Both, Either, and Neither: قانون دو
both برای «هر دو»، either برای «یکی از دو تا»، و neither برای «هیچکدوم از دو تا». با اینا میتونی با اعتماد به نفس در مورد دو گزینه حرف بزنی.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use these words only when talking about exactly two things to show addition, choice, or total rejection.
- Use `both` for two out of two (A + B). Example: 'I like both shirts.'
- Use `either` for one out of two (A or B). Example: 'Either day is fine.'
- Use `neither` for zero out of two (Not A and Not B). Example: 'Neither car works.'
مرور کلی
neither (هیچکدوم از) گزینهها برای both (هر دوی) شما مناسب نیست. این همون درگیری کلاسیک دوتاییه. تو انگلیسی، وقتی دقیقاً با دو تا چیز سر و کار داریم، یه جعبهابزار مخصوص از کلمات داریم: both، either و neither.all استفاده کنی، مردم میفهمن چی میگی، ولی یه کم به نظر میاد شمردن یادت رفته. این کلمات «سه تفنگدار» (یا سه یار پویا) جفتها هستن.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
all، any یا none. اما برای دو تا؟ Both، either و neither پادشاهی میکنن.Bothعلامت «بهعلاوه» (+) هست. یعنی A و B با هم. یه کلمه مثبته که برای ۱۰۰٪ اون جفت استفاده میشه.Eitherعلامت «یا» (/) هست. یعنی A یا B. مربوط به انتخابه یا گفتن اینکه مهم نیست کدوم رو برداری چون جفتش قبوله.Neitherعلامت «منها» (-) هست. یعنی نه A و نه B. یه کلمه منفیه که هر دو گزینه رو رد میکنه.
both books)، ضمیر باشن (تنها میان، مثل I like both)، یا حتی بخشی از یه جفت ربطدهنده باشن (مثل neither... nor).Both of these songs are fire) و تو سفرهای اوبر (
Either car is fine, I just need to get home). اگه دیدی داری گیج میشی، فقط دو تا جعبه رو تصور کن.
Both یعنی دو تا تیک، either یعنی یه تیک تو یکی از جعبهها، و neither یعنی دو تا ضربدر قرمز گنده. سادهست، نه؟الگوی ساخت
Both: مستقیماً قبل از یه اسم جمع استفادهش کن (both friends) یا با of قبل از یه ضمیر/حرف تعریف (both of them, both of the apps). همچنین میتونی از both... and استفاده کنی تا دو تا چیز خاص رو به هم وصل کنی: I likebothpizzaandtacos.
Either: قبل از یه اسم مفرد استفادهش کن (either day is fine) یا با of قبل از یه ضمیر/اسم جمع (either of these movies). جفت ربطدهندهش either... or هست: We caneithergo outorstay in.
Neither: مثل either، قبل از یه اسم مفرد استفادهش کن (neither phone works) یا با of قبل از یه ضمیر/اسم جمع (neither of my parents). جفت ربطدهندهش neither... nor هست: Neitherthe rednorthe blue one fits me.
Both همیشه فعل جمع میگیره (Both are good). Either و neither، وقتی بعدشون اسم مفرد میاد، فعل مفرد میگیرن (Neither phone is charged). با این حال، وقتی از neither of... استفاده میکنی، خیلی از انگلیسیزبانها تو صحبتهای محاوره از فعل جمع استفاده میکنن (Neither of them are coming)، هرچند معلم گرامر سختگیرت ممکنه روی مفرد بودن
is اصرار داشته باشه.
I want both).
کی استفاده کنیم
Either is fine. یا اگه حس ماجراجویی (و گشنگی) داری، "I'll take both!« (جفتشو میخوام!). اگه بفهمی کیف پولت رو جا گذاشتی، ممکنه با ناراحتی بگی »Neither of those works for me today."- Social Media:
I love
bothof your new posts! - Work/Study:
Neitherof these dates for the Zoom meeting works for me. - Shopping:
Should I buy the black or the white shirt?
Eitherlooks great on you. - Gaming:
Bothteams are playing really well tonight.
neither." این ترفند نهایی زندگی برای روانتر به نظر رسیدن و کمتر شبیه ربات بودنه. تازه، تو توییتر/ایکس هم در مصرف کاراکتر صرفهجویی میکنه، که هممون میدونیم اولویت اصلی اینجاست.اشتباهات رایج
- The Double Negative: منفی مضاعف: این همون بزرگه است.
Neitherخودش منفیه. به یهnotدیگه نیاز نداری. نگو "I don't like neither.« این در واقع یعنی حداقل یکیش رو دوست داری! بگو »I likeneither« یا »I don't likeeither." - Mixing up Or/Nor: قاطی کردن Or/Nor: اتصال 'N' رو یادت باشه.
