بخرم.

اسم‌های قابل شمارش در مقابل غیرقابل شمارش (اشیاء و مواد)
2

Could you give me some advice on my Instagram bio?

میشه در مورد بایو اینستاگرامم یه کم بهم راهنمایی بدی؟

اسم‌های قابل شمارش در مقابل غیرقابل شمارش (اشیاء و مواد)
3

How `many` followers do you have on TikTok?

چند تا فالوئر توی تیک‌تاک داری؟

چگونه از Much و Many استفاده کنیم (قوانین اساسی اسم)
4

I don't have `much` storage left on my iCloud.

فضای زیادی توی آیکلودم نمونده.

چگونه از Much و Many استفاده کنیم (قوانین اساسی اسم)
6

I love strawberries.

من توت‌فرنگی دوست دارم.

بدون حرف تعریف: صحبت کلی (حرف تعریف صفر)
7

`Each` person in the room received a gift.

هر نفر در اتاق یک هدیه دریافت کرد.

Every, Each, All: صحبت کردن درباره گروه‌ها
8

`Every` day, I drink coffee.

هر روز، من قهوه می‌نوشم.

Every, Each, All: صحبت کردن درباره گروه‌ها

نکات و ترفندها (4)

🎯

تست «جمع»

اگه نمیتونی یه کلمه رو جمع ببندی (مثلاً بگی 'musics' یا 'happinesses')، پس قطعاً قابل شمارش نیست. "If you can't imagine a plural version (like 'musics' or 'happinesses'), it's definitely uncountable."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اسم‌های قابل شمارش در مقابل غیرقابل شمارش (اشیاء و مواد)
🎯

تست "تعداد"

اگه میتونی بگی three [word] (سه تا [کلمه])، از many استفاده کن. اگه نمیتونی، پس much درسته. مثلاً: three apples.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: چگونه از Much و Many استفاده کنیم (قوانین اساسی اسم)
💡

آزمون 'کلاً'

اگه می‌تونی ته جمله‌ات بگی 'کلاً' یا 'به طور کلی'، پس the نذار. مثلاً:
Dogs are friendly (in general).
(سگ‌ها کلاً مهربونن) 👈 درسته!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بدون حرف تعریف: صحبت کلی (حرف تعریف صفر)
💡

بعد از Each و Every همیشه مفرد بیار

همیشه یادت باشه که بعد از 'each' و 'every' هم اسم و هم فعل باید مفرد باشن. فکر کن دارن روی 'یکی' تمرکز می‌کنن، حتی اگه منظورت آدم‌های زیادی باشه:
Each student has a book.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Every, Each, All: صحبت کردن درباره گروه‌ها

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Countable things you can number Uncountable substances or abstract ideas Quantity an amount or number General not specific Pair a set of two

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

Grocery Shopping

Review Summary

  • Countable = Plural; Uncountable = Singular
  • Many + Countable; Much + Uncountable
  • Noun (General) = No article
  • Every/Each + Singular Noun
  • Both/Either/Neither + Pair

اشتباهات رایج

Information is an uncountable noun in English. It never takes an 's'.

Wrong: I have many informations.
صحیح: I have much information.

People is a general plural noun. Use 'are' instead of 'is'.

Wrong: The people is nice.
صحیح: People are nice.

'Both' is exclusively for two items. For three or more, use 'all'.

Wrong: Both of the three are good.
صحیح: All of the three are good.

قواعد این فصل (5)

Next Steps

You've laid a solid foundation. Keep practicing these patterns in your daily life, and you will see rapid improvement!

Write a grocery list and describe the items.

تمرین سریع (10)

طبیعی‌ترین جمله رو انتخاب کن:

Choose the most natural sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I have a lot of homework.
توی جملات مثبت، a lot of طبیعی‌ترین و رایج‌ترین انتخابه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: چگونه از Much و Many استفاده کنیم (قوانین اساسی اسم)

کلمه درست رو برای کامل کردن جمله انتخاب کن.

