مصدر فعل مفعولی کامل (انجام شده)
Perfect Passive Gerund یاد بگیر. مکالمه انگلیسیت رو advanced میکنه.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Perfect Passive Gerund describes an action that was done to someone in the past, acting as a noun in the sentence.
- Use 'having been' + past participle for past passive actions (e.g., 'having been told').
- Place 'not' before 'having' to make it negative (e.g., 'not having been invited').
- Use it after verbs or prepositions that require a gerund (e.g., 'He complained about having been ignored').
مرور کلی
Perfect Passive Gerund که به شکل having been + past participle ساخته میشود، یکی از ظریفترین و در عین حال قدرتمندترین ابزارهای زبان انگلیسی برای بیان توالی زمانی در حالت مجهول است. این ساختار به ما اجازه میدهد تا نشان دهیم یک اتفاق مجهول (اتفاقی که فاعل جمله دریافتکننده آن بوده است) پیش از اتفاق اصلی جمله به طور کامل به پایان رسیده است.Gerund (اسم مصدر) به این شکل نداریم. ما معمولاً برای بیان چنین مفاهیمی از جملات پیرو با حروف ربطی مانند «پس از اینکه...» یا «از آنجایی که...» استفاده میکنیم. اما در انگلیسی سطح بالا، تمایل به فشردگی (Conciseness) و دقت منطقی باعث میشود که از این ساختار استفاده شود تا رابطهی علت و معلولی یا توالی زمانی با ظرافت بیشتری بیان شود.The report was reviewed, and then it was sent to the director.Having been reviewed, the report was sent to the director.Perfect Passive Gerund از سه بخش اصلی تشکیل شده است که هر کدام بار معنایی و دستوری خاصی را به دوش میکشند. برای درک بهتر، بیایید این اجزا را کالبدشکافی کنیم:- 1
having(جنبهی کامل/Perfect): در گرامر انگلیسی، هر جا که صحبت ازPerfectمیشود، پای «تکمیل شدن» و «ارتباط با گذشته» در میان است. کلمهیhavingدر اینجا نقش لنگر زمانی را ایفا میکند و به مخاطب میگوید که این عمل پیش از عمل اصلی جمله تمام شده است.
- 1
been(حالت مجهول/Passive): این کلمه قسمت سوم فعلto beاست و حضور آن در این ساختار حیاتی است.beenنشان میدهد که فاعل جمله، انجامدهندهی کار نیست، بلکه پذیرندهی آن است. در فارسی، ما این مفهوم را با فعل «شدن» (مثلاً: گفته شدن، دیده شدن) بیان میکنیم.
- 1
Past Participle(بار معنایی فعل): این بخش که همان قسمت سوم فعل (P.P) است، نوع عمل را مشخص میکند (مثلاً:told,seen,repaired).
- انگلیسی:
Having been informed... - فارسی (تحتاللفظی): داشتن بوده شده آگاه...
- فارسی (معادل صحیح): «پس از آگاه شدن...» یا «با توجه به اینکه مورد اطلاعرسانی قرار گرفته بود...»
Having + Been + Past Participle (V3)-ed ساخته میشود. این سادهترین حالت است.Having been asked(پس از اینکه از او/آنها پرسیده شد)Having been rejected(پس از رد شدن/دیپورت شدن)Having been promoted(پس از ترفیع گرفتن)
Having been chosen(انتخاب شدن - از فعلchoose)Having been written(نوشته شدن - از فعلwrite)Having been forbidden(ممنوع شدن - از فعلforbid)
Having been punished... و در ادامه بگویید ...the teacher felt sorry؛ این جمله غلط است، چون این معلم نبوده که تنبیه شده، بلکه دانشآموز بوده است. این یکی از نکات ظریفی است که حتی در آزمونهای بینالمللی مثل IELTS یا TOEFL از آن نمره کسر میشود.Having been trained in the latest software, she was the perfect candidate for the job.
Gerund استفاده کنیم. وقتی میخواهیم به یک اتفاق مجهول در گذشته اشاره کنیم، این ساختار تنها راه حل ماست.He complained about having been ignored by the management.
She felt a sense of relief after having been rescued from the mountain.
