Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Perfect Passive Gerund describes an action that was done to someone in the past, acting as a noun in the sentence.
- Use 'having been' + past participle for past passive actions (e.g., 'having been told').
- Place 'not' before 'having' to make it negative (e.g., 'not having been invited').
- Use it after verbs or prepositions that require a gerund (e.g., 'He complained about having been ignored').
Overview
Perfect Passive Gerund (완료 수동 동명사)는 바로 그 우아함과 논리적 정교함의 정점에 있는 문법입니다.having been + past participle이라는 구조를 가집니다. 핵심은 두 가지입니다. 첫째, 주어가 동작을 하는 것이 아니라 '받는' 수동(Passive)의 의미를 가져야 합니다. 둘째, 그 동작이 주절의 시점보다 '이전에 완료'되었음을 나타내야 합니다.Perfect Passive Gerund를 사용하여 문장을 훨씬 간결하고 세련되게 압축할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, «그 보고서는 검토되었고, 이제 준비가 되었다»라는 두 문장을 Having been reviewed, the report is now ready.라고 표현하는 순간, 여러분의 영어는 원어민들이 비즈니스나 학술적인 상황에서 사용하는 고급스러운 뉘앙스를 풍기게 됩니다.Perfect Passive Gerund는 세 가지 문법적 요소가 결합된 복합체입니다. 각 요소가 어떤 역할을 하는지 이해하면 이 복잡해 보이는 구조가 한눈에 들어올 거예요.- 1
having(완료상 - Perfect Aspect): 영어에서have가 완료형으로 쓰이면 '기준 시점보다 앞선 완료된 사건'을 의미합니다. 동명사 형태인having은 이 동작이 주절의 동사보다 먼저 일어났음을 알려주는 시간의 이정표 역할을 합니다. - 2
been(수동태 - Passive Voice):be동사의 과거분사형인been은 이 구조의 핵심적인 수동 마커입니다. 주어가 동작의 주체가 아니라 '대상(객체)'임을 분명히 합니다. - 3
Past Participle(의미적 본체): 실제 어떤 동작이 일어났는지를 보여주는 본동사의 과거분사형입니다.
having, been, p.p라는 부품들을 조립하여 이 의미를 만들어냅니다.verb + -ing | 주어가 직접 행동함. 현재 또는 일반적 사실. | He enjoys teaching. | 그가 직접 가르치는 것을 즐김. |having + p.p. | 주어가 직접 행동함. 주절보다 이전에 완료됨. | Having finished the work, he left. | 그가 일을 직접 끝냈고, 그 후에 떠남. |being + p.p. | 주어가 동작을 받음. 현재 진행 중이거나 일반적 경험. | She hates being ignored. | 그녀가 무시당하는 상황 자체를 싫어함. |having been + p.p. | 주어가 동작을 받음. 주절보다 이전에 완료됨. | Having been told the news, she cried. | 그녀가 소식을 들었(전달받았)고, 그 결과로 울었음. |having been + p.p.는 '수동'과 '이전 시점'이라는 두 가지 조건이 모두 충족될 때 사용하는 가장 정교한 형태입니다.having been + past participle로 고정되어 있습니다. 시제나 인칭에 따라 having이나 been이 변하지 않기 때문에, 여러분이 신경 써야 할 것은 오직 본동사의 과거분사(p.p.) 형태뿐입니다.-ed를 붙여 과거분사를 만듭니다. 가장 기본적이지만 문장이 길어지면 실수하기 쉽습니다.The proposal, having been rejected twice, was finally accepted.(reject → rejected)Having been trained for months, the staff handled the crisis well.(train → trained)
Having been chosen as the leader, he felt a heavy responsibility.(choose - chose - chosen)She complained about having been given incorrect directions.(give - gave - given)Having been forgotten for decades, the ruins were rediscovered.(forget - forgot - forgotten)
- 문장의 주어:
Having been nominated for the award is an honor in itself.(수상 후보에 오른 것 자체가 영광이다.) - 전치사의 목적어:
He was traumatized by having been trapped in the elevator.(그는 엘리베이터에 갇혔던 경험 때문에 트라우마가 생겼다.) - 부사구 (분사구문 대용):
Having been warned about the virus, I updated my software.(바이러스에 대해 경고를 받았기 때문에, 소프트웨어를 업데이트했다.)
Having been raised in a bilingual environment, Min-su speaks both Korean and English fluently.
Having been fired from his previous job, he decided to start his own business.
about, of, for, after 등의 전치사 뒤에 와서, 주어가 겪었던 특정한 수동적 사건을 명사처럼 표현합니다.The celebrity was tired of having been followed by paparazzi all day.
He apologized for having been caught in a lie.
She felt relieved after having been found by the search party.
They were proud of having been invited to the prestigious conference.
Because it had been...이나 After it was...와 같은 긴 부사절을 짧은 구로 압축하여 전문적인 느낌을 줍니다.Having been conducted under strict conditions, the experiment yielded reliable data.