My parents are ___ very supportive of my career.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: both
Both استفاده میشه چون جمله نشون میده «پدر و مادر من» (دو نفر) *هر دو* حمایت‌کننده هستن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Both, Either, and Neither: قانون دو

جای خالی رو با گزینه درست (هیچی یا 'the') پر کن.

___ information is very important in business.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: (nothing)
ما برای 'information' از حرف تعریف صفر استفاده می‌کنیم چون یه اسم غیرقابل شمارشه که به صورت کلی به کار رفته.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بدون حرف تعریف: صحبت کلی (حرف تعریف صفر)

کدوم جمله "either...or" رو درست استفاده کرده؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: You can either have coffee or tea.
Either به درستی با or جفت میشه تا دو انتخاب رو نشون بده.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Both, Either, and Neither: قانون دو

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

All the informations was very helpful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All the information was very helpful.
'Information' تو انگلیسی یه اسم غیرقابل شمارشه، پس نباید جمع بسته بشه ('informations'). همچنین، اسم‌های غیرقابل شمارش فعل مفرد ('was') می‌گیرن، نه جمع ('were').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Every, Each, All: صحبت کردن درباره گروه‌ها

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

Neither of the two books are interesting.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Neither of the two books is interesting.
Neither (به عنوان ضمیر) فعل مفرد می‌گیره. پس is درسته.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Both, Either, and Neither: قانون دو

اشتباه این جمله رو پیدا و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

I don't have many money for a new iPhone.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I don't have much money for a new iPhone.
Money (پول) غیرقابل شمارشه، پس توی جملات منفی از much استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: چگونه از Much و Many استفاده کنیم (قوانین اساسی اسم)

کلمه درست رو انتخاب کن تا جمله کامل بشه.

___ student in the class has to present their project.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Every
'Every' اینجا استفاده میشه چون به همه دانش‌آموزان به طور کلی اشاره می‌کنه و اسم و فعل مفرد می‌گیره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Every, Each, All: صحبت کردن درباره گروه‌ها

اشتباه رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

How many money do you have in your wallet?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: How much money do you have in your wallet?
'Money' غیرقابل شمارشه، پس به جای 'many' از 'much' استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اسم‌های قابل شمارش در مقابل غیرقابل شمارش (اشیاء و مواد)

اشتباه رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

The music makes me happy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Music makes me happy.
اگه منظورت موسیقی به صورت کلیه، نباید از 'the' استفاده کنی. 'Music' غیرقابل شمارشه، پس نمی‌تونه 'musics' باشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بدون حرف تعریف: صحبت کلی (حرف تعریف صفر)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

سوال خیلی خوبیه! تو 'dollars' یا 'euros' رو میشمری (که قابل شمارشن)، ولی 'money' مفهوم کلی ارزشه که تو انگلیسی به عنوان یه توده در نظر گرفته میشه. "You count 'dollars' or 'euros' (which are countable), but 'money' is the general concept of value, which is considered a mass in English."
نه، 'information' هیچ وقت 's' جمع نمیگیره. به جاش بگو 'a lot of information' یا 'many pieces of information'. "No, 'information' never takes an 's'. Instead, say 'a lot of information' or 'many pieces of information'."
نه، اصلا. باید از many استفاده کنی. گفتن much friends یه اشتباه رایجه؛ باید بگی: many friends.
نه لزوماً. هر دو توی سوال‌ها و جملات منفی معمولن. ولی much توی جملات مثبت خیلی رسمی به نظر میاد. مثلاً:
I have much money
یه کم عجیبه.
نه، اگه منظورت همه موسیقی دنیاست، the اشتباهه. ولی اگه داری به یه آهنگ خاص یا موسیقی که همین الان داره پخش میشه اشاره می‌کنی، حتماً بگو the music. مثلاً:
The music in this club is great!
(موسیقی این کلاب عالیه!)
این یه اشتباه رایجه، مخصوصاً برای کسایی که زبان مادریشون فرانسه یا اسپانیاییه. تو انگلیسی، وقتی منظورمون 'طبیعت' به صورت کلیه، هیچ وقت the نمی‌ذاریم.