下降 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Formal term for 'going down' or 'descending'.
- Used for physical objects (planes) and data (prices).
- Opposite of 'joushou' (上昇 - rise/ascent).
- Commonly used as a suru-verb: 'kakou suru'.
The Japanese term 下降 (kakou) is a formal and technical noun that describes the physical act of moving from a higher position to a lower one, or a statistical decline in values, temperatures, or trends. Unlike the more common verb 'sagaru' (to go down), 下降 carries a nuance of a steady, often measurable descent. It is composed of two kanji: 下 (down/below) and 降 (descend/fall). Together, they create a word that is indispensable in fields ranging from aviation and meteorology to economics and social sciences. When you see an airplane beginning its approach to an airport, or when you look at a line graph where the line is sloping towards the bottom right, you are witnessing 下降 in action.
- Physical Descent
- This refers to objects moving through space. An elevator, a bird, or a mountain climber might experience this. In aviation, the 'descent phase' is specifically called the kakou phase. It implies a controlled or natural movement downwards rather than a sudden drop.
- Statistical Decline
- In business and science, this word describes a downward trend. If the temperature is dropping, or if a company's profits are decreasing over several months, this term is used to describe that trajectory. It is often paired with 'trend' to form 下降傾向 (kakou keikou).
飛行機はゆっくりと下降を始めた。(The airplane began its slow descent.)
To understand the depth of 下降, one must look at its antonym, 上昇 (joushou), which means 'ascent' or 'rise'. These two words form a pair that governs almost all discussions of movement and fluctuation in formal Japanese. While 'sagaru' is used for everyday things like 'my grades went down' or 'the price went down' in casual speech, 下降 is what you would read in a newspaper or hear in a weather report. It suggests a process that is being observed or recorded. For example, a 'cold front' moving down or 'atmospheric pressure' dropping are classic scenarios for this vocabulary. It provides a sense of scale and formality that simpler verbs lack.
気温が急激に下降しています。(The temperature is dropping rapidly.)
- Visualizing the Kanji
- The first kanji 下 is a pictograph of something below a line. The second kanji 降 contains the radical for 'hill' or 'mound' (阝) and a component meaning 'to step down'. Together, they literally paint a picture of stepping down from a height.
In summary, 下降 is the word you use when you want to sound precise, professional, or descriptive about anything moving downwards, whether it's a physical object or a data point on a graph.
Using 下降 (kakou) correctly requires understanding its register and its grammatical flexibility. As a kango (Chinese-origin word), it is inherently more formal than native Japanese words like 'oriru' or 'sagaru'. It is most frequently used in written reports, news broadcasts, and technical manuals. However, mastering its use as a Suru-verb is the key to fluency. You will often see it in the form 下降する (to descend/decline) or as a compound noun like 下降線 (downward curve/line).
売上が下降の一途をたどっている。(Sales are on a steady downward trend.)
- Grammatical Patterns
- [Subject] + が + 下降する: The most basic form. 'The temperature descends.'
- 下降 + 傾向 (keikou): 'Downward trend'. Extremely common in business and news.
- 下降 + 気流 (kiryuu): 'Downdraft'. Used in meteorology and aviation.
- 急 (kyuu) + 下降: 'Sudden descent' or 'plummet'.
When describing data, 下降 is often used to contrast with 上昇. If you are giving a presentation about market trends, you might say, 'After a period of rise (上昇), we are now seeing a descent (下降).' This creates a professional and balanced tone. In physical contexts, it is the standard term for aircraft. Pilots do not 'sagaru'; they 'kakou'. If you are on a flight in Japan, you might hear the announcement: '当機はまもなく下降を開始します' (This aircraft will shortly begin its descent).
景気は下降局面に入った。(The economy has entered a downward phase.)
In summary, use 下降 when you want to describe a 'trend' or a 'formal descent'. It is a word of observation and measurement. Whether you are talking about the stock market, the altitude of a plane, or the falling temperature of a chemical reaction, 下降 is your go-to technical term.
