اسمهای قابل شمارش در مقابل غیرقابل شمارش (اشیاء و مواد)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Countable nouns are individual items you can count (1, 2, 3), while uncountable nouns are substances or ideas that cannot be separated.
- Countable nouns have plural forms and use 'a/an' (e.g., an apple, two apples).
- Uncountable nouns have no plural form and never use 'a/an' (e.g., some water, much water).
- Use 'many' for countable things and 'much' for uncountable substances in questions and negatives.
مرور کلی
book و books). نکته مهم این است که اسمهای قابلشمارش مفرد، همیشه به یک حرف تعریف مثل a یا an نیاز دارند.water, rice, money). این اسمها هرگز جمع بسته نمیشوند (مثلاً نمیگوییم informations یا furnitures) و هیچگاه a یا an قبل از آنها نمیآید. در فارسی، ما برای جمع بستن از «ها» استفاده میکنیم، اما در انگلیسی، اسمهای غیرقابلشمارش هرگز «s» جمع نمیگیرند.a glass of water). این دقیقاً مشابه زمانی است که در فارسی میگوییم «یک کیلو برنج»؛ در واقع ما کلمه «کیلو» را اضافه میکنیم تا آن ماده غیرقابلشمارش را قابل اندازهگیری کنیم.advice (نصیحت) یا information (اطلاعات) نیز صدق میکند که در فارسی گاهی آنها را جمع میبندیم، اما در انگلیسی باید به صورت مفرد و غیرقابلشمارش باقی بمانند.a chair, an apple | حتماً باید حرف تعریف داشته باشد |the chairs, some apples | میتواند بدون حرف تعریف باشد |the water, some sugar | هرگز a یا an نمیگیرد |a cup of | coffee | a cup of coffee |a piece of | advice | a piece of advice |a bottle of | water | a bottle of water |I want a coffee (مگر اینکه منظورتان یک فنجان قهوه باشد). دوم، هنگام بیان حقایق علمی یا کلی: وقتی میگویید Water is healthy، از هیچ حرف تعریفی استفاده نمیکنید چون water غیرقابلشمارش است.information یا equipment صحبت میکنید، باید به یاد داشته باشید که اینها همیشه مفرد هستند و فعل بعد از آنها نیز باید مفرد باشد (مثلاً The information is correct و نه are). این تفاوت در جملات منفی و سوالی نیز بسیار مهم است؛ مثلاً برای قابلشمارشها از many و برای غیرقابلشمارشها از much استفاده میکنیم. تسلط بر این بخش باعث میشود که جملات شما در مکالمات روزمره یا در محیط کار بسیار دقیقتر و حرفهایتر به نظر برسد.- 1استفاده از
aیاanبرای کلمات غیرقابلشمارش: فارسیزبانها گاهی میگویندa furnitureیاan information. این اشتباه به دلیل این است که در فارسی «یک اطلاعات» یا «یک اسباب» برای ما معنی دارد، اما در انگلیسی این کلمات جمعناپذیرند. باید بگوییدa piece of furniture. - 2جمع بستن کلمات غیرقابلشمارش: اشتباه رایج دیگر گفتن
informationsیاadvicesاست. چون در فارسی «اطلاعاتها» یا «نصیحتها» را میشنویم، فکر میکنیم در انگلیسی هم باید «s» اضافه کنیم. اما در انگلیسی، این کلمات همیشه به صورت مفرد باقی میمانند. - 3استفاده نادرست از
muchوmany: فارسیزبانها اغلب برای هر دو ازmanyاستفاده میکنند. دلیل آن این است که در فارسی «خیلی» برای هر دو استفاده میشود. اما در انگلیسی باید بینmany books(قابلشمارش) وmuch water(غیرقابلشمارش) تفاوت قائل شوید.
Time | I don't have much time. (زمان) | I went there three times. (دفعات) |Coffee | I like coffee. (نوشیدنی) | Can I have two coffees? (دو فنجان) |Hair | She has long hair. (موهای سر) | I found a hair in my soup. (یک تار مو) |- 1آیا
moneyقابلشمارش است؟ خیر، در انگلیسیmoneyغیرقابلشمارش است. شما میتوانیدdollarsیاtomansرا بشمارید، اما خودِ کلمهmoneyهمیشه مفرد است. - 2چگونه بفهمیم اسمی قابلشمارش است یا نه؟ اگر میتوانید به آن عدد اضافه کنید (مثل «دو کتاب»)، قابلشمارش است. اگر نمیتوانید مستقیماً عدد به آن اضافه کنید (مثل «دو آب» که در فارسی هم نمیگوییم)، غیرقابلشمارش است.
- 3آیا میتوانیم همیشه از
someاستفاده کنیم؟ بله،someبرای هر دو گروه قابلشمارش (جمع) و غیرقابلشمارش در جملات مثبت استفاده میشود و این یک راه امن برای جلوگیری از اشتباه است.
