A2 · Élémentaire Chapitre 3

Nouns, Gender, and Broken Plurals

4 Règles totales
40 exemples
5 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of Arabic pluralization by performing linguistic surgery on your favorite nouns.

  • Identify the logic behind non-patterned broken plurals.
  • Apply rhythmic patterns like Fu'ūl, 'af'āl, and Fi'āl.
  • Treat non-human plurals as feminine singular subjects.
Break the word, master the rhythm!

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Hey friend! So, you've already learned a ton of Arabic – amazing job! Now, we're diving into a super important and exciting part: Broken Plurals! I know, the name might sound a bit tricky, but don't worry, with me, you'll learn the easiest way to master them. In this chapter, we're going to learn how words form their plurals in Arabic, especially those 'special' ones that don't follow a simple pattern – it's like a linguistic 'internal surgery' on the word itself! I'll teach you how to turn words like 'qalb' (heart) into 'qulub' (hearts) or 'qalam' (pen) into 'aqlam' (pens), using rhythmic patterns like 'Fu'ūl', 'af'āl', and 'Fi'āl'. Most importantly, I'll teach you a golden rule that will be incredibly useful: Whenever you encounter a plural of non-human objects in Arabic (like 'books' or 'cars'), you must treat it as a single 'feminine' entity! This is the key to constructing your sentences correctly and sounding like a native speaker. Where will these skills come in handy? Imagine you're in an Arab market wanting to say, 'I want several books,' or 'These houses are beautiful.' If you don't know these rules, you might not be understood properly. But by the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently talk about multiple objects, describe them correctly, and never stumble when pluralizing Arabic words. Let's start and conquer this step together!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Transform singular nouns into their broken plural forms using rhythmic patterns.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Welcome, language adventurer! You've reached a pivotal point in your Arabic grammar A2 journey. We're about to unlock the fascinating world of broken plurals – a core concept in Arabic that will dramatically enhance your fluency and comprehension.
While the idea of a broken plural might sound intimidating, think of it as a creative rearrangement of letters, a beautiful internal modification of a word. Mastering this is essential for navigating everyday conversations and truly understanding how Arabic nouns work. This chapter is designed to demystify these patterns, making them accessible and manageable for learners at the CEFR A2 Arabic level.
Understanding broken plurals is crucial because they are incredibly common. Unlike the simple, predictable sound plurals, broken plurals involve changing the internal vowel structure and sometimes the consonant order of a singular noun to form its plural. This is a hallmark of Arabic morphology and a key differentiator from many other languages.
By the end of this guide, you'll be equipped to recognize and use these vital plural forms, moving you closer to sounding more natural and confident in your Arabic.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on Arabic broken plurals, known as Jam' al-Taksir (جمع التكسير). Unlike sound plurals where you simply add an ending (like -uun or -aat), broken plurals involve changing the word's internal structure. We'll explore three common patterns: Fu'ūl (فُعُول), 'af'āl (أَفْعَال), and Fi'āl (فِعَال).
The Fu'ūl pattern often applies to concrete objects. For example, the singular 'qalb' (قَلْب - heart) becomes 'qulūb' (قُلُوب - hearts), and 'bayt' (بَيْت - house) becomes 'buyūt' (بُيُوت - houses). Notice the change in vowels and the addition of a 'wāw' (و) in the plural.
The 'af'āl' pattern is another frequent one. Consider 'qalam' (قَلَم - pen), which becomes 'aqlām' (أَقْلَام - pens). Similarly, 'walad' (وَلَد - boy) becomes 'awlād' (أَوْلَاد - boys). Here, the plural often starts with an 'alif' (أ) and a 'fathah' (ـَ).
Finally, the Fi'āl pattern involves a different vowel arrangement. The singular 'rajul' (رَجُل - man) becomes 'rijāl' (رِجَال - men), and 'jabal' (جَبَل - mountain) becomes 'jibāl' (جِبَال - mountains). This pattern often features a 'kasrah' (ـِ) in the first syllable of the plural.
A golden rule to remember for A2 Arabic learners: when forming plurals of non-human objects (things, animals), the plural form is treated as grammatically feminine singular. This means adjectives and verbs agreeing with them will take feminine singular forms. For instance, 'al-kutub kabīrah' (الكُتُب كَبِيرَة - the books are big), where 'kabīrah' is feminine singular.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong:
    Ana aradtu khamsat kutub jamil.
    (I want five beautiful books.)
Correct:
Ana aradtu khamsat kutub jamīlah.
(I want five beautiful books.)
*Explanation:* The noun 'kutub' (كُتُب - books) is a non-human plural. According to the rule, it's treated as feminine singular. Therefore, the adjective 'jamīlah' (جَمِيلَة - beautiful) must also be in the feminine singular form to agree with it.
  1. 1Wrong: Hathihi al-buyut kabirun. (These houses are big.)
Correct:
Hathihi al-buyut kabīrah.
(These houses are big.)
*Explanation:* 'Buyūt' (بُيُوت - houses) is a non-human plural. It's treated as feminine singular. The demonstrative pronoun 'Hathihi' (هَذِهِ - this/these) is already feminine singular, but the predicate adjective 'kabīrah' (كَبِيرَة - big) must also be feminine singular to match.
  1. 1Wrong: Katabtu aqalam kathirun. (I wrote many pens.)
Correct:
Katabtu aqalam kathīrah.
(I wrote many pens.)
*Explanation:* 'Aqalam' (أَقْلَام - pens) is a non-human plural. It's treated as feminine singular. The adjective 'kathīrah' (كَثِيرَة - many) needs to be in the feminine singular form to agree with 'aqalam'.

