C1 · 上級 チャプター 8

表現の幅を広げる！洗練された「受動態」マスター・コース

8 トータルルール
75 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of the passive voice to add sophisticated nuance and authority to your professional communication.

  • Construct complex passive structures using modals and gerunds.
  • Distinguish between formal 'be-passive' and conversational 'get-passive'.
  • Express past regrets and obligations with advanced passive perfect forms.
Command the passive voice with effortless, C1-level precision.

学べること

「受動態はもう知っている」と思っていませんか？C1レベルの学習では、単なる受け身の形を超えて、言葉に「繊細なニュアンス」を吹き込む方法を学びます。この章では、ビジネスで不可欠な『～されるべきだ』という強い提案（Passive Modals）から、過去への後悔や推測を伝える『～されているべきだった』（Passive Perfect Modals）まで、一歩踏み込んだ表現をマスターします。 例えば、職場で『報告書がまだ提出されていない』と角を立てずに客観的に伝えたり、get-passive を使って日常のハプニングを生き生きと描写したり。さらに、having been done（完了形動名詞）を使いこなせば、複雑な出来事の順序もプロのように整理して説明できるようになります。基本の be 動詞を卒業し、助動詞や動名詞、完了形と組み合わせることで、あなたの英語はより知的で説得力のあるものへと進化します。状況に合わせて『視点』を自在に操り、洗練された英語力を手に入れましょう！

  • 助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる
    助動詞と受動態をマスターすれば、「正確さ」、「フォーマルさ」、そして「丁寧さ」が加わったコミュニケーションができるようになります。行動そのものに焦点を当てるので、表現の幅がグッと広がりますよ！
  • Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ
    「Be受動態」は「formality」が必要な場面で使い、「Get受動態」はより「dynamic」で「personal touch」を加えたい時に選ぶのがポイントです。
  • 受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）
    自然な英語を話すには、「being + past participle」という「形」をマスターして、自分が「受けた行動」を正確に表現できるようになりましょう。
  • 間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）
    受動態完了形モダルの使い方をマスターすれば、「過去の推測」、「後悔」、そして「仮定のシナリオ」を正確に表現できますよ。
  • 完了受動動名詞 (～されたこと)
    この文法をマスターして、「完了した受け身の行動」を正確に表現し、高度な英語コミュニケーションをレベルアップさせましょう！
  • Advanced Passives: A Complete C1 Review
    C1 passive mastery means combining passives with modals, infinitives, gerunds, reporting structures, and get-passives — not just the basic be + past participle formula.
  • Passive Present Perfect: Has/Have Been Done
    The passive present perfect (has/have been + past participle) describes a completed action that is still relevant now — without specifying who did it. It is essential in professional and academic writing to focus on results rather than agents.
  • Passive Modals of Obligation: Must, Should, Ought To Be Done
    Passive modal constructions (must be done, should be submitted, ought to be reviewed) combine the impersonal focus of the passive with the force of obligation or recommendation. They are essential in formal instructions, policy, and academic writing.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct professional emails using passive modal structures to delegate tasks.

チャプターガイド

Overview

As a C1 English speaker, you're past the basics and ready to truly master the nuances of expressing yourself. This chapter on English advanced passive perspectives isn't just about avoiding the active voice; it's about gaining sophisticated control over how you present information, focusing on impact and precision. You’ll learn to navigate complex situations where the agent of an action is unknown, unimportant, or deliberately de-emphasized, allowing your message to hit home with greater clarity and authority.
Mastering these advanced passive structures will elevate your C1 English grammar to an impressive level. We’ll explore everything from using modals to express obligation or possibility in the passive, to understanding when to choose the dynamic get-passive over the more formal be-passive. You’ll also discover how to use passive gerunds and passive perfect modals to express experiences, regrets, or sophisticated guesses about the past with effortless fluency, ensuring your communication is always precise and impactful.

