Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Gerundiv turns a passive verb into an adjective, meaning 'that which must be done'.
- Use 'zu' + Partizip I + adjective ending: 'die zu lösende Aufgabe' (the task to be solved).
- It only works with transitive verbs (verbs that take an accusative object).
- It implies necessity or possibility, similar to 'must be' or 'can be'.
Overview
Gerundiv (also known as the Partizip I mit zu) is one of the most sophisticated tools in your grammar toolkit. It allows you to pack a lot of information into a single adjective. Think of it as a grammar tuxedo.the task that must be donewith a single, powerful phrase:
the to-be-done task. It is the ultimate shortcut for academic and professional writing.How This Grammar Works
Partizip I), it does not describe someone doing an action. Instead, it describes something that has an action performed upon it. It also carries a modal flavor.Gerundiv, you are signaling that something must, should, or can be done. It is like a tiny, invisible müssen or können is hiding inside the word. For example, die zu lösende Aufgabe isn't just a task; it is a task that must or can be solved.
Formation Pattern
Gerundiv is a mechanical process. Follow these four steps to build it perfectly every time:
zu.
lesen, reparieren, klären).
d to the end of the infinitive to form the Partizip I. Now you have zu lesend, zu reparierend, or zu klärend.
die zu lesende Mail.
zu, or you'll change the meaning entirely!
When To Use It
Gerundiv will be everywhere.die zu übernehmenden Aufgaben (the tasks to be taken on). Use it when you want to sound objective and professional. It removes the person from the sentence, making it focus entirely on the object and the necessity.
When Not To Use It
zu bestellende Speisekarte, they might think you have spent too much time reading law books. It is too stiff for a coffee date.Gerundiv from verbs like schlafen, gehen, or lachen. Why?must be slept a bed. Also, avoid using it if the action is already completed.Partizip II. This form is strictly for things that are still on the to-do list or are potentially possible.
Common Mistakes
zu. Without zu, die lesende Frau means the reading woman (active). With zu, die zu lesende Frau would mean the woman who must be read(which makes no sense). Another common slip-up is using it with reflexive verbs. You can't really say
das zu sich rasierende Gesicht. It just doesn't work. Finally, watch your adjective endings! Because the Gerundiv is long, people often get tired by the end of the word and slap on the wrong ending. Treat it like a marathon; keep your focus until the very last letter. Even experts trip over these long words occasionally.Contrast With Similar Patterns
Gerundiv with the sein + zu + Infinitiv structure. They mean the same thing, but they play different roles in a sentence. Die Hausaufgabe ist zu machen is a full sentence (predicative).Die zu machende Hausaufgabe is just a noun phrase (attributive). Think of the first one as a statement and the second one as a label. Also, contrast it with the standard Partizip II.Die erledigte Arbeit is work that is already finished. Die zu erledigende Arbeit is work that is still staring you in the face. One is a memory; the other is a deadline.Quick FAQ
Is the Gerundiv the same as the English Gerund (-ing)?
No! The English gerund is a noun. The German Gerundiv is an adjective with a passive meaning.
Can I use it with können instead of müssen?
Yes, context determines if it means must be or can be. For example, eine schwer zu lösende Aufgabe means it is difficult to solve (possibility/ability).
Is it only for writing?
Mostly, yes. In spoken German, we prefer relative clauses or modal verbs because they are easier to process mid-sentence.
Does it have a plural form?
Absolutely. It follows standard plural adjective declension: die zu zahlenden Rechnungen.
Gerundiv Formation
| Infinitive | Partizip I | Gerundiv (Nom. Sg.) |
|---|---|---|
|
lösen
|
lösend
|
die zu lösende Aufgabe
|
|
lesen
|
lesend
|
das zu lesende Buch
|
|
beachten
|
beachtend
|
der zu beachtende Punkt
|
|
erledigen
|
erledigend
|
die zu erledigende Arbeit
|
|
untersuchen
|
untersuchend
|
die zu untersuchende Frage
|
Meanings
The Gerundiv is a passive construction used as an adjective to describe a noun that must or can undergo an action.
Necessity
Something that must be done.
“Die zu erledigende Arbeit.”
“Das zu reparierende Auto.”
Possibility
Something that can be done.
“Ein kaum zu glaubendes Ereignis.”
“Eine leicht zu lösende Aufgabe.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
zu + Partizip I + Endung
|
die zu lösende Aufgabe
|
|
Possibility
|
Adverb + zu + Partizip I
|
leicht zu lösende Aufgabe
|
|
Negation
|
nicht + zu + Partizip I
|
die nicht zu lösende Aufgabe
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Die zu erledigende Aufgabe. (Workplace)
Die Aufgabe, die erledigt werden muss. (Workplace)
Die Aufgabe, die man machen muss. (Workplace)
Das Ding, das noch weg muss. (Workplace)
Gerundiv Components
Components
- zu to
- Partizip I Present Participle
- Endung Ending
レベル別の例文
Das ist schwer.
This is difficult.
Ich muss das machen.
I must do this.
Die zu lernende Lektion.
The lesson to be learned.
Das zu lesende Buch.
The book to be read.
Die zu beachtenden Regeln.
The rules to be observed.
Das zu lösende Problem.
The problem to be solved.
Ein schwer zu erreichendes Ziel.
A goal that is hard to reach.
Die zu unterzeichnenden Verträge.
The contracts to be signed.
Die noch zu klärenden Fragen.
The questions still to be clarified.
Ein kaum zu überbietendes Angebot.
An offer that can hardly be beaten.
Die in der Sitzung zu behandelnden Tagesordnungspunkte.
The agenda items to be discussed in the meeting.
Ein von allen zu respektierendes Gesetz.
A law to be respected by all.
間違えやすい
Often confused with Gerundiv.
よくある間違い
zu machen Aufgabe
zu machende Aufgabe
die zu gehende Straße
die Straße, die gegangen wird
die zu lösend Aufgabe
die zu lösende Aufgabe
das zu habende Buch
das zu lesende Buch
die zu sehende Person
die zu sehende Person (rare)
文型パターン
Das ist eine ___ ___ Aufgabe.
Real World Usage
Die zu analysierenden Daten.
Transitivity
Smart Tips
Use Gerundiv to save space.
発音
Stress
Stress the first syllable of the participle.
Falling
Die zu LÖ-sen-de AUF-gabe.
Declarative statement.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember 'ZU-D-END': ZU + Partizip + D + ENDing.
視覚的連想
Imagine a sticky note on a pile of files labeled 'TO-DO'. The 'TO-DO' is the Gerundiv.
Rhyme
Mit 'zu' und 'd' wird es fein, so muss das Gerundiv sein.
Story
The professor had a stack of papers. Each paper had a label: 'zu korrigierende Arbeit'. He sighed, knowing he had to finish them.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences using the Gerundiv for your daily tasks.
文化メモ
Used to show high education level.
Derived from Latin Gerundivum.
会話のきっかけ
Welche Aufgaben sind heute zu erledigen?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Die ___ (zu lösen) Aufgabe.
Score: /1
練習問題
1 exercisesDie ___ (zu lösen) Aufgabe.
Score: /1
よくある質問 (1)
Only in very formal presentations.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Gerundivo
Less common in modern Spanish.
Gérondif
French uses it for adverbial clauses.
Gerundiv
None.
～べき (beki)
Japanese uses a suffix, not an adjective.
Ism al-Maf'ul
Arabic uses a specific noun form.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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