Real Conversations

A

A

Ayna aqlamuka? (Where are your pens?)
B

B

Aqalami huna. Wa hadhihi qulūbi al-awlādi saghirah.
(My pens are here. And these children's hearts are small.)
A

A

"Hal ra'ayta rajulan?" (Did you see a man?)
B

B

"Na'am, ra'aytu rijālan kathīran yamsḥūna." (Yes, I saw many men walking.)
A

A

Kayfa al-jibāl fi al-ṣayf?
(How are the mountains in the summer?)
B

B

Al-jibāl jamīlah jiddan, walakin al-ḥarr shadīd.
(The mountains are very beautiful, but the heat is intense.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What is the main difference between sound plurals and broken plurals in Arabic grammar?

Sound plurals add a suffix (like -uun or -aat) to the singular form, while broken plurals change the internal vowel structure and sometimes the order of letters of the singular noun to create the plural.

Q

How can I easily identify which pattern a broken plural follows in A2 Arabic?

For A2 learners, it's best to memorize common broken plural patterns and their associated singular forms. As you encounter more Arabic, you'll start to recognize them intuitively.

Q

What is the significance of treating non-human plurals as feminine singular in Arabic?

Treating non-human plurals as feminine singular is a fundamental rule that affects agreement with adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. Following this rule is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences and sounding natural.

Q

Are there regional differences in how broken plurals are used in Arabic?

While the core patterns of broken plurals are standard across Arabic dialects, pronunciation and specific word choices might vary. However, the grammatical rules governing their use, especially the feminine singular treatment of non-human plurals, remain consistent.

Cultural Context

In everyday Arabic, you'll hear broken plurals constantly, from discussing everyday objects like 'kutub' (books) and 'buyūt' (houses) to abstract concepts. The grammatical rule of treating non-human plurals as feminine singular is universally applied, ensuring clarity and correctness in communication, whether in formal settings or casual chats in a market.

Exemples clés (8)

1

Qara'tu kutuban kathiratan hadha al-shahr.

J'ai lu beaucoup de livres ce mois-ci.

Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)
2

Hadhihi al-buyutu qadimatun jiddan.

Ces maisons sont très vieilles.

Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)
3

Hādhihi al-buyūtu qadīmatun jiddan.

Ces maisons sont très anciennes.