The document, having been signed by both parties, is now legally binding.
been을 누락하여 능동태로 만드는 실수 (The Missing 'Been')having + p.p.는 완료 능동이고, having been + p.p.는 완료 수동입니다. been 하나 차이로 주어가 '한 것'이냐 '당한 것'이냐가 결정됩니다.- 잘못된 예:
*He was happy about having chosen for the team.(그는 팀을 선택한 것에 대해 행복했다? 의미가 어색함) - 옳은 예:
He was happy about having been chosen for the team.(그는 팀에 뽑힌 것에 대해 행복했다.) - 설명: 한국어에서는 «팀에 뽑혀서»라고 수동의 의미를 생략하고 말하는 경우가 많아, 영어로 옮길 때
been을 자주 빼먹습니다.
being p.p.)와 혼동하는 경우- 상황: 매번 회의에서 무시당하는 것이 싫다면? →
I hate being ignored.(일반적/반복적) - 상황: 어제 회의에서 무시당했던 것 때문에 기분이 나쁘다면? →
I am upset about having been ignored at yesterday's meeting.(특정 과거 사건의 완료) - 설명: 한국어는 시제 표현이 영어보다 관대하기 때문에, 이 미묘한 시간 차이를 놓치기 쉽습니다.
Having been p.p.를 쓸 때, 이 구의 의미상 주어는 반드시 주절의 주어와 일치해야 합니다.- 잘못된 예:
*Having been cooked** for hours, we finally ate the stew.(수 시간 동안 요리된 것은 '우리'가 아니라 '스튜'입니다.) - 옳은 예:
Having been cooked for hours, the stew was finally ready to be eaten. - 설명: 주어와 목적어를 자주 생략하는 한국어 습관 때문에, 영어 문장을 구성할 때 주어 일치 여부를 확인하지 않는 실수가 잦습니다.
doing (하고 있는 것) | being done (되는 것) |having done (했었던 것) | having been done (되었었던 것) |- 1Simple Active:
I remember inviting him.(내가 그를 초대했던 것을 기억한다. - 초대하는 행위의 주체) - 2Simple Passive:
I remember being invited.(내가 초대받았던 것을 기억한다. - 초대받는 경험 자체에 초점) - 3Perfect Active:
He denied having stolen the money.(그는 돈을 훔쳤었다는 사실을 부인했다. - 부인하는 시점보다 훔친 시점이 앞섬) - 4Perfect Passive:
He denied having been involved in the theft.(그는 절도 사건에 연루되었었다는 사실을 부인했다. - 연루된 것은 과거의 완료된 상태)
having been을 생략하고 그냥 과거분사(p.p.)로만 시작해도 되나요?Having been defeated, he left.를 Defeated, he left.로 줄일 수 있습니다. 하지만 전치사 뒤(예: after, about)에서는 반드시 having been p.p. 형태를 갖춰야 동명사로서의 역할을 할 수 있습니다.After I was told...나 Because I was...처럼 접속사를 쓰는 편이 더 자연스럽습니다. 하지만 면접, 비즈니스 이메일, 공식적인 발표, 혹은 뉴스나 신문 기사에서는 이 구조가 매우 빈번하게 등장합니다. C1 수준의 학습자라면 상황에 맞춰 이 '격식'을 선택할 수 있는 능력이 필요합니다.having been being p.p. 같은 형태도 있나요?having been p.p. 하나로 충분합니다.- 상황 1 (회사 회식 후): «어제 회식 장소로 선정되었던 그 식당, 정말 별로였어.»
Having been chosen as the venue for the company dinner, the restaurant turned out to be quite disappointing.- 상황 2 (대학교 성적 확인): «장학금 대상자로 선정되었다는 통보를 받고 나서야 안심이 되었다.»
She only felt at ease after having been notified that she was selected for the scholarship.- 상황 3 (카카오톡 대화 중 실수): «단톡방에 초대받고 나서, 나는 내가 잘못 들어온 걸 알았다.»
Having been invited to the group chat, I realized I was in the wrong place.Perfect Passive Gerund는 여러분의 생각을 더 정교하고 논리적으로 전달하게 해주는 훌륭한 도구입니다. 처음에는 입에 잘 붙지 않겠지만, having - been - p.p. 이 세 박자의 리듬을 기억하며 문장을 만들어 보세요. 여러분의 영어 실력이 한 단계 더 도약하는 것을 느끼실 수 있을 겁니다!Perfect Passive Gerund Structure
| Polarity | Auxiliary 1 | Auxiliary 2 | Main Verb (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
having
|
been
|
told
|
having been told
|
|
Negative
|
not having
|
been
|
told
|
not having been told
|
|
Question
|
About having
|
been
|
told?
|
Are you upset about having been told?
|
Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
Having been
|
None
|
This form is never contracted in formal English.
|
|
Not having been
|
None
|
Avoid contracting 'not' with 'having' in this specific structure.
|
Meanings
A verb form that functions as a noun, representing a completed action that was performed upon the subject at an earlier time.
Expressing Regret or Complaint
Used to describe past mistreatment or missed opportunities that cause current negative feelings.
“She expressed regret at having been passed over for the promotion.”
“I am tired of having been treated like a child by the management.”