You will encounter 下降 (kakou) in several specific environments. Because it is a formal term, it is less common in casual conversation between friends but ubiquitous in media and professional settings. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the word instantly when it appears.
- 1. News and Business Reports
- This is perhaps the most common place. News anchors use it to describe the stock market (株価の下降), the value of the yen, or the birth rate. If you see a graph on TV with a red line going down, the word 下降 will almost certainly be in the headline.
- 2. Weather Forecasts (Kishou)
- Meteorologists use it to talk about atmospheric pressure (気圧) and temperature (気温). A phrase like '気温が下降に転じる' (temperature turns to a decline) is a staple of evening weather segments during the change of seasons.
- 3. Aviation and Transport
- If you travel by air in Japan, the cabin crew and pilots use this word. It is the technical term for the aircraft leaving its cruising altitude. You might also hear it in relation to elevators in high-tech buildings or specialized machinery in factories.
午後は気圧が下降するため、雨が降るでしょう。(Because the atmospheric pressure is descending this afternoon, it will likely rain.)
In academic settings, particularly in the sciences, 下降 is used to describe experimental results. If a liquid's level drops in a tube, or if the population of a certain species decreases, 下降 is the preferred term in a research paper. It sounds objective and precise.
支持率が急下降している。(The approval rating is in a sharp decline.)
Finally, in sports commentary, particularly in sports involving altitude like skiing, paragliding, or even diving, 下降 might be used to describe the path of the athlete. It emphasizes the trajectory and the physics of the movement.
While 下降 (kakou) is a straightforward word, learners often trip up on its register and its distinction from similar-sounding or similar-meaning words. Here are the most common pitfalls to avoid.
- Mistake 1: Using it for Everyday Actions
- You cannot use 下降 to say 'I am going down to the first floor.' That would sound like you are an airplane or a statistical data point. For people moving between floors, use 降りる (oriru). 下降 is for objects, trends, or technical descent.
- Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Gera' (下落)
- This is a subtle one. 下落 (geraku) is specifically used for prices, values, or exchange rates falling. While 下降 can be used for these, 下落 implies a 'drop in value' more strongly. 下降 is more about the 'downward direction' of the trend.
- Mistake 3: Forgetting 'Suru'
- Because it's a noun, learners sometimes try to use it as a verb without 'suru'. You cannot say 'Kion ga kakou.' You must say 'Kion ga kakou suru' or 'Kion no kakou' (the decline of temperature).
❌ 階段を下降する。(Descending the stairs.)
✅ 階段を下りる。(Going down the stairs.)
Another mistake is using 下降 when you mean 'to lower something' (transitive). 下降 is almost always intransitive—it describes something that is going down on its own or as part of a process. If you are lowering the blinds, use 下げる (sageru). If you are lowering the volume, use 小さくする (chiisaku suru).
By keeping 下降 in the realm of 'trends' and 'technical descents', you will avoid sounding unnatural to native speakers.
Japanese has many words for 'down' or 'decrease'. Choosing the right one is essential for sounding natural. Here is how 下降 (kakou) compares to its closest synonyms.
- 1. 低下 (Teika)
- While 下降 is about the direction of movement, 低下 is about the level or quality. You use 低下 for things like 'decline in academic ability' (学力低下) or 'drop in efficiency' (能率低下). It often has a negative connotation of getting worse.
- 2. 下落 (Geraku)
- This is specifically for market values. Stock prices, land prices, and currency values 下落. While you can use 下降 to describe the trend line of a stock, 下落 is the more common term for the actual loss of value.
- 3. 減少 (Genshou)
- This means 'decrease in number or amount'. If the population is getting smaller, it is 減少. If the number of accidents is decreasing, it is 減少. 下降 would only be used if you were looking at the graph of those numbers.