How This Grammar Works

At its core, the passive voice shifts focus from the doer of an action to the receiver of the action. With advanced passive perspectives, we add layers of meaning and context. When we combine Passive with Modals, like
The report must be submitted by Friday,
we're emphasizing necessity, not just that the report *is submitted*.
Modals (can, could, should, must, might, may, will, would) followed by be + past participle allow you to express degrees of certainty, obligation, or possibility about a passive action.
The choice between Get-Passive vs. Be-Passive adds a crucial layer of nuance. The be-passive (e.g.,
The window was broken
) is neutral and widely applicable.
The get-passive (e.g.,
The window got broken
), however, often implies an accident, a personal experience, or a consequence, and it's generally more informal and dynamic. Think of
I got promoted last week
– it feels more personal and active than
I was promoted.
When we use Passive Gerunds, such as
I hate being told what to do,
we're describing the experience of receiving an action, often conveying a feeling or preference about it. This uses being + past participle.
For expressing sophisticated regrets or deductions about past passive events, Passive Perfect Modals come into play:
The message must have been sent to the wrong address.
This form (modal + have been + past participle) lets you speculate or express certainty about something that happened in the past, but the focus remains on the recipient of the action. Similarly, the Perfect Passive Gerund, having been + past participle, describes a past passive experience, often in a more formal or reflective context, like
After having been interviewed twice, she finally got the job.
These structures enable you to convey complex ideas efficiently.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ The project needs finishing by tomorrow.
✓ The project needs to be finished by tomorrow.
*Explanation:* When need is followed by a passive infinitive, it takes the form to be + past participle, not a gerund for a necessary action. (Though
The car needs washing
is also correct, meaning
the car needs *to be* washed
, this construction is less common for projects or tasks.)
  1. 1✗ I was promoted to manager by getting.
✓ I got promoted to manager last month. / I was promoted to manager last month.
*Explanation:* The get-passive is already a complete passive structure. You don't add by getting after it. Use got promoted for a more dynamic, often personal feeling, or was promoted for a neutral statement.
  1. 1✗ He regrets not telling the truth.
✓ He regrets not having been told the truth. (If he is the receiver of the action)
*Explanation:* If the regret is about *not receiving* an action in the past, you need the perfect passive gerund. The original implies he *didn't tell* the truth. The corrected version means he regrets someone *didn't tell him* the truth.

Real Conversations

A

A

The meeting should have been scheduled for earlier in the day. Now half the team can't make it.
B

B

I know! I hate being kept out of the loop on important decisions like this. I hope a solution can be found.
A

A

Guess what? My car got broken into last night!
B

B

Oh no, that's awful! Did anything important get taken?
A

A

Just my laptop bag. It must have been done really quickly.

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between

The task is done
and
The task gets done
?

The task is done
is a neutral statement of fact about the current state.
The task gets done
often implies a process, effort, or even a challenge in completing the task, or that it happens regularly. It has a more active or dynamic feel.

Q

Can I use the get-passive in formal writing?

Generally, no. The get-passive is much more common in informal, conversational English. In academic or formal writing, the be-passive is almost always preferred for its neutrality and objectivity.

Q

When would I use

having been told
instead of
being told
?

Having been told
refers to an action of being told that occurred in the past (e.g.,
After having been told the news, she left
).
Being told
refers to a current or ongoing experience of being told (e.g.,
I dislike being told what to do
).

Q

Are there situations where the passive voice is absolutely necessary for C1 speakers?

Yes, particularly when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or you want to emphasize the action or its receiver. For instance, in scientific reports (

Experiments are conducted
), or when discussing procedures (
Instructions should be followed carefully
).

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these advanced passive structures constantly, often without even realizing it. The get-passive is especially prevalent in American English for describing unfortunate events or personal experiences, adding a touch of colloquial dynamism. In British English, it's also used but perhaps slightly less frequently or with different nuances depending on region.
Knowing when to choose the more informal get-passive versus the neutral be-passive is key to sounding natural and fluent.

重要な例文 (8)

1

The email can be sent after review.

レビュー後にメールが送信可能です。

助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる
2

All software should be updated regularly for security.

セキュリティのために、全てのソフトウェアは定期的に更新されるべきです。

助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる
3

The new policy `was announced` by the university president this morning.

今朝、その新しい方針は大学の学長によって発表されました。

Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ
4

My friend `got accepted` into her dream grad school!

友達が憧れの大学院に合格したんです！

Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ
5

She enjoys **being praised** for her hard work.

Ella disfruta ser elogiada por su arduo trabajo.

