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B1 Modalverb #29 よく出る 11分で読める

darf

上位29

練習する例文メモとヒント darf 30秒で

解説 darf in your Level:

At the A1 level, the word darf is introduced as a basic way to ask for and give permission. Learners focus on the most common conjugation: ich darf and er/sie/es darf. The primary goal is to understand simple rules and to be able to ask polite questions in everyday situations. For example, a student might learn how to ask 'Darf ich auf die Toilette gehen?' (May I go to the bathroom?) or 'Darf ich hier sitzen?' (May I sit here?). At this stage, the focus is on the present tense and the basic sentence structure where the second verb goes to the end. Prohibitions are also introduced, specifically the concept of 'darf nicht' as 'not allowed'. Learners see this on signs like 'Hier darf man nicht rauchen'. The emphasis is on practical, immediate communication. Vocabulary is kept simple, and the contexts are familiar, such as home, school, or a café. Teachers often use role-play to help students practice asking for things politely using darf. It is one of the first modal verbs students learn because it is so essential for navigating social interactions. The distinction between 'können' (ability) and 'dürfen' (permission) is introduced but not always strictly enforced, as the priority is getting the message across. However, students are encouraged to use darf for politeness. By the end of A1, a student should be able to recognize 'darf' in simple sentences and use it to ask for basic permissions.

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At the A2 level, the use of darf expands to include more varied social and professional contexts. Learners are expected to handle more complex sentence structures, although the basic rule of the modal verb in position 2 and the infinitive at the end remains the same. The vocabulary becomes more diverse, allowing students to talk about rules in different environments like the workplace, public transport, or a library. For instance, 'Man darf im Bus nicht essen' (One is not allowed to eat on the bus). A2 learners also start to use 'darf' with a wider range of subjects, moving beyond just 'ich' and 'er/sie/es' to include 'wir dürfen' and 'ihr dürft'. The concept of 'man' (one/people) becomes very important here, as it is frequently used with darf to describe general rules. Students also learn to use darf in the past tense (durfte), which is essential for talking about childhood rules or past permissions: 'Als Kind durfte ich nicht lange fernsehen' (As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV for long). The focus at A2 is on building fluency and confidence in using darf to describe the world around them and the rules that govern it. They also begin to understand the difference between 'darf nicht' (forbidden) and 'muss nicht' (not necessary) more clearly, which is a significant step in their grammatical development.

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At the B1 level, students achieve a deeper understanding of the nuances of darf. They are no longer just asking for permission; they are discussing rights, obligations, and social norms. The use of darf in polite inquiries becomes more sophisticated, often used in conjunction with other polite forms. For example, 'Darf ich Sie fragen, ob...' (May I ask you if...). B1 learners also encounter darf in more formal texts, such as instructions, simple legal advice, or news reports. They start to understand that darf can sometimes imply a sense of 'it is possible to assume' or 'it is justified to say'. For instance, 'Das darf man wohl so sagen' (One can probably say it that way). This level also introduces the subjunctive II form dürfte, which is used to express probability: 'Das dürfte kein Problem sein' (That shouldn't be a problem). While 'dürfte' is technically a different form, its relationship to 'darf' is important for B1 students to grasp. They also learn to use darf in more complex sentence structures, including subordinate clauses and passive constructions: 'Hier darf nicht geparkt werden' (Parking is not allowed here). The focus is on precision and the ability to express subtle differences in meaning. B1 students should be able to participate in discussions about rules and permissions in their own country and compare them with those in German-speaking countries.

At the B2 level, the focus shifts to the more abstract and formal uses of darf. Students are expected to understand and use the word in professional and academic contexts. This includes legal language, where darf defines what is permissible under specific regulations. For example, 'Der Arbeitnehmer darf unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen...' (The employee may, under certain conditions...). B2 learners also explore the subjective use of modal verbs in more depth. They learn that darf (and especially dürfte) can be used to express a high degree of probability or a cautious assumption. In discussions and debates, they use darf to introduce arguments or to politely challenge someone else's point: 'Darf ich dazu etwas anmerken?' (May I make a comment on that?). They also become familiar with idiomatic expressions and fixed phrases that use darf, such as 'Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!' (That can't be true!). At this level, students are expected to have a high degree of grammatical accuracy and to be able to choose between darf and its more formal alternatives like 'ist gestattet' or 'ist zulässig' depending on the situation. They also learn to use darf in the perfect tense (hat ... dürfen), which is used in certain types of subordinate clauses, although this is less common in spoken German.

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At the C1 level, learners master the most subtle and sophisticated uses of darf. They can understand and produce complex legal, philosophical, and literary texts where darf is used to explore the limits of human action and social responsibility. The word is often used in discussions about ethics, human rights, and political theory. For example, 'Darf der Staat in die Privatsphäre der Bürger eingreifen?' (May the state intervene in the privacy of its citizens?). C1 students are also sensitive to the stylistic effects of using darf in different registers. They can use it to create a tone of extreme politeness, irony, or authority. They are fully comfortable with the subjunctive II dürfte to express careful hypotheses and are able to distinguish it clearly from the present tense darf. In academic writing, they use darf to qualify their statements and avoid making overly broad claims: 'Diese Ergebnisse darf man nicht verallgemeinern' (One must not generalize these results). They also understand the historical development of the word and how its meaning has shifted over time. At this level, the use of darf is completely natural and integrated into a wide-ranging and flexible vocabulary. Students can navigate any social or professional situation in German with ease, using darf to negotiate complex permissions and rights with precision and cultural awareness.