Eitherباorمیاد، وNeitherباnor. بهNeitherوNorمثل دوقلوهای بداخلاقی فکر کن که همیشه 'N' خودشون رو میارن مهمونی. - Plural vs Singular Nouns: اسمهای جمع در مقابل مفرد: بعد از
eitherوneither، اگه ازofاستفاده نمیکنی، از اسم مفرد استفاده کن. بگو
نهEitherway is fine,Either ways. - Using them for 3+ items: استفاده برای ۳ مورد یا بیشتر: اگه سه تا پیرهن داری، نگو
both of them are dirty.
بگوall of them.اگه از کلمات جفتی برای گروهها استفاده کنی، مردم یه جوری نگات میکنن. مثل اینه که به یه سهپایه بگی «یه جفت پا». اصلاً جور در نمیاد. - Subject-Verb Agreement with 'Of': تطابق فاعل و فعل با 'Of': همونطور که گفته شد،
Neither of my friends
قانون رسمیه.iscomingNeither of my friends
چیزیه که تو کافه و جمعهای دوستانه میشنوی. خیلی سخت نگیر، ولی تفاوتش رو برای امتحاناتت بدون!arecoming
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- Both vs All:
Bothبرای ۲ تاست.Allبرای ۳ تا یا بیشتر. ریاضی ساده! اگه بگیBoth my children,میفهمم دو تا بچه داری. اگه بگیAll my children,یا پدر/مادر تعداد زیادی بچهای یا داری در مورد یه سریال آبکی قدیمی حرف میزنی. - Either vs Any:
Eitherانتخاب بین ۲ تاست.Anyانتخاب از یه گروه بزرگتره.Take
(دو تا کوکی هست).eithercookieTake
(ظرف پره).anycookie - Neither vs None:
Neitherیعنی «نه A و نه B».Noneبرای یه گروه ۳ تایی یا بیشتره.
(استاندارد).Neitherof my eyes
(مگر اینکه عنکبوت باشی، وگرنه این جمله عجیبیه).Noneof my eyes - Either vs Both: گاهی شبیه هم به نظر میان.
You can sit on
یعنی یکیش رو انتخاب میکنی.eitherside of the tableYou can sit on
به نظر میاد داری سعی میکنی شعبدهبازی کنی یا خیلی خیلی پهنی.bothsides of the table - Neither vs Not... Either: اینا معنیشون یکیه. "I don't like it
either« همون »Neitherdo I" هست. دومی فقط یه کم باکلاستر به نظر میاد، انگار موقع پیام دادن یه عینک تکچشمی زدی.
سؤالات رایج
Can I use both with a singular noun?
No, always use plural.
Both students, never Both student.
Is neither... nor too formal for texting?
A little bit. In texts, people often say "I don't like X or Y" instead. But neither... nor is great for emphasis!
What if I have three things? Can I say either or or?
Nope! Switch to any of these or just list them:
We can do A, B, or C.
Is it
Neither of them isor
Neither of them are?
Is is grammatically correct for tests. Are is very common in spoken English. Use is for your boss and are for your friends.
Can either mean both?
Sometimes!
There are trees on either side of the road usually means trees are on both sides. English is weird like that, sorry!
Can I just say Neither as a full answer?
Absolutely. It’s a great way to be a little bit dramatic when someone gives you two bad choices.
2. Negative Equivalents
| Structure | Equivalent Negative | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Neither...
|
Not... either
|
I like neither. / I don't like either.
|
|
Neither of...
|
Not... either of
|
Neither of them came. / They didn't either of them come (Rare).
|
Determiner and Pronoun Structures
| Word | Noun Type | Verb Agreement | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Both
|
Plural Noun
|
Plural
|
Both cars are fast.
|
|
Both of
|
the/my + Plural
|
Plural
|
Both of my cars are fast.
|
|
Either
|
Singular Noun
|
Singular
|
Either car is fine.
|
|
Either of
|
the/my + Plural
|
Singular (Formal)
|
Either of the cars is fine.
|
|
Neither
|
Singular Noun
|
Singular
|
Neither car is fast.
|
|
Neither of
|
the/my + Plural
|
Singular (Formal)
|
Neither of the cars is fast.
|
Meanings
These words are used to refer to two people or things. They help clarify if you mean the whole pair, one of the pair, or none of the pair.
Inclusion (Both)
Refers to two things together; the whole pair.
“Both restaurants are very expensive.”
“I have two brothers; both are older than me.”
Choice (Either)
Refers to one or the other of two things; it doesn't matter which.