- 4. 降下 (Kouka)
- This is very similar to 下降 but even more technical. It is often used for things falling from the sky, like paratroopers (降下部隊) or radioactive fallout (放射性降下物). In many aviation contexts, 下降 and 降下 are interchangeable, but 下降 is more common for 'trends'.
能力の低下 (Decline in ability) vs. 気温の下降 (Drop in temperature).
Understanding these distinctions will help you pass higher-level JLPT exams (N2/N1), where choosing the correct 'downward' word is a common test item. Always look at what is 'going down'—is it a physical object, a number, a quality, or a price? That will lead you to the right word.
چقدر رسمی است؟
سطح دشواری
گرامر لازم
~にともなって (along with)
~につれて (as...)
~の一途をたどる (continue to...)
~傾向にある (have a tendency to...)
~を開始する (start to...)
مثالها بر اساس سطح
飛行機が下降します。
The airplane descends.
Simple [Noun] + ga + [Verb] structure.
下（した）は「down」です。下降の「下」です。
'Shita' means down. It's the 'ka' in 'kakou'.
Explaining kanji components.
気温が下降しています。
The temperature is going down.
Present continuous form (~shite imasu).
グラフが下降しています。
The graph is going down.
Using 'kakou' to describe a visual.
エレベーターが下降します。
The elevator goes down.
Formal movement of a machine.
下降は「おりる」の意味です。
'Kakou' means 'to go down'.
Defining the word simply.
右に下降してください。
Please descend to the right.
Imperative/Request form.
下降の反対は上昇です。
The opposite of 'kakou' is 'joushou'.
Learning antonyms.
明日の気温は下降するでしょう。
Tomorrow's temperature will likely decline.
Using 'deshou' for predictions.
この坂をゆっくり下降しましょう。
Let's descend this slope slowly.
Volitional form (~mashou).
飛行機が下降を始めました。
The plane has started its descent.
Noun + o + hajimeta (started).
売上が少し下降しています。
Sales are declining a little.
Business context.
下降する線を見てください。
Please look at the descending line.
Verb modifying a noun.
船がゆっくり下降した。
The ship (in a lock) descended slowly.
Past tense.
下降のスピードが速いです。
The speed of descent is fast.
Noun + no + Noun.
物価が下降することはありません。
Prices will not go down.
Negative statement about trends.
景気は下降傾向にあります。
The economy is in a downward trend.
Using 'keikou' (trend).
高度を三千メートルまで下降させる。
Lower the altitude to 3,000 meters.
Causative form (saseru).
支持率の下降が止まらない。
The drop in approval ratings won't stop.
Subject marker 'ga' with a noun phrase.
気圧の下降により、体調を崩した。
I felt unwell due to the drop in atmospheric pressure.
Expressing cause with 'ni yori'.
急下降するジェットコースターに乗った。
I rode a roller coaster that plummets.
Compound 'kyuu-kakou' (sudden descent).
出生率が下降し続けている。
The birth rate continues to decline.
Verb stem + tsuzukeru (continue to).
この地域では気温の下降が激しい。
The drop in temperature is severe in this region.
Adjective 'hashii' (intense).
下降気流が発生しています。
A downdraft is occurring.
Technical term 'kakou kiryuu'.
業績は下降の一途をたどっている。
Business performance is on a steady decline.
Idiomatic 'itto o tadoru'.
着陸に向けて下降を開始する。
Begin descent for landing.
Formal announcement style.
需要の下降に伴い、生産を減らす。
Reduce production as demand declines.
Grammar 'ni tomonai' (along with).
株価が急激に下降した原因を調べる。
Investigate the cause of the sharp drop in stock prices.
Relative clause modifying 'gen'in'.
下降局面での投資は慎重に行うべきだ。
Investing during a downward phase should be done carefully.
Using 'kyokumen' (phase/situation).
山の斜面を下降するルートを選ぶ。
Choose a route to descend the mountain slope.