The document, having been signed by both parties, is now legally binding.
been (اشتباه در تشخیص معلوم و مجهول)- اشتباه:
*Having told the news, he started crying. - درست:
Having been told the news, he started crying.
being به جای having been (اشتباه زمانی)Simple Passive Gerund و Perfect Passive Gerund را نمیدانند.- اشتباه:
I hate having been interrupted.(مگر اینکه منظورتان یک بار خاص در گذشته باشد). - درست:
I hate being interrupted.(من به طور کلی از اینکه وسط حرفم پریده شود متنفرم).
having been استفاده کنید. اگر عمل عمومی است یا همین الان در حال رخ دادن است، از being استفاده کنید.- اشتباه:
*Having been cooked, we ate the chicken.
we است.- درست:
Having been cooked, the chicken was eaten by us.یا بهتر:After the chicken had been cooked, we ate it.
having been saw به جای having been seen. در سطح C1، این اشتباه نابخشودنی است و نشاندهندهی ضعف در پایههای زبان است.Perfect Passive Gerund باید آن را در کنار برادران و خواهرانش در خانوادهی اسم مصدرها قرار دهیم. این جدول تفاوتهای ظریف آنها را نشان میدهد:V + ing | معلوم - زمان حال یا کلی | I like teaching. |Having + P.P | معلوم - تمام شده در گذشته | Having taught the class, I left. |Being + P.P | مجهول - زمان حال یا کلی | I like being taught. |Having been + P.P | مجهول - تمام شده در گذشته | Having been taught well, I passed. |- اگر بگویید
I enjoy being invitedیعنی کلاً از دعوت شدن به مهمانی لذت میبرید. - اگر بگویید
Having been invited, I felt I had to goیعنی چون دعوت شده بودید (در گذشته)، احساس کردید که باید بروید (نتیجه در گذشته).
After being + P.P استفاده کنیم؟After being told معادل Having been told است. اما Having been رسمیتر است و تأکید بیشتری بر «کامل شدن» عمل و رابطهی علت و معلولی دارد. در نوشتار آکادمیک، Having been ترجیح داده میشود.I was told... so I... یا After I was invited.... این ساختار مخصوص ایمیلهای رسمی، سخنرانیها، مقالات و متون ادبی است.Having been repaired....know یا believe معمولاً در حالت Gerund مجهولِ کامل استفاده نمیشوند، مگر در ساختارهای بسیار خاص ادبی. بیشتر با افعال کنشی (Action Verbs) که پایانی مشخص دارند سر و کار داریم.Perfect Passive Gerund ابزار شما برای نشان دادن این دقت است.because و after، سعی کنید از این ساختار استفاده کنید تا تسلط خود را به رخ بکشید.Perfect Passive Gerund Structure
| Polarity | Auxiliary 1 | Auxiliary 2 | Main Verb (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
having
|
been
|
told
|
having been told
|
|
Negative
|
not having
|
been
|
told
|
not having been told
|
|
Question
|
About having
|
been
|
told?
|
Are you upset about having been told?
|
Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
Having been
|
None
|
This form is never contracted in formal English.
|
|
Not having been
|
None
|
Avoid contracting 'not' with 'having' in this specific structure.
|
Meanings
A verb form that functions as a noun, representing a completed action that was performed upon the subject at an earlier time.
Expressing Regret or Complaint
Used to describe past mistreatment or missed opportunities that cause current negative feelings.
“She expressed regret at having been passed over for the promotion.”
“I am tired of having been treated like a child by the management.”
Legal and Formal Reporting
Used in formal documents to refer to past events that have been officially recorded or verified.
“The defendant denied having been seen at the crime scene.”
“The report mentions the building having been inspected twice last year.”
Gratitude and Recognition
Used to acknowledge past help or honors received.
“I am grateful for having been given this opportunity to speak.”
“She was honored for having been chosen as the representative.”
