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A2 verb خنثی #1,800 پرکاربردترین 4 دقیقه مطالعه

かえす

kaesu /ka.e̞.sɯ̥/
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Overview

The Japanese word 'かえす' (kaesu) is a versatile verb with several nuances, primarily revolving around the concept of 'returning' or 'giving back.' Understanding its various applications requires a look at its etymology, common usages, grammatical forms, and distinctions from similar verbs.

Etymology and Core Meaning:

'かえす' (kaesu) originates from the classical Japanese verb 'かへす' (kahesu). Its core meaning is to revert something to its original state or place, or to give something back to its owner or source. This fundamental concept underpins all its more specific uses.

Common Usages and Nuances:

  1. 1To return (a thing): This is the most straightforward and common usage. It implies giving an object back to someone who lent it to you, or returning something to a store.
  • 本を友達に返す (hon o tomodachi ni kaesu) - To return a book to a friend.
  • お店に商品を返す (omise ni shouhin o kaesu) - To return a product to the store.
  1. 1To return (money/debt): When referring to financial transactions, 'かえす' means to repay a loan or debt.
  • 借金を返す (shakkin o kaesu) - To repay a debt.
  • お金を返す (okane o kaesu) - To return money.
  1. 1To give back/Retaliate (figurative): In a more abstract sense, 'かえす' can imply reciprocating an action or feeling, sometimes with a nuance of retaliation or returning a favor.
  • 恩を返す (on o kaesu) - To return a favor/repay a kindness.
  • 仕返しをする (shikaeshi o suru) is often used for direct retaliation, but 'かえす' can be used in a broader sense of 'returning' an action.
  1. 1To turn over/Turn inside out: This usage describes physically turning something over or inverting it.
  • ページを返す (peeji o kaesu) - To turn a page.
  • 皿を返す (sara o kaesu) - To turn a plate over.
  1. 1To vomit/Throw up (informal): In an informal context, '吐き出す' (hakidasu) is more common, but 'かえす' can be used to mean to vomit, especially when something comes back up.
  • 食べたものを返す (tabeta mono o kaesu) - To throw up what one ate.
  1. 1As a compound verb (返す -gaesu/ -kaesu): When 'かえす' is attached to the stem of another verb, it often signifies 'doing something back' or 're-doing' it. This is a crucial aspect of its usage.
  • 言い返す (iikaesu) - To talk back; to retort.
  • 書き返す (kakikaesu) - To rewrite; to write back.
  • やり返す (yarikaesu) - To do over again; to do back (e.g., retaliate).

Grammatical Forms:

  • Dictionary form: かえす (kaesu)
  • Masu form: かえします (kaeshimasu)
  • Te form: かえして (kaeshite)
  • Negative form: かえさない (kaesanai)
  • Past form: かえした (kaeshita)
  • Passive form: かえされる (kaesareru) - To be returned.
  • Causative form: かえさせる (kaesaseru) - To make someone return.

Distinctions from Similar Verbs:

  • 戻す (modosu): While '戻す' also means 'to return' or 'to put back,' it often emphasizes the action of bringing something back to its original place or restoring its original state. 'かえす' focuses more on giving something back to its owner or source or reversing an action. For instance, you '戻す' a book to its shelf, but you 'かえす' a book to a friend. However, in some contexts, they can be interchangeable.
  • 席に戻る (seki ni modoru) - To return to one's seat (intransitive, 'modoru').
  • 本を棚に戻す (hon o tana ni modosu) - To put the book back on the shelf.
  • 返す (kaesu) vs. 帰る (kaeru): These are homophones but have distinct meanings and kanji. '帰る' (kaeru) is an intransitive verb meaning 'to return home' or 'to go back.' It refers to the movement of a person or animal returning to a base or origin, not the returning of an object. 'かえす' is transitive and always involves an object being returned.
  • 家に帰る (ie ni kaeru) - To go home.
  • 学校から帰る (gakkou kara kaeru) - To return from school.

In summary, 'かえす' is a fundamental and frequently used verb in Japanese, encompassing a range of 'returning' actions, from the literal return of objects and money to the more abstract concepts of retaliation and reciprocation, and even serving as a key component in compound verbs to express 'doing back' or 're-doing' an action. Its versatility makes it a crucial word for learners to master.

مثال‌ها

1

本を先生に返す。

School.

Return the book to the teacher.

2

借りたお金を返す。

Finance.

Return the borrowed money.

3

質問に答える。

Conversation.

Answer the question.

4

お皿を台所へ返す。

Household chores.

Return the plate to the kitchen.

