Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Perfect Passive Gerund describes an action that was done to someone in the past, acting as a noun in the sentence.
- Use 'having been' + past participle for past passive actions (e.g., 'having been told').
- Place 'not' before 'having' to make it negative (e.g., 'not having been invited').
- Use it after verbs or prepositions that require a gerund (e.g., 'He complained about having been ignored').
Overview
having been + 過去分詞 という形は、まさにその象徴的なツールです。この構造を使いこなすことで、出来事の前後関係と受動的な立場を、一つの短いフレーズの中に凝縮して表現できるようになります。having been + 過去分詞 は、「主節の動詞が表す時点よりも前に、ある受動的な行為が完了していた」ことを明示する役割を果たします。Because the report was reviewed, it was ready. と二つの節を繋げますが、上級レベルでは Having been reviewed, the report was ready. と表現します。これにより、「レビューが完了したこと」が「準備ができていること」の前提条件であることを、よりエレガントに、そしてダイレクトに伝えることができるのです。この微細なニュアンスの差こそが、ネイティブスピーカーのような自然で説得力のある英語への鍵となります。- 1
having(完了相): 英語においてhaveを動名詞の形にしたhavingは、「完了」を意味します。これは、主節の動詞が示す時間よりも「前の時間」を指し示すタイムスタンプのような役割を果たします。 - 2
been(受動態の標識):be動詞の過去分詞形であるbeenが入ることで、その動作が「自分で行うもの（能動）」ではなく「受けるもの（受動）」であることを示します。 - 3
Past Participle(過去分詞 - 意味の核心): ここで具体的な動作（told,seen,promotedなど）を提示します。
having been + 過去分詞 となることで、「（以前に）〜されたこと」という一つの名詞的な意味の塊が完成します。doing | 能動・同時または一般的 | He enjoys teaching. (教えるのが楽しい) |having done | 能動・主節より前 | Having finished work, he left. (仕事を終えてから帰った) |being done | 受動・同時または一般的 | She hates being ignored. (無視されるのが嫌いだ) |having been done | 受動・主節より前 | Having been told the news, I was shocked. (ニュースを聞かされて驚いた) |having been + past participle です。-ed をつけるだけです。これはシンプルですね。The project was approved after having been reviewed multiple times.
Having been trained in Tokyo, she was ready for the global assignment.
He was upset about having been given the wrong directions.
Having been chosen as the representative, he felt a great responsibility.
The suspect was released after having been held for questioning.
having been + 過去分詞 の塊全体が、文の中で「名詞」と同じ役割を果たします。つまり、主語になったり、前置詞の目的語になったりすることができるのです。having been written |having been seen |having been informed |having been promoted |having been taken |Having been warned about the risks, we decided to proceed with caution.
Having been raised in a bilingual environment, Ken speaks both languages fluently.
after, for, about, of などの前置詞の後に置くことで、特定の感情や結果の「理由」を詳しく説明できます。He was fined for having been caught speeding.
She felt much better after having been treated by the specialist.
They are still angry about having been lied to.
I am proud of having been invited to speak at the conference.
Because it had been... や After it was... といった長い節を置き換えることで、文章の密度を高め、プロフェッショナルな印象を与えます。- 通常:
Because the theory had been disproven by new evidence, it was no longer taught. - 洗練後:
Having been disproven by new evidence, the theory was no longer taught.