Reference Table
| ساختار | معنی | مثال | تأکید زمانی |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Perfect Gerund
|
فاعل کاری را قبل از اتفاق دیگری انجام داده است.
|
`Having written` the report, she relaxed.
|
فاعل کار را *انجام داد*، بعد اتفاق دیگری افتاد.
|
|
Passive Gerund
|
فاعل در حال دریافت یک عمل ادامه دار/عمومی است.
|
She dislikes `being interrupted`.
|
فاعل به صورت عمومی در حال *دریافت* عمل است.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
فاعل یک عمل *تکمیل شده* را قبل از اتفاق دیگری دریافت کرده است.
|
`Having been told` the news, he cried.
|
فاعل عمل تکمیل شده را *دریافت کرد*، بعد اتفاق دیگری افتاد.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
واکنش به یک رویداد مجهول در گذشته.
|
He appreciated `having been chosen`.
|
واکنش به یک عمل که *روی او تکمیل شده است*.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund + Preposition
|
توالی رویدادهای مجهول را روشن میکند.
|
After `having been interviewed`, I felt calm.
|
مصاحبه تکمیل شده *قبل از* احساس آرامش.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund (Negative)
|
عدم دریافت یک عمل تکمیل شده.
|
She regretted `not having been invited`.
|
عمل *قبل از پشیمانی* دریافت نشده است.
|
طیف رسمیت
I wish to express my dissatisfaction regarding having been ignored by the staff. (Customer service complaint)
I'm upset about having been ignored. (Customer service complaint)
It sucks having been ignored like that. (Customer service complaint)
Getting ghosted after having been hyped up is trash. (Customer service complaint)
Perfect Passive Gerund: "کارهایی که روی من انجام شده" قبل از یه لحظه
ساختار
- Having Perfect Aspect
- Been Passive Voice
- Past Participle Main Verb
ایده کلیدی
- تکمیل قبلی Action finished BEFORE another event
- فاعل دریافت میکند Action happens TO the subject
زمینههای کاربرد
- واکنشها/احساسات After a past passive event
- بعد از حروف اضافه e.g., 'after having been...'
- نوشتار رسمی Adding precision
Being Done در مقابل Having Been Done: زمان مهمه!
آیا به 'Having Been Done' نیاز دارم؟
آیا عمل اصلی مجهول است (فاعل آن را دریافت میکند)؟
آیا این عمل مجهول *قبل از* یک رویداد دیگر یا نقطه زمانی که در مورد آن صحبت میکنی، کامل شده بود؟
افعال رایج با Perfect Passive Gerund
افعال احساسی/عاطفی
- • regretted having been...
- • annoyed at having been...
- • proud of having been...
- • happy about having been...
افعال ارتباطی
- • after having been told...
- • about having been informed...
- • without having been consulted...
- • despite having been promised...
اعمال عمومی
- • after having been seen...
- • before having been done...
- • having been accepted...
- • having been chosen...
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I like having been helped.
I like that someone helped me before.
He is sad about having been left.
He is sad because someone left him.
Thank you for having been kind.
Thank you for being kind to me in the past.
She is happy about having been picked.
She is happy because they chose her.
He talked about having been invited to the party.
He mentioned that someone invited him earlier.
She was angry about not having been told the truth.
She was mad because no one told her the truth before.
They were proud of having been chosen for the team.
They felt good because the coach picked them.
I don't remember having been seen there.
I don't think anyone saw me there in the past.
The actor complained about having been misquoted in the article.
The actor was unhappy because the journalist wrote the wrong words.
She regretted having been persuaded to buy the expensive car.
She felt bad that someone convinced her to buy it.
He apologized for having been distracted during the lesson.
He said sorry because he wasn't paying attention earlier.
We were relieved at having been rescued from the storm.
We felt better because someone saved us.
The politician denied having been briefed on the security threat.
The politician said he was never given the information.
Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.
Because they were warned before, they knew the danger.
She was frustrated by having been overlooked for the lead role.
She was upset because they didn't consider her for the part.
The company was fined for having been found guilty of pollution.
The company had to pay money because they broke the law.
The CEO's resignation, having been prompted by the scandal, was inevitable.
The scandal caused the CEO to quit.
He spoke eloquently about having been marginalized by society for years.
He talked about his experience of being ignored by people.
The manuscript shows signs of having been edited by multiple authors.
It looks like many people changed the text in the past.