5

彼が私に笑顔を返した。

Social interaction.

He returned my smile.

ترکیب‌های رایج

本をかえす
お金をかえす
お皿をかえす
恩をかえす

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

かえす در مقابل かえる
intransitive verb meaning "to return (to a place)"

الگوهای دستوری

~をかえす (to return something) ~にかえす (to return something to someone/somewhere) ~てかえす (to do something and return)

نحوه استفاده

نکات کاربردی

The verb 'かえす' (kaesu) is a transitive verb meaning 'to return (a thing),' 'to give back,' or 'to send back.' It is commonly used when an object is being returned to its original owner or place. For example, '本を返す' (hon o kaesu) means 'to return a book.' It can also be used in contexts like 'お金を返す' (okane o kaesu) for 'to return money' or 'to repay a loan.' This verb focuses on the action of giving something back. It's distinct from 'もどる' (modoru), which is an intransitive verb meaning 'to return (oneself/a thing) to a place,' focusing on the subject's movement back. For example, '家に帰る' (uchi ni kaeru) means 'to return home.' When using 'かえす', the particle 'を' (o) is used to mark the direct object (the thing being returned).

اشتباهات رایج

One common mistake is confusing かえす (kaesu - to return a thing) with かえる (kaeru - to return home/go back). While both involve returning, かえす specifically refers to returning an object, while かえる refers to a person returning to a location. Another mistake can be misusing particles; for 'kaesu', the object being returned typically takes the を particle, and the place or person to which it is returned can take に or へ. For example, 本を図書館に返す (Hon o toshokan ni kaesu - to return a book to the library). Sometimes, beginners might try to use it with people returning, but that is incorrect as かえる (kaeru) is used for people/animals returning to a place.

ریشه کلمه

200+ WORDS origin history.

بافت فرهنگی

When returning an item in Japan, it's customary to do so with a polite demeanor and perhaps a slight bow, especially if the item was borrowed from someone of higher status or an elder. Punctuality is also highly valued, so returning items on time or even slightly early is appreciated. If returning something that was a gift, it's generally not done unless there's a very specific reason and it's handled with extreme sensitivity to avoid offense. For borrowed items, a small token of appreciation, like a simple 'thank you' or a small gift, can also be offered, though it's not strictly required for everyday items. The act of returning is often seen as fulfilling one's obligation and maintaining harmonious social relationships.

راهنمای حفظ

Visualize returning an item, like a book to a library, and the feeling of relief or accomplishment. Associate 'kaesu' with that action.

سوالات متداول

4 سوال
'かえす' (kaesu) is a Japanese verb that generally means 'to return' or 'to give back' a thing. It's often used when an object is being returned to its original owner, or put back in its original place. This verb implies a direct action of reversal or sending something back from where it came. It can be applied to various situations, such as returning a borrowed book, giving back change, or even returning a serve in a sport. The specific nuance can sometimes depend on the context, but the core meaning revolves around the concept of returning something.
'かえす' can be used in sentences like: '本をかえす' (Hon o kaesu - to return a book), 'お金をかえす' (Okane o kaesu - to return money/give back change), or 'ボールをかえす' (Bōru o kaesu - to return a ball/serve a ball back). The object being returned is usually marked with the particle 'を' (o). The subject performing the action of returning is typically the person doing the returning. It's a versatile verb for describing the action of giving something back.
Yes, like most Japanese verbs, 'かえす' (kaesu) has different forms depending on the tense, politeness level, and grammatical context. Some common forms include: 'かえします' (kaeshimasu - polite present/future), 'かえしました' (kaeshimashita - polite past), 'かえさない' (kaesanai - plain negative), 'かえして' (kaeshite - te-form, often used for requests or connecting clauses), and 'かえせる' (kaeseru - potential form, meaning 'can return'). These forms allow the verb to adapt to various conversational and written situations.
While both 'かえす' (kaesu) and 'もどす' (modosu) can mean 'to return,' there's a subtle but important distinction. 'かえす' primarily focuses on returning *a thing* to its owner or original place, emphasizing the action of giving something back. 'もどす,' on the other hand, often implies returning *oneself* or *something* to a previous state, location, or condition. For example, '家にもどる' (Ie ni modoru) means 'to return home' (oneself), while '本をかえす' (Hon o kaesu) means 'to return a book' (a thing). 'もどす' can also be used for things, but its nuance often includes reverting to a previous state or position, not just giving something back.

خودت رو بسنج

fill blank

私は図書館に本を___。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
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友達がお金を貸してくれたので、来週___。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
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壊れたおもちゃは店に___。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:

امتیاز: /3

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