“You can take either bus; they both go to the center.”
“Either candidate would be a good choice.”
Exclusion (Neither)
Refers to not one and not the other of two things.
“Neither key opened the door.”
“Neither of my parents speaks English.”
Correlative Pairs
Using 'both...and', 'either...or', and 'neither...nor' to connect two parts of a sentence.
“Both the cat and the dog are sleeping.”
“Either you stay or I leave.”
Reference Table
| کلمه | کاربرد | معنی | تطابق فعل | حرف ربط |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Both
|
تعیینکننده/ضمیر/حرف ربط
|
اولی و دومی
|
جمع (مثلاً `are`, `have`)
|
...and...
|
|
Either
|
تعیینکننده/ضمیر/حرف ربط
|
اولی یا دومی
|
مفرد (مثلاً `is`, `has`)
|
...or...
|
|
Neither
|
تعیینکننده/ضمیر/حرف ربط
|
نه اولی و نه دومی
|
مفرد (مثلاً `is`, `has`)
|
...nor...
|
|
Both of
|
ضمیر (با مفعول جمع)
|
دو تا از دو تا
|
جمع
|
ندارد
|
|
Either of
|
ضمیر (با مفعول جمع)
|
یکی از دو تا
|
مفرد
|
ندارد
|
|
Neither of
|
ضمیر (با مفعول جمع)
|
هیچکدوم از دو تا
|
مفرد
|
ندارد
|
طیف رسمیت
Neither option is acceptable to me. (Declining two suggestions)
I don't like either of them. (Declining two suggestions)
Neither for me, thanks. (Declining two suggestions)
Nah, neither's any good. (Declining two suggestions)
قانون دو: Both, Either, Neither
Both
- این و آن هر دو گزینه درست/انتخاب شدهاند.
- فعل جمع همیشه فعل جمع میگیرد (مثلاً 'are', 'have').
- Both...and... زوج حرف ربط.
Either
- این یا آن انتخاب بین دو گزینه، یا یکی از دو گزینه درست است.
- فعل مفرد معمولاً فعل مفرد میگیرد (مثلاً 'is', 'has').
- Either...or... زوج حرف ربط.
Neither
- نه این و نه آن هیچکدام از دو گزینه درست/انتخاب نشدهاند.
- فعل مفرد معمولاً فعل مفرد میگیرد (مثلاً 'is', 'has').
- Neither...nor... زوج حرف ربط.
مقایسه 'Both', 'Either', 'Neither'
انتخاب بین Both, Either, Neither
آیا داری در مورد دقیقاً دو چیز/آدم/گزینه صحبت میکنی؟
منظورت "این و آن" (هر دو درست/انتخاب شدهاند) است؟
منظورت "این یا آن" (یک انتخاب، یا یکی درست است) است؟
منظورت "نه این و نه آن" (هیچکدام از دو گزینه درست/انتخاب نشدهاند) است؟
عبارات رایج با Both, Either, Neither
مثبت و دوگانه
- • Both of us
- • Both sides
- • Both...and...
انتخاب و جایگزین
- • Either way
- • Either of them
- • Either...or...
منفی و استثنا
- • Neither of us
- • Neither here nor there
- • Neither...nor...
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I like both dogs.
I like both dogs.
Either is fine.
Either is fine.
Neither of them is here.
Neither of them is here.
Both my hands are cold.
Both my hands are cold.
Neither of the movies was interesting.
Neither of the movies was interesting.
You can have either tea or coffee.
You can have either tea or coffee.
Both of my parents are teachers.
Both of my parents are teachers.
I don't like either of these shirts.
I don't like either of these shirts.
Neither the manager nor the assistant was available.
Neither the manager nor the assistant was available.
Both the price and the quality are important.
Both the price and the quality are important.
Either you finish your homework or you can't go out.
Either you finish your homework or you can't go out.
I've lived in both London and New York.
I've lived in both London and New York.
Neither of the proposed solutions seems viable at this stage.
Neither of the proposed solutions seems viable at this stage.
The results were both surprising and disappointing.
The results were both surprising and disappointing.
Either the battery is dead or the motor is broken.
Either the battery is dead or the motor is broken.
I found neither of the books particularly helpful.
I found neither of the books particularly helpful.
Neither did she acknowledge her mistake, nor did she apologize.
Neither did she acknowledge her mistake, nor did she apologize.
The policy was both ambitious in scope and rigorous in execution.
The policy was both ambitious in scope and rigorous in execution.
It was a situation where either choice would lead to disaster.
It was a situation where either choice would lead to disaster.
Neither of the witnesses could provide a definitive identification.