being done (単純形) との混同- 間違い:
I'm happy about being chosen for the team yesterday. - 正解:
I'm happy about having been chosen for the team yesterday. - 解説: 「選ばれた」のは昨日（過去）のことなので、完了形の
having beenを使うのが適切です。being chosenだと、今まさに選ばれている最中か、一般的に選ばれること自体を指してしまいます。
been の脱落 (能動と受動の取り違え)having + 過去分詞 だけにしてしまうと、自分がその動作を「した」ことになってしまいます。- 間違い:
She was happy about having offered the job.(これでは彼女が誰かに仕事をオファーしたことになります) - 正解:
She was happy about having been offered the job.(彼女が仕事のオファーを受けた) - 解説: 日本語の「仕事をもらって」という感覚を英語にする際、受動の
beenを忘れがちです。常に「誰がそのアクションの受け手か」を意識しましょう。
- 間違い:
Having been took by surprise... - 正解:
Having been taken by surprise... - 解説:
take - took - takenの3番目を使うという基本を再確認してください。上級者でも、複雑な構文の中ではうっかりミスが起こりやすいポイントです。
having been done) | Simple Passive Gerund (being done) |Having been informed of the delay, I called the client. (遅延を知らされたので、電話した) | I dislike being informed of delays at the last minute. (直前に遅延を知らされるのは嫌いだ) |After being told と After having been told は何が違うのですか？after 自体が「後で」という時間の前後関係を示しているため、after being told と簡潔に言うのが一般的です。having been を使うと、「既にそのプロセスが完全に終わっていること」をより強調する響きになります。よりフォーマルな文書では having been が好まれることもあります。I was told... so I... のように文を分けるのが自然です。一方で、就職活動の面接、ビジネス会議、プレゼンテーション、あるいは真剣な議論の場では、この形を使うことで「論理的で知的な印象」を与えることができます。not を一番前に置きます。not having been + 過去分詞 という形です。- 例:
Not having been told about the meeting, I didn't attend.
- 例:
Having been washed, the car looked new.(洗われたのは車なのでOK) - ✕:
Having been washed, I drove the car.(これだと「私が洗われた」ことになってしまいます)
Perfect Passive Gerund Structure
| Polarity | Auxiliary 1 | Auxiliary 2 | Main Verb (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
having
|
been
|
told
|
having been told
|
|
Negative
|
not having
|
been
|
told
|
not having been told
|
|
Question
|
About having
|
been
|
told?
|
Are you upset about having been told?
|
Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
Having been
|
None
|
This form is never contracted in formal English.
|
|
Not having been
|
None
|
Avoid contracting 'not' with 'having' in this specific structure.
|
Meanings
A verb form that functions as a noun, representing a completed action that was performed upon the subject at an earlier time.
Expressing Regret or Complaint
Used to describe past mistreatment or missed opportunities that cause current negative feelings.
“She expressed regret at having been passed over for the promotion.”
“I am tired of having been treated like a child by the management.”
Legal and Formal Reporting
Used in formal documents to refer to past events that have been officially recorded or verified.
“The defendant denied having been seen at the crime scene.”
“The report mentions the building having been inspected twice last year.”
Gratitude and Recognition
Used to acknowledge past help or honors received.
“I am grateful for having been given this opportunity to speak.”
“She was honored for having been chosen as the representative.”
Reference Table
| 構造 | 意味 | 例 | 時間の強調 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Perfect Gerund
|
主語が別のことの前に行動を完了した。
|
`Having written` the report, she relaxed.
|
主語がそれを「し」、それから別のことをした。
|
|
Passive Gerund
|
主語が進行中または一般的な行動を受けている。
|
She dislikes `being interrupted`.
|
主語が行動を一般的に「受けている」。
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
主語が別のことの前に「完了した」行動を受けた。
|
`Having been told` the news, he cried.
|
主語が完了した行動を「受け」、それから別のことをした。
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
過去の受け身の出来事に対する反応。
|
He appreciated `having been chosen`.
|
自分に「完了した」行動に対して反応している。
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund + Preposition
|
受け身の出来事の順序を明確にする。
|
After `having been interviewed`, I felt calm.
|
面接完了が落ち着いた気持ち「より前」。
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund (Negative)
|
完了した行動を「受けなかった」こと。
|
She regretted `not having been invited`.
|
後悔よりも前に行動を「受けなかった」。
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
I wish to express my dissatisfaction regarding having been ignored by the staff. (Customer service complaint)
I'm upset about having been ignored. (Customer service complaint)
It sucks having been ignored like that. (Customer service complaint)
Getting ghosted after having been hyped up is trash. (Customer service complaint)
完了受動動名詞：私に「された」その前の瞬間
形成
- Having 完了の側面
- Been 受動態
- Past Participle 主要動詞
重要なアイデア
- 先行する完了 別の出来事より「前に」行動が終了
- 主語が受ける 主語に「対して」行動が起こる
使用される文脈
- 反応・感情 過去の受け身の出来事の後
- 前置詞の後 例: 'after having been...'