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At the C2 level, the learner's command of darf is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. They can appreciate the word's use in classical literature, complex legal codes, and high-level political discourse. They understand the philosophical implications of 'dürfen' as a concept of 'social possibility' and can engage in deep discussions about the nature of freedom and permission. For a C2 learner, darf is not just a verb but a tool for precise rhetorical expression. They can use it to weave intricate arguments, employing it in its most formal and archaic forms if necessary. They are also aware of regional variations and dialectal uses of the word, although they themselves use the standard form. In professional contexts, they can draft legal documents or policy papers where the use of darf is critical for defining boundaries and responsibilities. They also have a complete mastery of all idiomatic and metaphorical uses of the word. For example, they can use 'darf' in a way that suggests a moral imperative or a logical necessity: 'Dies darf als ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte betrachtet werden' (This may be considered a turning point in history). At this level, the learner has reached a stage where they can play with the language, using darf to create specific emotional or intellectual effects in their audience. Their understanding of the word is deeply rooted in a comprehensive knowledge of German culture, history, and society.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

darf 30秒で

Darf is the 1st and 3rd person singular of the modal verb dürfen, meaning 'may' or 'is allowed to'.
It is used to express permission, rights, and polite requests in both formal and informal German.
When combined with 'nicht', it creates a strong prohibition equivalent to the English 'must not'.
In a sentence, darf takes the second position, and the main action verb goes to the very end.

The German word darf is a central pillar of the German language, serving as the first and third person singular present tense form of the modal verb dürfen. At its core, it translates to 'may' or 'is allowed to' in English. However, its usage is far more nuanced and culturally significant than a simple translation might suggest. In German society, which is often characterized by a deep respect for rules, regulations, and social order, darf is the linguistic tool used to navigate the boundaries of what is permissible. Whether you are a child asking a parent for a piece of chocolate, a driver looking for a parking spot, or a citizen inquiring about legal rights, darf is the word you will encounter most frequently. It denotes permission that is granted by an authority, a set of rules, or social consensus.

Permission (Erlaubnis): This is the most common use. It indicates that someone has been given the 'green light' to perform an action. For example, 'Ich darf heute länger aufbleiben' (I am allowed to stay up longer today).

Hier darf man parken, wenn man einen Parkausweis hat.

Beyond simple permission, darf is used to express prohibition when combined with the word nicht (not). In English, 'must not' is the closest equivalent. This is a critical distinction for English speakers, as 'darf nicht' does not mean 'don't have to' (which is muss nicht), but rather 'is not allowed to'. If a sign says 'Hier darf man nicht rauchen', it is a strict prohibition, not a suggestion. This word also appears in polite requests, where it softens the tone of an inquiry. Instead of saying 'Kann ich mich setzen?' (Can I sit down? - referring to physical ability), a polite German speaker would say 'Darf ich mich setzen?' (May I sit down? - asking for permission).

Prohibition (Verbot): When negated, it creates a strong 'must not'. 'Man darf hier keine Fotos machen' (One is not allowed to take photos here).

Das Kind darf nicht ohne Aufsicht schwimmen gehen.

In more advanced contexts, darf can also imply a sense of justification or right. It is not just about someone saying 'yes', but about the rules themselves granting the permission. This is why it is so prevalent in legal and official documents. If a law states 'Der Bürger darf...', it is establishing a fundamental right. Understanding darf is therefore not just a grammatical exercise, but a window into the German understanding of social and legal structure.

Wer darf diesen Bereich betreten?

Polite Inquiry (Höfliche Anfrage): Used to ask for permission in a respectful manner. 'Darf ich Sie kurz stören?' (May I disturb you for a moment?).

Man darf gespannt sein, wie das Spiel ausgeht.

Niemand darf wegen seiner Herkunft benachteiligt werden.

Using darf correctly requires an understanding of German modal verb syntax. In a standard declarative sentence, darf occupies the second position (the V2 position), while the main verb—the action being permitted—is placed in its infinitive form at the very end of the sentence. This creates what grammarians call a 'sentence bracket' (Satzklammer), which is a hallmark of German sentence structure. For example, in the sentence 'Ich darf heute ins Kino gehen', 'darf' is in the second position, and 'gehen' is at the end. This structure remains consistent regardless of how many other elements (adverbs, objects, prepositional phrases) are added to the middle of the sentence.

The Sentence Bracket (Satzklammer): The modal verb 'darf' and the infinitive verb at the end wrap around the rest of the information. 'Er darf am Wochenende mit seinen Freunden in den Park gehen.'

Der Hund darf nicht auf das Sofa springen.

When forming questions, the word order shifts. In a yes/no question, darf moves to the first position, while the infinitive remains at the end. 'Darf ich das Fenster öffnen?' (May I open the window?). In questions starting with an interrogative word (W-Frage), the interrogative word comes first, followed by darf, and again, the infinitive at the end. 'Warum darf er das nicht machen?' (Why is he not allowed to do that?). This consistency makes the word relatively easy to use once the basic pattern is mastered.