Describing a physical path.
成績が下降したのは努力不足だ。
The reason grades went down is lack of effort.
Nominalizing with 'no wa'.
冷たい空気が下降してくる。
Cold air is descending.
Directional auxiliary '~te kuru'.
日本経済は長期的な下降線をたどっている。
The Japanese economy is on a long-term downward curve.
Using 'kakousen' (downward line).
その文明は、内乱によって下降をたどった。
That civilization declined due to internal strife.
Metaphorical use for civilizations.
放射性物質の下降が懸念される。
The fallout of radioactive materials is a concern.
Highly technical/formal context.
下降気流に巻き込まれる危険性がある。
There is a danger of being caught in a downdraft.
Passive potential form.
物価の下降がデフレを加速させている。
The decline in prices is accelerating deflation.
Economic cause and effect.
高度計が急激な下降を示している。
The altimeter is showing a rapid descent.
Technical observation.
支持率の下降を食い止める策を講じる。
Take measures to halt the decline in approval ratings.
Formal 'saku o koujiru' (take measures).
下降するにつれて、気圧が上昇する。
As you descend, the atmospheric pressure rises.
Grammar 'ni tsurete' (as...).
国力の下降は、歴史の必然とも言える。
The decline of national power could be called a historical inevitability.
Philosophical/Historical discourse.
その彗星は、太陽系を下降するように通過した。
The comet passed through the solar system as if descending.
Astronomical description.
市場の下降トレンドを正確に予測するのは困難だ。
It is difficult to accurately predict a downward market trend.
Professional financial analysis.
下降する物理的プロセスを数式で表す。
Express the physical process of descent with a mathematical formula.
Scientific/Mathematical context.
権威の下降は、情報の民主化がもたらした。
The decline of authority was brought about by the democratization of information.
Sociological analysis.
下降気流が地表の熱を奪い去る。
The downdraft strips away the heat from the earth's surface.
Thermodynamic description.
自己の精神が下降していくような感覚を覚えた。
I felt a sensation as if my own spirit were descending.
Literary/Psychological use.
下降の一途をたどる旧態依然とした産業構造。
An outdated industrial structure that continues to decline.
Complex noun phrase with modifiers.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
اصطلاحات و عبارات
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
الگوهای جملهسازی
نحوه استفاده
Specific to altitude change.
Refers to trends, not just a single price drop.
Used for pressure and temperature.
- Using it for walking down stairs.
- Confusing it with 'kakou' (processing/加工).
- Using it as a transitive verb (to lower something).
- Using it for quality decline (should be 'teika').
- Forgetting the 'u' at the end (saying 'kako' instead of 'kakou').
نکات
Kanji Visual
Look at the '降' kanji. The left side is a hill, and the right side looks like feet stepping down. It's a descent!
Business Reports
When writing a report, use '下降傾向' instead of 'sagatte iru' to sound more professional.
Airport Ears
Next time you are on a plane to Japan, listen for 'kakou' when the pilot speaks.
Suru-Verb
Remember to add 'suru' to make it an action. 'Kion ga kakou suru'.
Antonym Pair
Always learn 'kakou' and 'joushou' together. They are a set.
Avoid for People
Never say 'I am kakou-ing the stairs'. It sounds like you are a robot.
Presentation Tip
Use 'kakou' when describing a graph to show you have advanced vocabulary.
News Headlines
Look for 下降 in the economic section of Japanese news sites like Nikkei.
Social Issues
It's often used for the 'declining birthrate' (shoushika) discussions.
Flat Tone
Keep your voice level throughout the word: ka-ko-u.
حفظ کنید
ریشه کلمه
Sino-Japanese (Kango)
بافت فرهنگی
NHK news uses 'kakou' almost exclusively for economic trends.
Using 'kakou' in reports sounds more objective than 'sagaru'.