Not having been informed of the changes, the staff continued as usual.
Because no one told the staff, they didn't change anything.
The protagonist's existential dread stems from having been uprooted from his homeland.
His fear comes from being forced to leave his country.
The treaty was criticized for having been negotiated behind closed doors.
People didn't like that the deal was made in secret.
She attributed her success to having been mentored by the industry's finest.
She said she succeeded because great people taught her.
The ruins bear witness to the city having been besieged for over a decade.
The old buildings show that the city was under attack for a long time.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners forget 'been', changing the meaning from passive to active.
Using 'being done' for past events.
اشتباهات رایج
I like having helped.
I like having been helped.
He is happy about having not been invited.
He is happy about not having been invited.
She denied having being told.
She denied having been told.
I regret being told that yesterday.
I regret having been told that yesterday.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I am grateful for having been ___.
She denied having been ___ at the scene.
Real World Usage
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to lead that project.
The tenant complained about having been evicted without notice.
Tired of having been treated like an option when I made you a priority.
The data is unreliable due to the sensors having been calibrated incorrectly.
The patient reports having been diagnosed with asthma in childhood.
The claim was rejected due to the car having been left unlocked.
فکر کن: 'قبل از اون!'
Perfect Passive Gerund فکر میکنی، از خودت بپرس: «این کار مجهول *قبل* از اتفاق اصلی افتاده؟» اگه جواب آره بود، دقیقاً همینه! کمک میکنه ترتیب اتفاقا رو قشنگ مشخص کنی. After having been praised, he felt confident.
با حالت معلوم اشتباه نگیر
active perfect gerund استفاده میکردی (having done). پس حواست به حالت مجهول باشه! He was happy about having been chosen, not having chosen.
با حروف اضافه ترکیبش کن
after, before, about, for و by میاد. با جمله ساختنهایی مثل after having been... اینو کاملاً طبیعی و دقیق میکنی. She relaxed after having been interviewed.
شیکتر حرف بزن
Perfect Passive Gerund میتونه انگلیسی تو رو پیچیدهتر و دقیقتر نشون بده، مخصوصاً تو محیطهای آکادمیک یا کاری. این یعنی واقعاً به ظرافتهای زبان مسلطی! The document, having been reviewed, was flawless.
Smart Tips
Replace 'I'm sorry that I was...' with 'I apologize for having been...'.
Check if the action is still happening. If it's 100% over, use 'having been'.
Always use 'having been' if the denial is about a specific past event.
Use a perfect passive gerund to delete 'that' and 'because'.
تلفظ
The 'H' in Having
In rapid speech, the 'h' in 'having' is often dropped, sounding like 'avin'.
Reduction of 'Been'
The word 'been' is usually unstressed and sounds like 'bin'.
Stress on 'Not'
I'm angry about NOT having been told.
Emphasizes the lack of information.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
H.B.P. - Having Been Past. If it happened to you before, use these three for sure!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a 'Past' stamp being pressed onto a 'Passive' envelope. The stamp is 'Having' and the envelope is 'Been + V3'.
Rhyme
To show the past was done to you, 'Having been' is what you do!
Story
A detective finds a note. It says 'I regret having been caught.' The detective knows the thief is talking about the past arrest, not the current one.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your last job using 'having been'. Example: 'I enjoyed having been challenged by my boss.'
نکات فرهنگی
British speakers use this form frequently in formal letters of complaint to maintain a polite but firm distance.
In US business, this form is used in performance reviews to highlight past achievements objectively.
Global academic English relies on this form to discuss historical theories that were later disproven.
The gerund evolved from Old English verbal nouns ending in -ung/-ing. The perfect and passive additions developed in Middle English as the language became more analytical.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Have you ever regretted having been persuaded to do something?
How do you feel about having been raised in your hometown?
Can you mention a time you were proud of having been chosen for a task?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
She regretted ___ the important email.
active perfect gerund هست، چون خودش فرستنده بود.Find and fix the mistake:
After being informed of the cancellation, he left.