Question Structure: In questions, 'darf' often starts the sentence. 'Darf ich Sie etwas fragen?' or follows the W-word 'Wann darf ich gehen?'

Darf ich Ihnen meinen Kollegen vorstellen?

Negation is another crucial aspect. To say someone is not allowed to do something, you place nicht after darf. 'Er darf nicht rauchen.' If you are negating a noun, you use kein. 'Man darf hier keinen Alkohol trinken.' It is important to remember that darf is specifically for the first person (ich) and third person (er, sie, es). If you are talking to someone directly using 'du', you must use 'darfst'. If you are talking about 'we' (wir) or 'they' (sie), you use 'dürfen'.

Das darf man auf keinen Fall vergessen.

Negation with Nouns: Use 'kein' when forbidding a specific thing. 'Hier darf man kein Feuer machen.' (One is not allowed to make a fire here.)

Wer darf heute das Auto fahren?

Sie darf endlich wieder Sport treiben.

You will hear darf everywhere in German-speaking countries, from the most formal settings to the most casual. In public spaces, it is the language of authority. Signs in parks, museums, and train stations are filled with it. 'Hier darf man nicht Rad fahren' (Cycling is not allowed here) or 'Man darf die Tiere nicht füttern' (One must not feed the animals). It is the voice of the 'Ordnungsamt' (public order office) and the 'Polizei'. If you are in Germany, you will quickly realize that rules are often clearly stated, and darf is the primary verb used to communicate them.

Public Signs and Rules: Everywhere in Germany, signs use 'darf' to regulate behavior. 'Hier darf nicht geraucht werden' is a standard sign in public buildings.

An dieser Stelle darf man die Straße überqueren.

In the domestic sphere, darf is the language of parenting. Children are constantly negotiating what they 'darf' and 'darf nicht' do. 'Darf ich noch ein Eis?' (May I have another ice cream?) or 'Du darfst erst spielen, wenn du deine Hausaufgaben gemacht hast' (You are only allowed to play once you've done your homework). It defines the boundaries of growing up. In schools, teachers use it to manage the classroom: 'Wer darf die Tafel putzen?' (Who is allowed to clean the board?).

Parenting and Education: Parents and teachers use 'darf' to set boundaries and reward good behavior with permissions.

Das Kind darf heute bei seinem Freund übernachten.

In the service industry—restaurants, shops, and hotels—darf is used to express politeness and readiness to serve. A waiter will approach your table and ask, 'Was darf es sein?' (What can I get for you?). This is a standard, polite way of asking for your order. Similarly, a shop assistant might ask, 'Darf ich Ihnen helfen?' (May I help you?). In these contexts, darf removes the directness of a command or a simple 'What do you want?' and replaces it with a service-oriented inquiry.

Was darf ich Ihnen zum Trinken bringen?

Service and Politeness: In shops and restaurants, 'darf' is the standard for polite, professional interaction.

Darf ich Sie um einen Moment Geduld bitten?

Man darf nicht alles glauben, was man im Internet liest.

For English speakers, the most frequent mistake when using darf is confusing it with können (can/be able to). In English, we often use 'can' to ask for permission: 'Can I go to the bathroom?'. In German, this technically asks if you are physically capable of going to the bathroom. While modern German is becoming more flexible, in any formal or semi-formal setting, you should use darf for permission. Using kann when you mean darf can make you sound less polite or even slightly uneducated to some ears.

The 'Can' vs. 'May' Trap: Avoid using 'kann' for permission. 'Darf ich?' is the correct way to ask 'May I?'.

Falsch: Ich kann hier parken. (Unless you mean you have the skill to park there). Richtig: Ich darf hier parken.

Another major pitfall is the negation. In English, 'you must not' means you are forbidden, and 'you don't have to' means you have a choice. In German, darf nicht corresponds exactly to 'must not'. However, English speakers often try to use darf nicht to mean 'don't have to'. This is incorrect. If you want to say 'You don't have to go', you use Du musst nicht gehen. If you say Du darfst nicht gehen, you are telling them they are forbidden from leaving. This can lead to significant misunderstandings in social and professional situations.

Negation Confusion: 'Darf nicht' = Must not (Forbidden). 'Muss nicht' = Don't have to (Optional).

Du darfst hier nicht rauchen. (It is forbidden.)

Conjugation errors are also common. Beginners often forget that darf is an irregular form. They might try to say ich dürfe or er dürft, following the pattern of regular verbs. It is essential to memorize the modal verb chart: ich darf, du darfst, er/sie/es darf. Notice that the first and third person singular are identical—this is true for all modal verbs in the present tense. Finally, learners sometimes forget to put the main verb at the end of the sentence, which disrupts the natural flow of German.

Er darf heute früher nach Hause gehen.

Word Order Errors: Always place the infinitive at the very end. 'Ich darf heute [viele Dinge] tun.'

Man darf das nicht so persönlich nehmen.

Wer darf als Nächstes würfeln?