Neither of the witnesses could provide a definitive identification.
The duality of the soul is a concept that is both ancient and enduring.
The duality of the soul is a concept that is both ancient and enduring.
Neither the inherent complexity of the task nor the looming deadline deterred him.
Neither the inherent complexity of the task nor the looming deadline deterred him.
One might argue that either interpretation is equally valid given the text's ambiguity.
One might argue that either interpretation is equally valid given the text's ambiguity.
The treaty was neither a total success nor an absolute failure, but a pragmatic compromise.
The treaty was neither a total success nor an absolute failure, but a pragmatic compromise.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'neither' for groups of three or more.
Learners use 'either' when there are many options.
Learners use 'all' for pairs.
اشتباهات رایج
I have three brothers, both are tall.
I have three brothers, all are tall.
I don't want neither.
I want neither / I don't want either.
Both of book are good.
Both books are good.
Either of the book is fine.
Either of the books is fine.
Neither of my parents are here.
Neither of my parents is here.
Either you come or nor I go.
Either you come or I go.
I like both of them shirts.
I like both of those shirts.
Neither the teacher nor the students is happy.
Neither the teacher nor the students are happy.
Neither he spoke nor he moved.
Neither did he speak nor did he move.
الگوهای جملهسازی
Both ___ and ___ are ___.
Neither of the ___ is ___.
You can either ___ or ___.
Neither ___ nor ___ ___.
Real World Usage
I'll have both the soup and the salad, please.
I am comfortable working both independently and in a team.
Either time works for me! See ya.
Neither the mouse nor the keyboard is responding.
Neither of those flights has a window seat available.
Both of these dresses are on sale.
قانون "فقط دو تا" رو یادت باشه!
Both, either و neither فقط برای موقعیتهایی هستن که دقیقاً دو تا چیز، آدم یا گزینه داریم. اگه بیشتر از دو تا باشه، باید از all, any یا none استفاده کنی! مثلاً: I need both apples and bananas.(دو تا میوه) ولی اگه سه تا میوه باشه، میگی
I need all the fruits.
حواست به حروف ربط باشه!
both...and، either...or و neither...nor هستن. قاطی کردنشون یه اشتباه رایجه! فکر کن اینا مثل زوجهای جدانشدنی هستن. مثلاً: You can either call me or text me.
یه میانبر برای تطابق فعل!
either...or و neither...nor، فعل همیشه با اسمی که *نزدیکتر* بهشه، تطابق پیدا میکنه. این ترفند تو رو از دردسر مفرد و جمع بودن نجات میده! مثلاً: Neither my friends nor my brother is coming.(برادر نزدیکتره و مفرده).
تلفظش زیاد مهم نیست!
either و neither نباش. هم «آیذِر/نایذِر» و هم «ایذِر/نیذِر» کاملاً قابل قبوله و تو کشورهای انگلیسیزبان متوجه منظورت میشن! مثلاً: "Either way, it's fine."منفی کردن با "Both"
Smart Tips
Always check if you can use 'either' instead of 'any' to sound more precise.
Stick to the singular verb for 'neither of' and 'either of'.
Use 'neither' for negative agreement and 'too' for affirmative agreement.
Remember that 'both of' requires 'the', 'my', 'these', etc., but 'both' alone does not.
تلفظ
The 'Either' Split
There are two correct ways to say 'either' and 'neither'. One starts with an 'EE' sound, the other with an 'EYE' sound.
Choice Intonation
Either tea ↗ or coffee ↘?
Rising intonation on the first option, falling on the second to show a complete list of choices.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
BEN: Both (Every one), Either (Either one), Neither (No one).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a fork in the road with two paths. Both = you take both (impossible but helpful!), Either = you pick one, Neither = you turn around and go home.
Rhyme
Both is two, Either is one, Neither is zero and then we are done!
Story
Two friends, Ben and Jerry, went to a shop. Both wanted ice cream. Either chocolate or vanilla was fine for Ben. But Jerry had no money, so neither flavor was possible for him.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at two objects on your desk. Say one sentence using 'both', one using 'either', and one using 'neither' about them.
نکات فرهنگی
In the UK, 'EYE-ther' is slightly more common in formal settings, while 'EE-ther' is very common in the US, though both are used in both places.
Saying 'Either is fine' is a very common way to be polite in English-speaking cultures, as it shows you are flexible and easy to please.
In legal documents, 'neither...nor' is used strictly to ensure there is no ambiguity about exclusions.
From Old English 'ba' (both) and 'ægther' (either).
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
Which of these two cities would you rather visit: Tokyo or Paris?
Have you ever had a situation where neither of your choices was good?