Having been informed به درستی به این تکمیل شدن قبلی تأکید میکنه.جمله صحیح رو انتخاب کن:
Being interrupted به یه حالت کلی اشاره میکنه، نه یه اتفاق خاص گذشته که منجر به ناراحتی شده باشه.Translate into English: 'Ella estaba feliz de haber sido elegida para el papel.'
Answer starts with: ["S...
Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesHe was disappointed about not ___ to the wedding.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
He denied having being seen at the bank.
He was punished for ___.
The word 'not' comes after 'having' in the perfect passive gerund.
A: Why is she so happy? B: She's thrilled about ___ for the scholarship.
Identify the form:
Active: 'Having seen' -> Passive: ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe new policy, ___ by the board, was implemented last week.
He was accused of stolen the company's data.
جمله صحیح رو انتخاب کن:
Translate into English: 'Después de haber sido despedido, él buscó un nuevo empleo.'
این کلمات رو تو یه جمله مرتب کن:
فاعلها رو با شکل صحیحشون مطابقت بده:
She expressed relief at ___ a second chance.
She remembered being interviewed for the job a year ago.
جمله صحیح رو انتخاب کن:
Translate into English: 'Ella se quejaba de haber sido tratada injustamente.'
این کلمات رو تو یه جمله مرتب کن:
سناریوها رو مطابقت بده:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
'Being done' is for current or general actions. 'Having been done' is for specific actions that are already finished.
Yes! For example: 'Having been warned, I was careful.' However, in that case, it is technically a 'Perfect Participle', not a gerund.
Yes, when followed by a past participle (V3), it is always passive.
'Been' is the passive marker. Without it, 'having told' means you told someone else.
It is less common in casual speech but very common in professional and academic English.
Yes, but 'there' is an adverb, so this is the perfect active form of 'to be'. For the passive gerund, you need a V3 like 'I regret not having been invited.'
It only works with transitive verbs (verbs that can have an object) because only transitive verbs can be passive.
You usually put it inside a question: 'Are you upset about having been ignored?'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Haber sido + participio
English uses the -ing form after prepositions, while Spanish uses the infinitive.
Avoir été + participe passé
French requires 'de' or 'à' before the infinitive, similar to English prepositions.
[Partizip II] + worden zu sein
Word order is the primary struggle for learners moving between these two.
〜されたこと (sareta koto)
Japanese doesn't have a specific 'perfect' aspect in the same way; the past tense covers it.
كونه قد [verb]
Arabic grammar is root-based and doesn't use auxiliary 'having'.
被...过 (bèi...guò)
Chinese relies on word order and particles rather than verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
ماضی کامل: گذشته 'قبل' (had + done)
Overview آیا تا به حال داستانی را شروع کردهاید و متوجه شدهاید که بخش مهمی از گذشته را جا انداختهاید؟ تصور کنید دارید...
مصدر مجهول: Being (دریافت عمل)
Overview آیا تا به حال آن حس عجیب `being watched` (تحت نظر بودن) را وقتی به تنهایی در کافه قهوه میخورید، تجربه کردهاید...
ویدیوهای مرتبط
Related Grammar Rules
عبارات وصفی: تطابق عمل با فاعل
Overview آیا تا به حال به طور تصادفی به فالوورهای اینستاگرام خود گفتهاید که قهوه صبحگاهیتان بعد از یک خواب طولانی `fee...
مصدر و اسم مصدر مجهول (being done / to be done)
Overview آیا تا به حال حس کردهاید که فقط یک شخصیت فرعی در فیلمی هستید که توسط شخص دیگری `being directed` (کارگردانی می...
Stop + اسم مصدر (Gerund) در مقابل مصدر (Infinitive): ترک کردن در مقابل توقف موقت
### Overview زبان انگلیسی، با وجود ساختار منطقیاش، گاهی اوقات ظرافتهایی دارد که میتواند برای زبانآموزان چالشبرانگی...
Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns (Want to Go / Enjoy Going)
## Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns ### Verbs + to + infinitive - **want**: I want **to eat**. - **need**: She ne...
عبارات وصفی انگلیسی: انجام دو کار همزمان (V-ing)
### Overview استفاده از ساختارهای Participle Clause در زبان انگلیسی، به خصوص با شکل V-ing (Present Participle)، یکی از ا...