While darf is the most common way to express permission, there are several alternatives that vary in register and nuance. In formal writing or official contexts, you might see ist gestattet or ist erlaubt. These are passive constructions that mean 'is permitted' or 'is allowed'. They sound more impersonal and authoritative. For example, 'Rauchen ist hier nicht gestattet' is a more formal version of 'Man darf hier nicht rauchen'. Another alternative is die Erlaubnis haben (to have permission), which focuses more on the person possessing the right rather than the rule itself.

Darf vs. Erlaubt: 'Darf' is a verb; 'erlaubt' is an adjective/participle. 'Ich darf' vs. 'Es ist erlaubt'.

Es ist gestattet, Hunde an der Leine mitzuführen.

In very formal or legal German, you might encounter befugt sein (to be authorized) or berechtigt sein (to be entitled). These imply a formal granting of power or a legal right. 'Er ist nicht befugt, diese Dokumente zu unterschreiben' (He is not authorized to sign these documents). These are much stronger and more specific than darf. On the other end of the spectrum, in very casual speech, people sometimes use können for permission, but as noted before, this is technically incorrect and should be used with caution.

Formal Alternatives: 'Befugt sein' (authorized) and 'Berechtigt sein' (entitled) are used in legal and professional contexts.

Nur das Personal darf diesen Raum betreten. (Casual) / Nur das Personal ist befugt, diesen Raum zu betreten. (Formal)

Another interesting comparison is with sollen (should/be supposed to). While darf is about permission, sollen is about obligation or expectation. 'Man darf hier nicht parken' means it is forbidden. 'Man soll hier nicht parken' means it is expected that you don't park here, perhaps because it's rude or inconvenient, but it might not be a strict legal prohibition. Understanding these subtle shifts in meaning is key to achieving fluency in German.

Diese Methode darf als sicher gelten.

Darf vs. Soll: 'Darf' is about the rules allowing you; 'Soll' is about what is expected of you.

Jeder darf seine Meinung frei äußern.

Das darf man nicht unterschätzen.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

Because it's a preterite-present verb, the current present tense forms ('darf') were originally past tense forms. This is why the 1st and 3rd person singular lack the usual '-e' or '-t' endings found in regular verbs.

発音ガイド

UK /darf/

US /dɑrf/

The stress is on the only syllable: darf.

韻が合う語

scharf (sharp) warf (threw) Harf (harp - dialectal) bedarf (needs) entwarf (designed) verwarf (rejected) erwarb (acquired - near rhyme) starb (died - near rhyme)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing the 'a' like the 'a' in 'cat' (too flat).
Over-pronouncing the 'r' like an American 'r'.
Making the 'a' too long like in 'dark'. It should be crisp and short.
Confusing the pronunciation with 'dorf' (village).
Not pronouncing the final 'f' clearly.

難易度

読解 2/5

Easy to recognize in texts, usually followed by an infinitive at the end.

ライティング 3/5

Requires remembering the sentence bracket and irregular conjugation.

スピーキング 3/5

Important for politeness; requires quick recall of the correct form.

リスニング 2/5

Usually clear, but can be confused with 'darfst' or 'dürfte' in fast speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

ich nicht können müssen gehen

次に学ぶ

darfst dürfen durfte dürfte sollen

上級

zulässig statthaft befugt berechtigt die Genehmigung

知っておくべき文法

Modal Verb Position

In a main clause, 'darf' is in position 2, and the infinitive is at the end.

Modal Verb Conjugation

Modal verbs have no ending in the 1st and 3rd person singular (ich darf, er darf).

Negation with 'nicht'

'Darf nicht' expresses prohibition (must not), not lack of necessity.

Infinitive with 'zu'

Modal verbs like 'darf' never take 'zu' before the infinitive.

Sentence Bracket

All other information goes between 'darf' and the final infinitive.

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レベル別の例文

Darf ich hier sitzen?

May I sit here?

Modal verb 'darf' in position 1 for a yes/no question.

Ich darf heute ins Kino gehen.

I am allowed to go to the cinema today.

Standard V2 position for 'darf', infinitive 'gehen' at the end.

Man darf hier nicht rauchen.

One is not allowed to smoke here.

Use of 'man' for general rules and 'nicht' for prohibition.

Darf ich mal vorbei?

May I get past?

Shortened form where the infinitive 'gehen' is implied.

Er darf kein Eis essen.

He is not allowed to eat ice cream.

Negation with 'kein' for a noun.

Darf ich dich etwas fragen?

May I ask you something?

Polite inquiry using 'darf'.

Sie darf heute länger schlafen.

She is allowed to sleep longer today.

Third person singular 'darf'.

Darf ich reinkommen?

May I come in?

Separable verb 'reinkommen' with the prefix staying with the verb at the end.

Im Museum darf man keine Fotos machen.

In the museum, one is not allowed to take photos.

Prepositional phrase at the start, 'darf' in position 2.

Darf man hier seinen Hund mitbringen?

Is one allowed to bring their dog here?

Question with 'man' and the infinitive 'mitbringen' at the end.

Mein Sohn darf am Wochenende Videospiele spielen.

My son is allowed to play video games on the weekend.

Time expression 'am Wochenende' in the middle of the sentence bracket.

Darf ich das Fenster aufmachen?

May I open the window?

Polite request in a shared space.

Hier darf man nur 30 km/h fahren.

One is only allowed to drive 30 km/h here.

Use of 'nur' to indicate a restriction.