Quantifiers with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
| Quantifier | Countable (Plural) | Uncountable | Sentence Type |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Many / Much
|
Many apples
|
Much water
|
Questions / Negatives
|
|
A few / A little
|
A few books
|
A little salt
|
Affirmative (Small amount)
|
|
Some / Any
|
Some pens
|
Some juice
|
Affirmative / Questions
|
|
A lot of
|
A lot of cars
|
A lot of rice
|
All types (Informal)
|
|
Few / Little
|
Few people
|
Little time
|
Affirmative (Negative sense)
|
|
Plenty of
|
Plenty of eggs
|
Plenty of space
|
Affirmative (More than enough)
|
Meanings
The distinction between nouns that represent individual, separable units and those that represent undifferentiated masses, liquids, or abstract concepts.
Individual Objects
Things that have a clear shape and can be counted as single units.
“I bought a chair.”
“There are five cars in the street.”
Mass Substances
Materials, liquids, or gases that are seen as a whole rather than parts.
“I need some water.”
“The air is very cold today.”
Abstract Concepts
Ideas, feelings, or qualities that cannot be touched or counted.
“Information is power.”
“He has a lot of patience.”
Reference Table
| ویژگی | اسمهای قابل شمارش | اسمهای غیرقابل شمارش |
|---|---|---|
|
Can use 'a/an'?
|
Yes (a book, an apple)
|
No (some milk, NOT a milk)
|
|
Has a plural form?
|
Yes (books, apples)
|
No (always singular: water, info)
|
|
Quantity word (Big)
|
Many / A lot of
|
Much / A lot of
|
|
Quantity word (Small)
|
A few
|
A little
|
|
Can use numbers?
|
Yes (one, two, ten...)
|
No (use units: a cup of, a piece of)
|
|
Common Examples
|
Friend, App, Cup, Job
|
Money, Advice, Music, Salt
|
طیف رسمیت
Could you provide me with some information regarding the flight? (Travel inquiry)
Can you give me some information about the flight? (Travel inquiry)
Got any info on the flight? (Travel inquiry)
What's the deets on the flight? (Travel inquiry)
The Noun Split
Countable
- Apple 1, 2, 3...
- Person People
Uncountable
- Water Liquid
- Advice Idea
Many vs Much
Can I count it?
Can you say 'one [noun], two [nouns]'?
Common Uncountable Categories
Food
- • Bread
- • Rice
- • Meat
Liquids
- • Coffee
- • Milk
- • Oil
Abstract
- • Love
- • Help
- • News
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I have an apple.
I have an apple.
I have some water.
I have some water.
There are three books.
There are three books.
I like milk.
I like milk.
How many chairs do we need?
How many chairs do we need?
I don't have much money.
I don't have much money.
She has a lot of friends.
She has a lot of friends.
We need a lot of sugar for the cake.
We need a lot of sugar for the cake.
Could you give me a little advice?
Could you give me a little advice?
I have a few ideas for the project.
I have a few ideas for the project.
The information you provided was very helpful.
The information you provided was very helpful.
I bought two bars of soap.
I bought two bars of soap.
The equipment in the lab is brand new.
The equipment in the lab is brand new.
We've made a great deal of progress this week.
We've made a great deal of progress this week.
There were several pieces of luggage left behind.
There were several pieces of luggage left behind.
Is there any truth to these rumors?
Is there any truth to these rumors?
The study analyzes various different sugars found in fruit.
The study analyzes various different sugars found in fruit.
He spoke with a certain arrogance that annoyed everyone.
He spoke with a certain arrogance that annoyed everyone.
There is little room for error in this calculation.
There is little room for error in this calculation.
I'd like two coffees, please.
I'd like two coffees, please.
The sheer volume of data being processed is staggering.
The sheer volume of data being processed is staggering.
Such experiences are what shape a person's character.
Such experiences are what shape a person's character.
The milk of human kindness seems to have dried up.
The milk of human kindness seems to have dried up.
The sands of time are running out.
The sands of time are running out.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'some' in negative sentences or 'any' in positive ones.
The difference between 'a few' (some) and 'few' (not enough) is subtle.
Hair is usually uncountable, but can be countable when referring to single strands.
اشتباهات رایج
I have two breads.
I have two loaves of bread.
I need a water.
I need some water.
Many money.
Much money / A lot of money.
Three homeworks.
A lot of homework.
How much people?
How many people?
An advice.
Some advice.
I have a few time.
I have a little time.
The news are good.
The news is good.
All the furnitures.
All the furniture.
A research.
Some research / A piece of research.
The datas are clear.
The data is clear.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I need to buy some ___ and a few ___.
How much ___ do you have, and how many ___ are there?