- フォーマルな書き言葉 正確さを加える
Being Done vs. Having Been Done: 時間が重要！
'Having Been Done' が必要かどうか？
主要な行動は受け身ですか（主語がそれを受けますか）？
この受け身の行動は、あなたが話している別の出来事や時点よりも「前に」完了しましたか？
完了受動動名詞とよく使われる動詞
感情・情緒を表す動詞
- • regretted having been...
- • annoyed at having been...
- • proud of having been...
- • happy about having been...
コミュニケーションを表す動詞
- • after having been told...
- • about having been informed...
- • without having been consulted...
- • despite having been promised...
一般的な行動
- • after having been seen...
- • before having been done...
- • having been accepted...
- • having been chosen...
レベル別の例文
I like having been helped.
I like that someone helped me before.
He is sad about having been left.
He is sad because someone left him.
Thank you for having been kind.
Thank you for being kind to me in the past.
She is happy about having been picked.
She is happy because they chose her.
He talked about having been invited to the party.
He mentioned that someone invited him earlier.
She was angry about not having been told the truth.
She was mad because no one told her the truth before.
They were proud of having been chosen for the team.
They felt good because the coach picked them.
I don't remember having been seen there.
I don't think anyone saw me there in the past.
The actor complained about having been misquoted in the article.
The actor was unhappy because the journalist wrote the wrong words.
She regretted having been persuaded to buy the expensive car.
She felt bad that someone convinced her to buy it.
He apologized for having been distracted during the lesson.
He said sorry because he wasn't paying attention earlier.
We were relieved at having been rescued from the storm.
We felt better because someone saved us.
The politician denied having been briefed on the security threat.
The politician said he was never given the information.
Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.
Because they were warned before, they knew the danger.
She was frustrated by having been overlooked for the lead role.
She was upset because they didn't consider her for the part.
The company was fined for having been found guilty of pollution.
The company had to pay money because they broke the law.
The CEO's resignation, having been prompted by the scandal, was inevitable.
The scandal caused the CEO to quit.
He spoke eloquently about having been marginalized by society for years.
He talked about his experience of being ignored by people.
The manuscript shows signs of having been edited by multiple authors.
It looks like many people changed the text in the past.
Not having been informed of the changes, the staff continued as usual.
Because no one told the staff, they didn't change anything.
The protagonist's existential dread stems from having been uprooted from his homeland.
His fear comes from being forced to leave his country.
The treaty was criticized for having been negotiated behind closed doors.
People didn't like that the deal was made in secret.
She attributed her success to having been mentored by the industry's finest.
She said she succeeded because great people taught her.
The ruins bear witness to the city having been besieged for over a decade.
The old buildings show that the city was under attack for a long time.
間違えやすい
Learners forget 'been', changing the meaning from passive to active.
Using 'being done' for past events.
よくある間違い
I like having helped.
I like having been helped.
He is happy about having not been invited.
He is happy about not having been invited.
She denied having being told.
She denied having been told.
I regret being told that yesterday.
I regret having been told that yesterday.
文型パターン
I am grateful for having been ___.
She denied having been ___ at the scene.
Real World Usage
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to lead that project.
The tenant complained about having been evicted without notice.
Tired of having been treated like an option when I made you a priority.
The data is unreliable due to the sensors having been calibrated incorrectly.
The patient reports having been diagnosed with asthma in childhood.
The claim was rejected due to the car having been left unlocked.