Darf ich Sie kurz stören?

May I disturb you for a moment?

Formal 'Sie' used with 'darf' for politeness.

Man darf den Müll nicht einfach auf die Straße werfen.

One must not simply throw trash onto the street.

Prohibition with a direct object and prepositional phrase.

Darf ich mir das Buch ausleihen?

May I borrow the book?

Reflexive 'mir' used with 'darf' and 'ausleihen'.

Darf ich fragen, wie viel das gekostet hat?

May I ask how much that cost?

Indirect question following 'darf ich fragen'.

In diesem Bereich darf nicht gearbeitet werden.

No work is allowed to be done in this area.

Passive construction with 'darf' and 'werden'.

Man darf nicht vergessen, dass die Zeit knapp ist.

One must not forget that time is short.

Subordinate clause starting with 'dass'.

Darf ich Ihnen noch etwas Wein einschenken?

May I pour you some more wine?

Polite offer in a social setting.

Wer darf über diese Mittel verfügen?

Who is allowed to dispose of these funds?

W-question about authority and rights.

Das darf man wohl als Erfolg bezeichnen.

One can probably call that a success.

Use of 'darf' to express a justified assumption.

Darf ich Sie um Ihre Aufmerksamkeit bitten?

May I ask for your attention?

Formal request for attention.

Man darf gespannt sein, wer die Wahl gewinnt.

One can be curious to see who wins the election.

Idiomatic use of 'darf gespannt sein'.

Der Mieter darf die Wohnung nicht ohne Erlaubnis untervermieten.

The tenant may not sublet the apartment without permission.

Legal context defining contractual prohibitions.

Darf ich an dieser Stelle einhaken?

May I interject at this point?

Idiomatic expression 'einhaken' for interrupting politely.

Das darf auf keinen Fall unterschätzt werden.

That must not be underestimated under any circumstances.

Passive voice with an emphatic adverbial phrase.

Wer darf als Experte in diesem Bereich gelten?

Who may be considered an expert in this field?

Using 'darf' to question status or recognition.

Darf ich Sie an Ihr Versprechen erinnern?

May I remind you of your promise?

Polite but firm reminder using 'darf'.

Man darf nicht außer Acht lassen, dass es Risiken gibt.

One must not ignore the fact that there are risks.

Formal expression 'außer Acht lassen'.

Was darf man von diesem neuen Produkt erwarten?

What can one expect from this new product?

Inquiry about potential and expectations.

Darf ich Ihnen meinen neuen Geschäftspartner vorstellen?

May I introduce my new business partner to you?

Formal introduction in a professional context.

Darf der Staat die Freiheit des Einzelnen einschränken?

May the state restrict the freedom of the individual?

Philosophical and political inquiry into rights.

Man darf diese Aussage nicht isoliert betrachten.

One must not view this statement in isolation.

Academic instruction on context and analysis.

Darf ich Sie bitten, diese Angelegenheit diskret zu behandeln?

May I ask you to treat this matter discreetly?

High-level formal request for confidentiality.

Das darf als ein bedeutender Fortschritt gewertet werden.

This may be seen as significant progress.

Evaluative use of 'darf' in formal reporting.

Niemand darf wegen seiner politischen Überzeugung benachteiligt werden.

No one may be disadvantaged because of their political beliefs.

Legal principle from the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz).

Darf ich davon ausgehen, dass Sie einverstanden sind?

May I assume that you agree?

Polite way to confirm an assumption in a negotiation.

Man darf nicht den Fehler machen, alles zu vereinfachen.

One must not make the mistake of simplifying everything.

Intellectual warning against oversimplification.

Darf ich Ihnen behilflich sein, die Koffer zu tragen?

May I be of assistance in carrying the suitcases?

Extremely polite and formal offer of help.

Inwieweit darf die Kunst die Grenzen des guten Geschmacks verletzen?

To what extent may art violate the boundaries of good taste?

Aesthetic and ethical discussion on the role of art.

Man darf wohl behaupten, dass dies eine neue Ära einläutet.

One may well claim that this heralds a new era.

Sophisticated rhetorical claim using 'darf wohl'.

Darf man den Zweck heiligen, wenn die Mittel fragwürdig sind?

May the end justify the means if the means are questionable?

Classical ethical dilemma expressed with 'darf'.

Dies darf keinesfalls als ein Schuldeingeständnis missverstanden werden.

This must under no circumstances be misunderstood as an admission of guilt.

Precise legal and rhetorical qualification.

Darf ich mir erlauben, Ihre Theorie infrage zu stellen?

May I take the liberty of questioning your theory?

Highly formal and academic way to introduce a critique.

Man darf die Komplexität der menschlichen Psyche nicht unterschätzen.

One must not underestimate the complexity of the human psyche.

Profound psychological observation.

Darf man in einer Demokratie die Intoleranz tolerieren?

May one tolerate intolerance in a democracy?

Political-philosophical paradox (The Paradox of Tolerance).

Es darf bezweifelt werden, ob diese Maßnahmen ausreichen.

It may be doubted whether these measures are sufficient.

Impersonal formal construction to express skepticism.