There isn't much ___ left, but we have plenty of ___.
A piece of ___ is often better than a lot of ___.
Real World Usage
I need a carton of milk and six eggs.
Can I have two coffees and some sugar?
How many pieces of luggage are you checking?
I have extensive experience in this field.
This post got so much engagement!
There will be a lot of rain tomorrow.
تست «جمع»
کلمات گولزننده
فرهنگ قهوه
Smart Tips
Try putting a number like 'two' in front of it. If it sounds weird (two informations, two musics), it's uncountable.
Avoid 'a lot of' and use 'many' or 'much' for a more professional tone.
Remember that 'work' is uncountable, but 'job' is countable.
Gerunds (verbs acting as nouns) like 'swimming', 'reading', or 'shopping' are always uncountable.
تلفظ
Plural -s endings
Countable plurals end in /s/, /z/, or /iz/ depending on the last sound of the noun.
Linking 'some'
The 'm' in 'some' often links to the following vowel in uncountable nouns.
Rising intonation in questions
Do you have any milk? ↗
Polite inquiry for an uncountable substance.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Countable is for 'Things' (T), Uncountable is for 'Stuff' (S). Remember: Many Things, Much Stuff.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a basket of apples (countable) next to a flowing river (uncountable). You can pick up one apple, but you can't pick up 'one water'.
Rhyme
If you count it one, two, three, it's countable as can be. If it's a mass or just a thought, 'much' and 'some' is what you've got.
Story
A traveler has three bags (countable) but too much luggage (uncountable). He asks for a piece of advice (uncountable) on how to find many taxis (countable) in the city.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Name 5 countable items and 5 uncountable items (e.g., air, light, furniture) in English.
نکات فرهنگی
In the UK, 'sport' is often uncountable (I like sport), while in the US, it is countable (I like sports).
In coffee shops, uncountable nouns like 'coffee' or 'tea' are treated as countable to mean 'one cup'.
Words like 'knowledge' and 'research' are strictly uncountable, emphasizing the vast, non-quantifiable nature of learning.
The distinction stems from Proto-Indo-European roots where nouns were categorized by animacy and later by their discrete or continuous nature.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
How much coffee do you drink every day?
What kind of music do you like listening to?
If you moved to a new house, what furniture would you buy first?
How much advice do you usually take from your friends?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
I need ___ information about the flight to London.
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
How many money do you have in your wallet?
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesHow ___ sugar do you take in your tea?
I would like ___ orange and ___ water, please.
Find and fix the mistake:
She gave me many advices for my trip.
don't / much / I / have / money / today
Identify the uncountable noun.
1. Information, 2. People
You can use 'a' with the word 'homework'.
A: Do we have ___ eggs? B: No, we need to buy ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThere aren't ___ people in the coffee shop today.
She gave me an advice about the job.
some / need / I / help / with / this / app
Ich habe wenig Zeit.
I'd like ___ coffee, please.
Match these pairs:
I have ___ friends who live in London.
The news are very interesting today.
How ___ sugar do you take in your tea?
Wir haben drei Koffer.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
No, 'money' is uncountable. You can count 'dollars', 'coins', or 'pesos', but you cannot say 'one money, two moneys'.
The 's' in 'news' is part of the word, not a plural marker. It is an uncountable noun and always takes a singular verb: 'The news is good'.
In casual English, yes. It is short for 'a cup of coffee'. However, in strict grammar, 'coffee' is uncountable.
'People' is the plural of 'person', so it is countable. You use 'many' with people, not 'much'.
When referring to duration (I don't have much time), it is uncountable. When referring to specific occasions (I've been there three times), it is countable.
No, 'bread' is uncountable. To count it, you must say 'a loaf of bread' or 'a slice of bread'.
Yes, you can use 'some' with plural countable nouns (some apples) and with uncountable nouns (some water).
Usually, it is uncountable (She has brown hair). It is only countable if you are talking about individual strands (There is a hair in my soup!).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Contables e incontables
English has more strictly uncountable abstract nouns.
Noms comptables vs noms massifs
French requires an article (du/des) where English often uses none.
Zählbare und nicht zählbare Substantive
Pluralization rules for countable nouns are more complex in German.
助数詞 (Josuushi)
Japanese lacks plural 's' and uses specific counters for different shapes.
الأسماء المعدودة وغير المعدودة
The existence of the 'dual' form for countable nouns.
可数名词与不可数名词
Mandarin requires measure words for every noun when counting.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
05:40 Potato Chip Latkes | Potato Pancakes | Food Wishes
06:42 Tumbleweeds Aren't From Here
English Articles - 3 Simple Rules To Fix Common Grammar Mistakes & Errors
mmmEnglish
English grammar: How to use the zero article with nouns
BBC Learning English
Articles – English Grammar Lessons
Ellii (formerly ESL Library)
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