Circumfix 'Memper-...-kan'
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The 'memper-...-kan' circumfix turns adjectives or nouns into causative verbs, meaning 'to make something become [adjective/noun]'.
- Attach 'memper-' to the front and '-kan' to the end of a root word.
- Use it to indicate changing the state of an object (e.g., 'memperbaiki' - to make better/fix).
- It often implies a deliberate action or an increase in intensity.
Meanings
This circumfix is used to create causative verbs, indicating that the subject is causing the object to undergo a change of state or quality.
Causative Change
To make something become a certain state.
“Dia mempercepat langkahnya.”
“Pemerintah memperluas jalan raya.”
Improvement/Enhancement
To make something better or more intense.
“Tukang itu sedang memperbaiki meja.”
“Kita harus memperindah taman ini.”
Formation of Memper-...-kan Verbs
| Root | Prefix | Suffix | Resulting Verb |
|---|---|---|---|
| luas | memper | kan | memperluaskan |
| kuat | memper | kan | memperkuatkan |
| indah | memper | kan | memperindahkan |
| cepat | memper | kan | mempercepatkan |
| jelas | memper | kan | memperjelaskan |
| baik | memper | i | memperbaiki |
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | memper + root + kan | Dia memperluaskan kawasan. |
| Negative | tidak + memper + root + kan | Dia tidak memperluaskan kawasan. |
| Question | Adakah + subjek + memper + root + kan | Adakah dia memperluaskan kawasan? |
| Passive | diper + root + kan | Kawasan itu diperluaskan. |
| Imperative | per + root + kan | Perluaskan kawasan itu! |
| Continuous | sedang + memper + root + kan | Dia sedang memperluaskan kawasan. |
طیف رسمیت
Kita perlu memperbaiki keadaan. (Problem solving)
Kita harus perbaiki keadaan. (Problem solving)
Jom betulkan keadaan. (Problem solving)
Betulkan la. (Problem solving)
The Memper-kan Causative Map
Change
- memperluas widen
Quality
- memperindah beautify
Examples by Level
Dia mempercepat lari.
He speeds up his run.
Kita memperluas rumah.
We widen the house.
Dia memperkuat tali.
He strengthens the rope.
Mereka memperindah bilik.
They beautify the room.
Syarikat itu memperluaskan pasaran.
The company expands the market.
Dia sedang memperbaiki basikal.
He is fixing the bicycle.
Kita perlu mempercepat proses ini.
We need to speed up this process.
Dia memperjelas arahan itu.
He clarifies the instructions.
Kerajaan memperluaskan jaringan jalan raya.
The government expands the road network.
Dia cuba mempererat hubungan kami.
He tries to strengthen our relationship.
Kita harus mempertingkatkan kualiti kerja.
We must improve the quality of work.
Dia memperingatkan saya tentang bahaya itu.
He warned me about the danger.
Pihak pengurusan mempercepatkan pelaksanaan projek.
The management accelerates the project implementation.
Langkah ini bertujuan memperkukuhkan ekonomi negara.
This step aims to strengthen the national economy.
Dia mempersembahkan hasil kerjanya dengan bangga.
He presented his work with pride.
Kita perlu memperdayakan musuh itu.
We need to deceive the enemy.
Penulis itu memperincikan setiap bab dalam novelnya.
The author details every chapter in his novel.
Dasar ini memperkasakan golongan wanita.
This policy empowers women.
Dia memperhambakan dirinya kepada seni.
He enslaved himself to art.
Kita harus mempertautkan semula ikatan persaudaraan.
We must reconnect the bonds of brotherhood.
Beliau memperjuangkan hak asasi manusia secara konsisten.
He consistently fights for human rights.
Karya ini memperlihatkan evolusi pemikiran beliau.
This work reveals the evolution of his thought.
Dia memperisterikan gadis dari kampung itu.
He took the girl from that village as his wife.
Tindakan itu memperburukkan lagi keadaan.
That action worsened the situation further.
Easily Confused
Both are causative.
اشتباهات رایج
membaikkan
memperbaiki
memperluas
memperluaskan
mempercepatkan
mempercepat
memperindah
memperindahkan
Sentence Patterns
Saya ingin ___ ___ ___.
Real World Usage
Kerajaan memperluaskan projek.
Check the root
Smart Tips
Use memper-kan for impact.
تلفظ
Stress
Stress usually falls on the root word.
Declarative
Dia memperluas jalan. ↘
Statement of fact.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Memper-kan is the 'Make-it-Better' plan.
Visual Association
Imagine a tiny construction worker adding a 'memper' hat and a 'kan' shoe to a word to make it run faster.
Rhyme
Add memper at the start, add kan at the end, to make a verb that helps you mend.
Story
Ali wanted to fix his bike. He took the word 'baik' (good). He added 'memper' and 'i' (a variation) to get 'memperbaiki'. Now his bike is fixed and he is happy.
Word Web
چالش
Write 3 sentences using 'memperbaiki', 'memperluas', and 'mempercepat' today.
نکات فرهنگی
Used in official government documents.
Derived from Sanskrit-influenced Malay roots.
Conversation Starters
Bagaimana anda mempercepatkan kerja anda?
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Dia ___ (perbaiki) basikal itu.
Score: /1
تمرینهای عملی
1 exercisesDia ___ (perbaiki) basikal itu.
Score: /1
سوالات متداول (1)
No, sometimes it is memper-i.
In Other Languages
hacer + [adjective]
Malay uses circumfixation.