Pluriels brisés arabes : Le modèle Fu'ūl (Cœurs et Maisons)
4

Shukran 'alā kull al-qulūb fī al-bath!

Merci pour tous les cœurs sur le live !

Pluriels brisés arabes : Le modèle Fu'ūl (Cœurs et Maisons)
5

Indī thalāthata aqlām fī ḥaqībatī.

J'ai trois stylos dans mon sac.

Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'
6

Kayfa ḥāl al-awlād?

Comment vont les enfants/garçons ?

Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'
7

Hā'ulā' ar-rijāl ya'malūn hunā.

Ces hommes travaillent ici.

Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)
8

Uḥibbu al-jibāl fī ash-shitā'.

J'aime les montagnes en hiver.

Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)

Conseils et astuces (4)

⚠️

L'exception "humaine"

Ne traite jamais les personnes au pluriel comme féminin singulier !
Les hommes sont grands
se dit «الرِّجَالُ طِوَالٌ», PAS «الرِّجَالُ طَوِيلَةٌ».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)
💡

L'indice du 'Waw'

Si tu entends un long son 'ou' (comme dans 'roue') vers la fin d'un mot au pluriel, il y a de fortes chances que ce soit ce modèle, comme dans «قُلُوب». Quand tu dis Qul-OO-b, tu l'entends bien !
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels brisés arabes : Le modèle Fu'ūl (Cœurs et Maisons)
💡

Le Truc du Rythme

Chante le rythme 'A-BA-DA' ou 'A-KLA-M'. Si un mot correspond à cette mélodie, c'est probablement un pluriel en «أَفْعال». Tes oreilles sont souvent meilleures que tes yeux pour le repérer ! Par exemple, pour les stylos : «أَقْلام»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'
🎯

Écoute bien le rythme !

Ce pluriel a une mélodie 'court-LONG' (i-Ā). Si tu dis 'Ra-jāl' (a-Ā), ça sonne faux, un peu comme un cow-boy ! Pense à 'Ri-jāl' pour 'hommes' : «رِجَال».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)

Vocabulaire clé (6)

قَلْب (qalb) heart قُلُوب (qulūb) hearts قَلَم (qalam) pen أَقْلَام (aqlām) pens رَجُل (rajul) man رِجَال (rijāl) men

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

Market Interaction

Review Summary

  • Root1-u-Root2-ū-Root3
  • a-Root1-Root2-ā-Root3
  • Root1-i-Root2-ā-Root3

Erreurs courantes

You treated a non-human plural as masculine. Remember, non-human plurals are feminine singular.

Wrong: هَذَا أَقْلَام (Hadha aqlām)
Correct: هَذِهِ أَقْلَام (Hadhihi aqlām)

Do not force the -ūn sound; that is for sound masculine plurals. Pens follow the internal pattern.

Wrong: قَلَمُون (Qalamūn)
Correct: أَقْلَام (Aqlām)

Human plurals take human adjectives. Do not use feminine singular adjectives for people.

Wrong: رِجَالٌ كَبِيرَة (Rijāl kabīrah)
Correct: رِجَالٌ كِبَار (Rijāl kibār)

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the most unique features of Arabic! Keep practicing these rhythms, and they will become second nature.

Create flashcards for 10 broken plural nouns.

Pratique rapide (10)

Complète la phrase avec la bonne forme plurielle de "كِتَابٌ" (livre).

عِنْدِي ثَلاثَةُ ___ .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كُتُب
Le pluriel de «كِتَابٌ» est «كُتُبٌ», qui suit le modèle de pluriel brisé «فُعُل».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)

Quelle phrase utilise le pluriel correct pour 'jours' ?

Choisis la bonne phrase :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سأبقى هنا ثلاثة أيام.
«أيام» est le pluriel brisé correct de «يوم» (jour) en utilisant le modèle «أَفْعال».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la formation du pluriel.

Find and fix the mistake:

رأيت أفلامون جميلة أمس.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: رأيت أفلام جميلة أمس.
Le pluriel de «فيلم» est «أفلام», pas «أفلامون». Les pluriels brisés n'utilisent pas le suffixe «ـون».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'

Corrige l'erreur dans cette phrase décrivant des maisons.