よく使う組み合わせ

darf nicht fehlen

darf ich fragen

darf man bitten

darf ich vorstellen

darf ich reinkommen

darf ich mal vorbei

darf ich das behalten

darf ich Sie unterbrechen

darf ich Platz nehmen

darf ich Ihnen helfen

よく使うフレーズ

Was darf es sein?

— A standard polite way for service staff to ask what a customer wants. It translates to 'What can I get for you?'.

Guten Tag! Was darf es sein? Ein Kaffee, bitte.

Wenn ich bitten darf.

— A very polite way to say 'If you please' or 'If I may ask'. Often used when requesting something firmly but politely.

Ruhe im Saal, wenn ich bitten darf!

Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!

— An expression of disbelief or frustration. It means 'That can't be true!' or 'You've got to be kidding!'.

Schon wieder eine Verspätung? Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!

Man darf gespannt sein.

— Used to express that something exciting or interesting is about to happen. 'One can be curious/excited'.

Morgen kommen die Ergebnisse. Man darf gespannt sein.

Darf es noch etwas sein?

— Used by shopkeepers or waiters to ask if the customer wants anything else. 'Would you like anything else?'.

Hier ist Ihr Brot. Darf es noch etwas sein?

Soweit man das sagen darf.

— A qualifying phrase used when expressing an opinion cautiously. 'As far as one can say that'.

Er ist ein guter Chef, soweit man das nach einer Woche sagen darf.

Wie man wohl sagen darf.

— Similar to the above, used to soften a statement. 'As one might say'.

Das war, wie man wohl sagen darf, eine Katastrophe.

Das darf man nicht so eng sehen.

— An idiom meaning 'You shouldn't take that too seriously' or 'Don't be so strict about it'.

Er war ein bisschen zu spät, aber das darf man nicht so eng sehen.

Darf ich mal?

— A very short way to ask 'May I?' usually while reaching for something or trying to pass someone.

Darf ich mal? Ich muss an das Salz ran.

Wer darf, der darf.

— A somewhat playful or envious way to say 'If you have the permission/money/right, then go ahead'.

Er fährt einen Ferrari. Tja, wer darf, der darf.

よく混同される語

darf vs kann

English speakers use 'can' for permission, but German uses 'darf'. 'Kann' is for ability.

darf vs muss nicht

'Darf nicht' means forbidden; 'muss nicht' means not necessary. This is a huge source of errors.

darf vs dürfte

'Darf' is permission; 'dürfte' is probability (might/should probably).

慣用句と表現

"Das darfst du dir nicht entgehen lassen!"

— You shouldn't miss out on that! Although it uses 'darfst', the root is the same.

Das Konzert ist toll, das darfst du dir nicht entgehen lassen!

informal

"Man darf den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben."

— Don't count your chickens before they hatch. (Literally: One shouldn't praise the day before the evening).

Wir haben zwar gewonnen, aber man darf den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben.

proverbial

"Darf ich um diesen Tanz bitten?"

— A classic, formal way to ask someone to dance. 'May I have this dance?'.

Die Musik ist schön. Darf ich um diesen Tanz bitten?

formal

"Das darf man getrost vergessen."

— You can safely forget about that. It implies that something is unimportant.

Diesen alten Streit darf man getrost vergessen.

neutral

"Darf ich mal Ihre Aufmerksamkeit beanspruchen?"

— A very formal way to ask for attention, often in a business or academic setting.

Darf ich mal kurz Ihre Aufmerksamkeit beanspruchen? Ich habe eine wichtige Mitteilung.

formal

"Man darf nicht alles über einen Kamm scheren."

— One shouldn't generalize everything. (Literally: One shouldn't shear everything over one comb).

Nicht alle Politiker sind gleich, man darf nicht alles über einen Kamm scheren.

neutral

"Darf ich mir die Freiheit nehmen...?"

— May I take the liberty...? Used before doing something slightly bold or unconventional.

Darf ich mir die Freiheit nehmen, Ihnen einen Rat zu geben?

formal

"Das darf man nicht auf die lange Bank schieben."

— One shouldn't procrastinate on that. (Literally: One shouldn't push it onto the long bench).

Die Steuererklärung darf man nicht auf die lange Bank schieben.

neutral

"Darf ich Sie beim Wort nehmen?"

— May I take you at your word? Used to confirm that someone will stick to what they said.

Sie haben Hilfe versprochen. Darf ich Sie beim Wort nehmen?

neutral

"Man darf nicht Äpfel mit Birnen vergleichen."

— One shouldn't compare apples with pears (don't compare things that are fundamentally different).

Diese beiden Firmen sind ganz anders, man darf nicht Äpfel mit Birnen vergleichen.

neutral

間違えやすい

darf vs können

Both can translate to 'can' in English permission contexts.

'Können' refers to physical or mental ability, while 'dürfen' (darf) refers to having permission or a right. In German, this distinction is much stricter than in English.

Ich kann schwimmen (I have the skill). Ich darf schwimmen (I have permission to enter the pool).

darf vs müssen

The negation is often confused.

'Darf nicht' is a prohibition (you are not allowed). 'Muss nicht' is a lack of obligation (you don't have to). Using 'darf nicht' when you mean 'don't have to' can sound very aggressive.

Du darfst nicht kommen (You are forbidden). Du musst nicht kommen (It's optional).

darf vs sollen

Both involve rules or expectations.