「それより前に」と考える
having been selected for the team.」能動態と混同しないように
having been chosen.」前置詞と組み合わせて使う
having been told the truth, she understood.」より洗練された印象に
having been reviewed by experts, was published.」Smart Tips
Replace 'I'm sorry that I was...' with 'I apologize for having been...'.
Check if the action is still happening. If it's 100% over, use 'having been'.
Always use 'having been' if the denial is about a specific past event.
Use a perfect passive gerund to delete 'that' and 'because'.
発音
The 'H' in Having
In rapid speech, the 'h' in 'having' is often dropped, sounding like 'avin'.
Reduction of 'Been'
The word 'been' is usually unstressed and sounds like 'bin'.
Stress on 'Not'
I'm angry about NOT having been told.
Emphasizes the lack of information.
暗記しよう
記憶術
H.B.P. - Having Been Past. If it happened to you before, use these three for sure!
視覚的連想
Imagine a 'Past' stamp being pressed onto a 'Passive' envelope. The stamp is 'Having' and the envelope is 'Been + V3'.
Rhyme
To show the past was done to you, 'Having been' is what you do!
Story
A detective finds a note. It says 'I regret having been caught.' The detective knows the thief is talking about the past arrest, not the current one.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write three sentences about your last job using 'having been'. Example: 'I enjoyed having been challenged by my boss.'
文化メモ
British speakers use this form frequently in formal letters of complaint to maintain a polite but firm distance.
In US business, this form is used in performance reviews to highlight past achievements objectively.
Global academic English relies on this form to discuss historical theories that were later disproven.
The gerund evolved from Old English verbal nouns ending in -ung/-ing. The perfect and passive additions developed in Middle English as the language became more analytical.
会話のきっかけ
Have you ever regretted having been persuaded to do something?
How do you feel about having been raised in your hometown?
Can you mention a time you were proud of having been chosen for a task?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
She regretted ___ the important email.
Find and fix the mistake:
After being informed of the cancellation, he left.
正しい文を選んでください:
Translate into English: 'Ella estaba feliz de haber sido elegida para el papel.'
Answer starts with: ["S...
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesHe was disappointed about not ___ to the wedding.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
He denied having being seen at the bank.
He was punished for ___.
The word 'not' comes after 'having' in the perfect passive gerund.
A: Why is she so happy? B: She's thrilled about ___ for the scholarship.
Identify the form:
Active: 'Having seen' -> Passive: ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe new policy, ___ by the board, was implemented last week.
He was accused of stolen the company's data.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Después de haber sido despedido, él buscó un nuevo empleo.'
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作成してください:
主語と正しい形を合わせてください:
She expressed relief at ___ a second chance.
She remembered being interviewed for the job a year ago.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella se quejaba de haber sido tratada injustamente.'
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作成してください:
シナリオを合わせてください:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
'Being done' is for current or general actions. 'Having been done' is for specific actions that are already finished.
Yes! For example: 'Having been warned, I was careful.' However, in that case, it is technically a 'Perfect Participle', not a gerund.
Yes, when followed by a past participle (V3), it is always passive.
'Been' is the passive marker. Without it, 'having told' means you told someone else.
It is less common in casual speech but very common in professional and academic English.
Yes, but 'there' is an adverb, so this is the perfect active form of 'to be'. For the passive gerund, you need a V3 like 'I regret not having been invited.'
It only works with transitive verbs (verbs that can have an object) because only transitive verbs can be passive.
You usually put it inside a question: 'Are you upset about having been ignored?'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Haber sido + participio
English uses the -ing form after prepositions, while Spanish uses the infinitive.
Avoir été + participe passé
French requires 'de' or 'à' before the infinitive, similar to English prepositions.
[Partizip II] + worden zu sein
Word order is the primary struggle for learners moving between these two.
〜されたこと (sareta koto)
Japanese doesn't have a specific 'perfect' aspect in the same way; the past tense covers it.
كونه قد [verb]
Arabic grammar is root-based and doesn't use auxiliary 'having'.
被...过 (bèi...guò)
Chinese relies on word order and particles rather than verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
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