受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）
6

He complained about **being ignored** during the meeting.

Se quejó de ser ignorado durante la reunión.

受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）
7

The email `must have been sent` to the wrong client; it's not in their inbox.

そのメールは、間違った顧客に送られてしまったに違いありません。相手の受信箱にはありませんから。

間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）
8

My Instagram story `might have been viewed` by my ex-boss, which is awkward.

私のインスタグラムのストーリー、もしかしたら元上司に見られちゃったかも。気まずいなぁ。

間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「be」は常に忘れずに！

助動詞と過去分詞の間に「be」を入れるのを忘れないでくださいね。この「be」が文法的に正しい構造を作るための「のり」のような役割を果たします。例えば、「The report must be finished by Friday.」のように使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる
🎯

「Dynamic」か「Static」かで考えよう🎯

何かが「起きた」という動きのある受動態（結果や影響を伴うことが多い）ならGet受動態、静的な事実や一般的な事柄を述べるならBe受動態がしっくりきます。例えば、急に雨に降られたような状況では、「I got soaked in the rain!」が自然ですね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ
💡

誰が行動を「受ける」か確認しましょう

動名詞を使う前に、主語が行動を「する」側なのか、「受ける」側なのかを考えてみてください。これが能動態と受動態の動名詞を見分けるカギです！ちょっとした確認で、大きな文法ミスを防げますよ！
Is the subject doing the action, or receiving it?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）
💡

「been」を見つける

「have」の後ろと過去分詞の前に「been」があるか、いつも確認してくださいね。もし「been」がなければ、それは能動態の完了形モダルかもしれません。この小さな一言が受動態の秘密兵器なんです！
The report must have been submitted.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）

重要な語彙 (5)

delegation the act of assigning tasks nuance a subtle difference objective not influenced by personal feelings obligation a duty or commitment retrospective looking back on the past

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Project Management Meeting

Review Summary

  • Modal + be + V3
  • Modal + have been + V3

よくある間違い

You missed the passive auxiliary 'been'. Without 'been', the sentence implies the object did the action itself.

Wrong: It should have done.
正解: It should have been done.

You cannot combine 'get' and 'be'. 'Get' acts as the passive auxiliary here.

Wrong: I got be fired.
正解: I got fired.

Modals like 'must' are followed by the bare infinitive. Remove the 'to'.

Wrong: It must to be done.
正解: It must be done.

このチャプターのルール (8)

1

助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる

C1
助動詞と受動態をマスターすれば、「正確さ」、「フォーマルさ」、そして「丁寧さ」が加わったコミュニケーションができるようになります。行動そのものに焦点を当てるので、表現の幅がグッと広がりますよ！
The email can be sent after review.
12 例文
2

Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ

C1
「Be受動態」は「formality」が必要な場面で使い、「Get受動態」はより「dynamic」で「personal touch」を加えたい時に選ぶのがポイントです。
The new policy `was announced` by the university p...
12 例文
3

受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）

C1
自然な英語を話すには、「being + past participle」という「形」をマスターして、自分が「受けた行動」を正確に表現できるようになりましょう。
She enjoys **being praised** for her hard work.
12 例文
4

間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）

C1
受動態完了形モダルの使い方をマスターすれば、「過去の推測」、「後悔」、そして「仮定のシナリオ」を正確に表現できますよ。
The email `must have been sent` to the wrong clien...
12 例文
5

完了受動動名詞 (～されたこと)

C1
この文法をマスターして、「完了した受け身の行動」を正確に表現し、高度な英語コミュニケーションをレベルアップさせましょう！
She appreciated **having been given** the opportun...
12 例文
6

Advanced Passives: A Complete C1 Review

C1
C1 passive mastery means combining passives with modals, infinitives, gerunds, reporting structures, and get-passives — not just the basic be + past participle formula.
5 例文
7

Passive Present Perfect: Has/Have Been Done

C1
The passive present perfect (has/have been + past participle) describes a completed action that is still relevant now — without specifying who did it. It is essential in professional and academic writing to focus on results rather than agents.
5 例文
8

Passive Modals of Obligation: Must, Should, Ought To Be Done

C1
Passive modal constructions (must be done, should be submitted, ought to be reviewed) combine the impersonal focus of the passive with the force of obligation or recommendation. They are essential in formal instructions, policy, and academic writing.
5 例文

Next Steps

You've done incredible work today. Keep practicing these structures in your professional emails to see immediate results!