'Darf' is about what is allowed by an authority. 'Sollen' is about what is expected or advised by someone else. 'Sollen' is often used for suggestions or moral duties.

Ich darf hier parken (The law allows it). Ich soll hier parken (My boss told me to).

darf vs lassen

Both can involve 'allowing' something.

'Darf' is the permission itself. 'Lassen' is the action of allowing or letting someone do something. 'Lassen' is a full verb or an auxiliary, not a modal verb in the same sense.

Ich darf gehen (I have permission). Er lässt mich gehen (He lets me go).

darf vs dürfte

They look very similar.

'Darf' is present tense indicative (permission). 'Dürfte' is subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) and is used to express probability or very polite, cautious statements.

Er darf kommen (He is allowed). Er dürfte kommen (He will probably come).

文型パターン

Ich darf + [Verb].

Ich darf gehen.

Darf ich + [Verb]?

Darf ich kommen?

Man darf hier nicht + [Verb].

Man darf hier nicht parken.

Darf ich fragen, ob + [Nebensatz]?

Darf ich fragen, ob Sie Zeit haben?

Hier darf nicht + [Partizip II] + werden.

Hier darf nicht geraucht werden.

Das darf auf keinen Fall + [Partizip II] + werden.

Das darf auf keinen Fall vergessen werden.

Darf ich mir erlauben, + [zu-Infinitiv]?

Darf ich mir erlauben, Sie zu korrigieren?

Es darf bezweifelt werden, ob + [Nebensatz].

Es darf bezweifelt werden, ob das wahr ist.

語族

名詞

die Erlaubnis (permission)

das Verbot (prohibition)

die Befugnis (authority)

das Dürfen (the act of being allowed)

動詞

dürfen (to be allowed to)

erlauben (to allow)

verbieten (to forbid)

gestatten (to permit)

形容詞

erlaubt (allowed)

verboten (forbidden)

zulässig (permissible)

statthaft (admissible)

使い方

frequency

Extremely high; one of the top 100 most used words in German.

よくある間違い

Ich darf schwimmen. → Ich kann schwimmen.
If you mean you know how to swim (ability), you must use 'kann'. 'Darf' means someone gave you permission to swim.
Du darfst nicht kommen, wenn du nicht willst. → Du musst nicht kommen, wenn du nicht willst.
The speaker wants to say 'You don't have to come'. 'Darfst nicht' means 'You are forbidden from coming', which is the opposite of what was intended.
Er dürft heute spielen. → Er darf heute spielen.
The student is trying to conjugate 'darf' like a regular verb by adding a '-t'. Modal verbs have no ending in the 3rd person singular.
Darf ich das Fenster zu machen? → Darf ich das Fenster zumachen?
Separable verbs like 'zumachen' should be written as one word at the end of the sentence.
Ich darf heute gehen ins Kino. → Ich darf heute ins Kino gehen.
The infinitive verb 'gehen' must be at the very end of the sentence, after 'ins Kino'.

ヒント

The Sentence Bracket

Always remember that 'darf' is the second word, and the action verb is the very last word. Don't let other words distract you from this structure. 'Ich darf heute mit meinen Freunden ins Kino gehen.'

Asking for Permission

Whenever you are in a shop, restaurant, or someone's home, use 'Darf ich...?' to ask for things. It immediately makes you sound more polite and integrated into German culture.

Darf vs. Kann

If you are asking if it's okay to do something, use 'darf'. If you are asking if you have the ability to do something, use 'kann'. 'Darf ich hier schwimmen?' (Is it allowed?) vs. 'Kann ich hier schwimmen?' (Is the water deep enough?).

Prohibition

Use 'darf nicht' for strict rules. If you see a sign with 'darf nicht', it's not a suggestion—it's a law or a firm rule. In English, think of it as 'must not'.

1st and 3rd Person

Remember that 'ich darf' and 'er/sie/es darf' are identical. This is a common feature of all German modal verbs in the present tense.

Ordering

When a waiter asks 'Was darf es sein?', you can respond with 'Ich hätte gerne...' or 'Für mich bitte...'. You don't need to use 'darf' in your answer.

Rights

In legal contexts, 'darf' defines your rights. If a contract says 'Der Mieter darf...', it means you have the legal right to do that thing.

Disbelief

Memorize 'Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!' as a single phrase. It's the perfect thing to say when your train is late or you lose your keys.

Formal Alternatives

In very formal essays, try using 'ist gestattet' or 'ist zulässig' instead of 'darf' to vary your vocabulary and sound more academic.

Prefixes

If the main verb has a separable prefix (like 'reinkommen'), the prefix stays attached to the verb at the end of the sentence. 'Darf ich reinkommen?'

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'darf' as 'dare-f'. You only 'darf' (are allowed) to do something if you 'dare' to ask for permission first. The 'f' at the end stands for 'Forbidden' if you don't have it!

視覚的連想

Imagine a green traffic light with the word 'DARF' written on it. When the light is green, you 'darf' go. When it's red, you 'darf nicht'.

Word Web

Permission Rules Politeness Prohibition Authority Rights Law Social norms

チャレンジ

Try to spend a whole day in your German practice only asking for things using 'Darf ich...?' instead of 'Ich möchte' or 'Ich will'. Notice how much more polite it sounds.