Find and fix the mistake:

هَذِهِ البُيُوتُ كَبِيرُونَ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هَذِهِ البُيُوتُ كَبِيرَةٌ.
«بُيُوتٌ» est un pluriel non-humain, donc l'adjectif doit être féminin singulier («كَبِيرَةٌ»).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)

Complète la phrase avec le pluriel correct de "قلم" (stylo).

اشتريت خمسة ___ جديدة.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أقلام
Le pluriel de «قلم» suit le modèle «أَفْعال», qui est «أقلام».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels Brisés en Arabe : Le Modèle 'af'āl'

Quelle phrase utilise le pluriel correct pour "grand" ?

Sélectionne la phrase correcte pour "grandes maisons" :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بيوت كبار
Bien que les pluriels inanimés prennent souvent des adjectifs singuliers, «كِبَار» est fréquemment utilisé pour insister sur la taille ou le nombre dans un contexte pluriel, surtout à l'oral. Ici, nous pratiquons le modèle «كِبَار».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)

Quelle phrase applique correctement la règle d'accord du pluriel non-humain ?

Choisis la phrase correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الأَقْلامُ جَدِيدَةٌ.
Les pluriels non-humains comme «أَقْلَامٌ» (stylos) prennent des adjectifs féminins singuliers comme «جَدِيدَةٌ».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel Brisé en Arabe (Jam' al-Taksir)

Convertis le mot entre parenthèses au pluriel.

أين (الرجل)؟ ___ ذهبوا إلى السوق.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الرجال
Le pluriel de «رَجُل» (homme) suit le modèle Fi'āl, devenant «رِجَال».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)

Transforme le mot entre parenthèses au pluriel.

أحب مشاهدة ___ (فَنّ) الرسم.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: فُنُون
Le pluriel de «فَنّ» (art) suit le modèle «فُعُول», et devient «فُنُون». Facile, non ?

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluriels brisés arabes : Le modèle Fu'ūl (Cœurs et Maisons)

Corrige la forme du pluriel.

Find and fix the mistake:

عندي ثلاثة كلب في البيت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: عندي ثلاثة كلاب في البيت.
Avec les nombres 3-10, nous utilisons le pluriel. Le pluriel de «كَلْب» (chien) est «كِلَاب».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Pluriel "Chirurgie Interne" : Fi'āl (Rijāl, Jibāl)

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

C'est une forme de pluriel qui modifie les voyelles à l'intérieur du mot singulier, au lieu d'ajouter juste une terminaison à la fin. Par exemple, «كِتَابٌ» (livre) devient «كُتُبٌ» (livres).
C'est une règle fondamentale en grammaire arabe pour les pluriels non-humains. Ça simplifie l'accord des adjectifs et des verbes pour des groupes d'objets, par exemple, «الكُتُبُ جَمِيلَةٌ» (les livres sont beaux/belles).
Parce qu'on 'casse' littéralement le mot singulier pour insérer de nouvelles lettres, contrairement au français où on ajoute juste un 's'. C'est une vraie transformation, comme avec «قلب» qui devient «قلوب» !
Rarement ! Il est majoritairement pour les racines masculines. Les noms féminins prennent généralement la terminaison -āt, comme «مُعَلِّمَات» (professeures).
Pas tout à fait ! Bien que ce soit très courant, l'arabe a plusieurs modèles de pluriels brisés. Il faut généralement apprendre quel nom prend quel modèle, mais «أَفْعال» est une très bonne supposition pour les objets. Par exemple : «أقلام» (stylos).
Ça dépend de la grammaire (du cas). Dans la plupart des conversations quotidiennes, tu dis simplement «أولاد». Les terminaisons (un/an/in) sont plutôt pour l'écriture formelle et les puristes de la grammaire. Par exemple, si tu demandes
Où sont les enfants ?
, tu diras : «أين الأولاد؟».