Rewrite a news article using only passive voice.

Continue to: Reporting Information and Rumors

クイック練習 (10)

文を完成させる正しい形を選びましょう。

She doesn't like ___ what to do all the time.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: being told
動詞 'like' の後には動名詞が続きます。この文脈では、「彼女」は「言われる」というアクションを受けているので、受動態の動名詞 being told が正しいです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動動名詞: Being（行為を受ける）

Choose the correct form.

___ the work been done?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Has
Singular subject.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Present Perfect: Has/Have Been Done

適切な形を選んで文を完成させましょう。

The meeting notes ___ circulated to all attendees yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: must have been
議事録は過去に配布されるという行動を受けたので、強い推測を表す受動態完了形モーダル「must have been」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）

Fill in the correct passive form.

The report ___ (finish) yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was finished
Past simple passive.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Advanced Passives: A Complete C1 Review

Fill in the blank.

The report ___ (finish) by the team.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has been finished
Passive present perfect singular.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Present Perfect: Has/Have Been Done

Choose the best passive sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The cake was eaten.
Be + V3.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Advanced Passives: A Complete C1 Review

正しい形を選んで文を完成させましょう。

The new rules ___ reviewed by the committee soon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: must be
助動詞を使った受動態の正しい形は「助動詞 + be + 過去分詞」です。「must be」が受動態の構造を正しく示しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞の受動態：物事を成し遂げる

受動態完了形モーダルを正しく使っている文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The project could have been finished on time.
「could have been finished」は、プロジェクトが完了する過去の可能性を示す、正しい受動態完了形モーダルの構造です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間違いと後悔：受動態完了形助動詞（～されたに違いない）

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

The highly confidential documents got sent to the wrong department.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The highly confidential documents were sent to the wrong department.
機密文書のようなフォーマルな状況では、「were sent」（Be受動態）の方が、「got sent」（Get受動態）よりも適切で、後者はカジュアルすぎます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ

正しい受動態の文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She was promoted because of her hard work.
「get promoted」も「be promoted」も可能ですが、「got promoted by her hard work」は少し不自然に聞こえます。「because of」の方が良いでしょう。「is promoted」は過去の出来事には正しくありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Get受動態 vs. Be受動態：適切な雰囲気を選ぶ

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

基本的な構造は「助動詞 + be + 過去分詞 (V3)」です。例えば、「The task must be completed」（タスクは完了されなければならない）や「The email can be sent」（メールは送信できる）のように使います。
助動詞（can, should, mustなど）の後は、動詞の原型（この場合は「be」）が常に続きます。助動詞自体が時制や法（ムード）を示しているからです。
Be受動態（「was done」）は、通常よりフォーマルで、主語の経験を強調せずに行動や結果そのものに焦点を当てます。Get受動態（「got done」）はよりインフォーマルで、主語がその行動を経験したこと、つまり状態変化、予期せぬ出来事、個人的な関与などを強調します。「I was told to leave.」は客観的な事実ですが、「I got told to leave.」は個人的な感情や驚きを含んでいるニュアンスがありますね。
いいえ、全然そんなことありません！確かに「get stuck」（行き詰まる）や「get lost」（道に迷う）のように不運な出来事を表すことも多いですが、「get promoted」（昇進する）や「get invited」（招待される）、「get paid」（支払いを受ける）といったポジティブな結果にも使われます。Get受動態は、結果として主語が経験したことに重きを置くだけなんです。
受動態の動名詞は、動詞の-ing形（動名詞）で、主語がアクションを「受ける」ことを示し、自分ではアクションを行いません。「being + 過去分詞」という形で、例えば「being helped」や「being told」のように構成されますよ。
「I like receiving presents」でも全く問題なく、能動態で完璧に正しい表現です！「I like being given presents」と言うと、プレゼントが「あなたのもとに届く」という体験により焦点が当たります。どちらも正しいですが、受動態の動名詞は「受け取る」というニュアンスをより強調しますね。
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