In your opinion, is it better to have both a high salary and no free time, or a low salary and lots of free time?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
My parents are ___ very supportive of my career.
Both استفاده میشه چون جمله نشون میده «پدر و مادر من» (دو نفر) *هر دو* حمایتکننده هستن.Find and fix the mistake:
Neither of the two books are interesting.
Neither (به عنوان ضمیر) فعل مفرد میگیره. پس is درسته.Choose the correct sentence:
Either به درستی با or جفت میشه تا دو انتخاب رو نشون بده.Translate into English: 'No me gusta ni el café ni el té.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
Neither...nor مستقیمترین ترجمه برای ni...ni هست. میتونی از "I don't like...or..." هم برای معنی مشابه استفاده کنی.Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesI have two sisters. ___ of them are doctors.
I don't like ___ of these two paintings.
Find and fix the mistake:
Neither of the cars are working.
1. Both... 2. Either... 3. Neither...
Tom isn't here and Sarah isn't here.
Either the students or the teacher ___ responsible.
You can have ___ the red one or the blue one, but not both.
I have three friends...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesYou can take ___ the bus or the train to get there.
She can speak neither English or Spanish.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate: 'Ambos coches son rojos.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentence parts:
I have two sisters, and ___ of them live in London.
Either of the two solutions are viable.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate: '¿Quieres té o café? Cualquiera de los dos está bien.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
We visited two museums, and ___ of them had interesting exhibits.
Neither my friends or my brother are coming to the concert.
Score: /13
سوالات متداول (8)
No, `both` is strictly for two things. For three or more, use `all`.
In formal writing, use `is` (singular). In casual conversation, `are` (plural) is very common and accepted.
Use `either` for a choice between 2 things. Use `any` for a choice between 3 or more things.
Yes! For example: `Neither of us wanted to go.` Just remember not to use a negative verb like `didn't` with it.
Both `EE-ther` and `EYE-ther` are correct. Pick one and be consistent, or use whichever sounds more natural in the moment!
It is a short way to agree with a negative statement. If someone says 'I don't like spinach,' you say `Me neither`.
Use `nor` only when you have already used `neither` earlier in the sentence (e.g., `Neither A nor B`).
No. You can say `both books` or `both of the books`. However, with pronouns, you MUST use 'of': `both of them`.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
ambos / tampoco / o...o
Spanish doesn't have a single word that functions exactly like the determiner 'neither' in 'Neither book is good'.
les deux / l'un ou l'autre / ni...ni
French requires 'ne' with 'ni...ni', whereas English 'neither' is used with an affirmative verb.
beide / entweder...oder / weder...noch
German 'beide' can sometimes be used where English would prefer 'the two'.
両方 (ryouhou) / どちらか (dochira ka)
Japanese grammar doesn't distinguish as strictly between 2 and 3+ in its basic quantifiers.
كلاهما (kilahuma)
The dual form is built into the nouns and verbs themselves in Arabic.
两个都 (liǎng gè dōu)
Chinese lacks specific binary-only words like 'either' and 'neither'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
Mirror Bacteria Could Destroy All Life As We Know It
Are there really dead wasps in figs? - Carolyn Beans
Roman-Style Chicken | Food Wishes
آموزش گرامر Both, Either, Neither در انگلیسی | گرامر زبان انگلیسی
English with Sara
تفاوت Both, Either, Neither در انگلیسی
English with Maryam
گرامر Both, Either, Neither در زبان انگلیسی
English with Nima
Related Grammar Rules
قاعده 'دوست من' (مضافالیه دوگانه)
آیا تا به حال شنیدهاید کسی بگوید «He's a friend of my brother's» و با خودتان فکر کنید، «صبر کن، چرا یک 's' اضافه دارد؟»...
No و None: صحبت کردن درباره صفر
Overview یخچال را باز میکنی. گرسنه هستی. یک میانوعده میخواهی. داخل را نگاه میکنی. هیچ `no` غذایی وجود ندارد. شکمت قا...
Some و Any: بیان مقادیر پایه
Overview تا حالا شده جلوی درِ بازِ یخچال بایستی و به یه ماستِ تنهایِ گوشهی طبقه زل بزنی و فکر کنی چطوری باید به هماتاق...
All در مقابل The Whole: صحبت درباره مجموع
Overview تا حالا شده در حال گشتزنی در تیکتاک باشی و با خودت فکر کنی: «من `all the morning` رو پای این گذاشتم»، اما بعد...
صفتهای ملکی: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
### Overview در زبان انگلیسی، صفات ملکی (Possessive Adjectives) یکی از اولین و مهمترین مباحثی هستند که برای توصیف مالک...