語源

The word 'darf' comes from the Old High German 'durfan', which is related to the Old Saxon 'thurban' and the Old Norse 'þurfa'. It is a preterite-present verb, which explains its irregular conjugation in the present tense.

元の意味： Interestingly, the original meaning was 'to need' or 'to have cause to'. This is still visible in the related word 'bedürfen' (to require) and 'Bedarf' (need/demand).

It belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is cognate with the English word 'dare', although the meanings have diverged significantly.

文化的な背景

Be careful when using 'darf nicht' with adults; it can sound patronizing if you are not in a position of authority. Use 'Man darf hier nicht...' to make it more general and less personal.

English speakers often use 'can' for permission, but in German, this is considered less precise and sometimes impolite. 'May' is the closest equivalent to 'darf'.

The German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Article 3: 'Niemand darf wegen seines Geschlechtes... benachteiligt oder bevorzugt werden.' The famous phrase 'Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!' is a staple in German TV dramas and everyday life. In the movie 'Der Blaue Engel', the concept of what is 'erlaubt' and 'darf' is a central theme.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

In a Restaurant

Was darf es sein?
Darf ich die Speisekarte haben?
Darf ich zahlen?
Darf ich hier rauchen?

At Work

Darf ich Sie kurz stören?
Darf ich das Projekt übernehmen?
Wer darf diese Entscheidung treffen?
Darf ich heute früher gehen?

Public Spaces

Darf man hier parken?
Darf ich hier meinen Hund mitnehmen?
Darf man hier Fotos machen?
Darf ich mal vorbei?

With Friends

Darf ich mir das ausleihen?
Darf ich dich etwas fragen?
Darf ich mitkommen?
Darf ich das behalten?

Official/Legal

Darf der Vermieter das?
Niemand darf benachteiligt werden.
Darf ich meinen Anwalt anrufen?
Das darf nicht veröffentlicht werden.

会話のきっかけ

"Darf ich Sie fragen, wie Sie über dieses Thema denken?"

"Darf ich mich zu Ihnen setzen oder ist dieser Platz reserviert?"

"Darf ich Ihnen behilflich sein, oder kommen Sie allein zurecht?"

"Darf ich mal wissen, was Sie beruflich machen?"

"Darf ich Ihnen meine Meinung zu diesem Punkt sagen?"

日記のテーマ

Was darfst du in deinem Job tun, was andere nicht dürfen? Beschreibe deine Verantwortungen.

Gibt es eine Regel in deiner Stadt, die du nicht magst? Warum darf man das nicht?

Was durftest du als Kind nicht machen, was du heute darfst? Wie hat sich das angefühlt?

Darf Kunst alles? Schreibe über die Grenzen der künstlerischen Freiheit.

Darf man in einer Freundschaft alles sagen, oder gibt es Dinge, die man verschweigen sollte?

よくある質問

10 問

Mostly, yes. In 90% of cases, 'darf' expresses permission or a right. However, in service contexts like 'Was darf es sein?', it's a polite way of asking what someone wants. In academic contexts, it can also mean 'it is justified to assume'. For example, 'Das darf als sicher gelten' means 'This can be considered certain'.

This is a critical distinction. 'Darf nicht' means you are forbidden from doing something (must not). 'Muss nicht' means you are not required to do something, but you can if you want (don't have to). If you say 'Du darfst das nicht machen', you are stopping them. If you say 'Du musst das nicht machen', you are giving them a choice.

In very informal speech with friends, you might hear 'Kann ich mal dein Buch haben?'. However, it's always safer and more correct to use 'darf'. In any situation with an authority figure (teacher, boss, police), using 'kann' for permission might sound slightly rude or childish.

The past tense (Präteritum) of 'darf' is 'durfte'. For example, 'Als Kind durfte ich nicht rauchen' (As a child, I wasn't allowed to smoke). The perfect tense 'hat ... dürfen' is used mainly in subordinate clauses and is less common in everyday speech.

Modal verbs like 'dürfen' are 'preterite-present' verbs. This means their present tense forms were originally past tense forms in ancient Germanic languages. Because they were past tense, they didn't have the standard present tense endings. This irregularity has been preserved in modern German.

No, 'should' is usually 'sollte'. However, the subjunctive form 'dürfte' can sometimes be translated as 'should' when expressing probability, like 'Das dürfte klappen' (That should work). But the basic form 'darf' never means 'should'.

You can use 'Ich habe die Erlaubnis' or 'Es ist mir erlaubt'. In more formal settings, you could say 'Ich bin dazu befugt' (I am authorized). But 'darf' is by far the most natural and common way to say it.

Literally, it means 'What may it be?'. It's a very common and polite way for waiters or shop assistants to ask 'What can I get for you?' or 'How can I help you?'. It's much more polite than just asking 'Was willst du?'.

Yes, it can be used to describe what is permissible for an object or a process. For example, 'Die Temperatur darf 50 Grad nicht überschreiten' (The temperature must not exceed 50 degrees). Here, it's a rule governing the object.

Yes, very often! 'Hier darf nicht geraucht werden' is a classic example. It means 'Smoking is not allowed here'. The structure is 'darf' + 'nicht' + 'Partizip II' + 'werden'.

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