Avoid using 'kakou' for people unless it's a technical context.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"最近の株価の下降についてどう思いますか？"
"飛行機が下降するとき、耳が痛くなりませんか？"
"気温が下降してきたので、そろそろ冬服が必要ですね。"
"このグラフの下降線の原因は何でしょうか？"
"支持率が下降している理由を教えてください。"
موضوعات نگارش
最近、自分の生活で「下降」していると感じるものはありますか？
もし飛行機が急下降したら、あなたはどう反応しますか？
経済が下降傾向にあるとき、どのような対策が必要だと思いますか？
気温が下降する季節、あなたが一番好きなことは何ですか？
成績が下降したとき、どのようにモチベーションを上げますか？
سوالات متداول
10 سوالGenerally no. It sounds like the person is a physical object or a statistic. Use 'oriru' or 'sagaru' for people moving.
No. 'Sagaru' is a general verb. 'Kakou' is a formal noun/verb for trends and technical descent.
The opposite is 'joushou' (上昇), which means ascent or rise.
It is written as 下 (down) and 降 (descend).
It's common in news and weather, but less common in casual chat about daily activities.
Yes, but that is a different kanji: 加工. They sound the same.
It means 'downward trend'.
No, it is intransitive. You use 'sageru' to lower something.
Yes, but 'geraku' is more common for specific price drops.
Yes, it is typically taught at the N3 or N2 level of the JLPT.
خودت رو بسنج 180 سوال
/ 180 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
Use 'kakou' when you want to sound professional or technical about something moving downwards, especially in reports, news, or aviation. Avoid it for simple daily actions like walking down stairs.
- Formal term for 'going down' or 'descending'.
- Used for physical objects (planes) and data (prices).
- Opposite of 'joushou' (上昇 - rise/ascent).
- Commonly used as a suru-verb: 'kakou suru'.
Kanji Visual
Look at the '降' kanji. The left side is a hill, and the right side looks like feet stepping down. It's a descent!
Business Reports
When writing a report, use '下降傾向' instead of 'sagatte iru' to sound more professional.
Airport Ears
Next time you are on a plane to Japan, listen for 'kakou' when the pilot speaks.
Suru-Verb
Remember to add 'suru' to make it an action. 'Kion ga kakou suru'.
مثال
景気が下降します。
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
واژههای بیشتر Other
事故
A1یک رویداد غیرمنتظره و معمولاً ناخوشایند که منجر به آسیب یا جراحت می شود. بیشتر برای تصادفات رانندگی استفاده می شود.
根拠
B2به دلایل، پایه یا شواهدی اشاره دارد که بر اساس آنها یک قضاوت، بیان یا اقدام بنا شده است. برای توصیف توجیه اساسی یا پایه منطقی که از یک ادعا یا تئوری حمایت میکند، استفاده میشود.
変化
A1اسمی که به فرآیند متفاوت شدن یا تغییر در وضعیت، ظاهر یا شرایط اشاره دارد.
衝突
A1برخورد فیزیکی یا تصادف. همچنین به معنای تضاد آرا یا برنامهها است.
比較
B1عمل بررسی دو یا چند چیز برای شناسایی شباهتها و تفاوتها.
結論
B2تصمیم نهایی یا قضاوتی که پس از یک دوره بحث یا استدلال منطقی به دست میآید.
考慮
A1ملاحظه به معنای تفکر عمیق در مورد عوامل مختلف قبل از تصمیمگیری است.
転換
A1یک تغییر قابل توجه در جهت یا وضعیت. 'تغییر در سیاست (方針転換) برای پیشرفت لازم است.'
危機
A1بحران یا وضعیت بحرانی. نقطه عطفی که در آن نتایج خطرناک ممکن است.
基準
A1استاندارد، معیار یا نقطه عطفی که به عنوان مبنایی برای قضاوت استفاده می شود. این محصول استانداردهای ایمنی را برآورده می کند.