Legal and Formal Reporting
Used in formal documents to refer to past events that have been officially recorded or verified.
“The defendant denied having been seen at the crime scene.”
“The report mentions the building having been inspected twice last year.”
Gratitude and Recognition
Used to acknowledge past help or honors received.
“I am grateful for having been given this opportunity to speak.”
“She was honored for having been chosen as the representative.”
Reference Table
| 구조 | 의미 | 예시 | 시점 강조 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Perfect Gerund
|
주어가 다른 행동 전에 어떤 행동을 완료함.
|
`Having written` the report, she relaxed.
|
주어가 행동을 *했고*, 그 다음에 다른 일이 일어남.
|
|
Passive Gerund
|
주어가 일반적으로 행동을 '받고' 있음.
|
She dislikes `being interrupted`.
|
주어가 일반적으로 행동을 *받고* 있음.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
주어가 다른 행동 전에 '완료된' 행동을 받음.
|
`Having been told` the news, he cried.
|
주어가 완료된 행동을 *받았고*, 그 다음에 다른 일이 일어남.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund
|
자신에게 '완료된' 행동에 반응함.
|
He appreciated `having been chosen`.
|
자신에게 *완료된* 행동에 반응함.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund + Preposition
|
수동적인 사건들의 순서를 명확히 함.
|
After `having been interviewed`, I felt calm.
|
완료된 인터뷰가 차분함을 느끼는 것보다 *선행함*.
|
|
Perfect Passive Gerund (Negative)
|
완료된 행동을 받지 못함.
|
She regretted `not having been invited`.
|
후회하기 전에 행동을 *받지 못함*.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
I wish to express my dissatisfaction regarding having been ignored by the staff. (Customer service complaint)
I'm upset about having been ignored. (Customer service complaint)
It sucks having been ignored like that. (Customer service complaint)
Getting ghosted after having been hyped up is trash. (Customer service complaint)
완료 수동 동명사: '나에게 행해진' 그 이전의 순간
형성 (Formation)
- Having 완료 시제 (Perfect Aspect)
- Been 수동태 (Passive Voice)
- Past Participle 주동사 (Main Verb)
핵심 아이디어 (Key Idea)
- Prior Completion 다른 사건 '이전에' 완료된 행동
- Subject Receives 주어가 행동을 '받음'
사용 맥락 (Usage Contexts)
- Reactions/Feelings 과거 수동 사건 후의 반응/감정
- After Prepositions 예: 'after having been...'
- Formal Writing 정확성을 더하는 공식적인 글쓰기
Being Done vs. Having Been Done: 시간의 중요성!
'Having Been Done'이 필요한가요?
주요 행동이 수동태인가요 (주어가 행동을 받나요)?
이 수동 행동이 논의 중인 다른 사건이나 시점 '이전에' 완료되었나요?
완료 수동 동명사와 함께 자주 쓰이는 동사들
감정/느낌 동사 (Verbs of Feeling/Emotion)
- • regretted having been...
- • annoyed at having been...
- • proud of having been...
- • happy about having been...
의사소통 동사 (Verbs of Communication)
- • after having been told...
- • about having been informed...
- • without having been consulted...
- • despite having been promised...
일반적인 행동 (General Actions)
- • after having been seen...
- • before having been done...
- • having been accepted...
- • having been chosen...
수준별 예문
I like having been helped.
I like that someone helped me before.
He is sad about having been left.
He is sad because someone left him.
Thank you for having been kind.
Thank you for being kind to me in the past.
She is happy about having been picked.
She is happy because they chose her.
He talked about having been invited to the party.
He mentioned that someone invited him earlier.
She was angry about not having been told the truth.
She was mad because no one told her the truth before.
They were proud of having been chosen for the team.
They felt good because the coach picked them.
I don't remember having been seen there.
I don't think anyone saw me there in the past.
The actor complained about having been misquoted in the article.
The actor was unhappy because the journalist wrote the wrong words.
She regretted having been persuaded to buy the expensive car.
She felt bad that someone convinced her to buy it.
He apologized for having been distracted during the lesson.
He said sorry because he wasn't paying attention earlier.
We were relieved at having been rescued from the storm.
We felt better because someone saved us.
The politician denied having been briefed on the security threat.
The politician said he was never given the information.
Having been warned about the risks, they decided to proceed anyway.
Because they were warned before, they knew the danger.
She was frustrated by having been overlooked for the lead role.
She was upset because they didn't consider her for the part.
The company was fined for having been found guilty of pollution.
The company had to pay money because they broke the law.
The CEO's resignation, having been prompted by the scandal, was inevitable.
The scandal caused the CEO to quit.
He spoke eloquently about having been marginalized by society for years.
He talked about his experience of being ignored by people.
The manuscript shows signs of having been edited by multiple authors.
It looks like many people changed the text in the past.
Not having been informed of the changes, the staff continued as usual.
Because no one told the staff, they didn't change anything.
The protagonist's existential dread stems from having been uprooted from his homeland.
His fear comes from being forced to leave his country.
The treaty was criticized for having been negotiated behind closed doors.
People didn't like that the deal was made in secret.
She attributed her success to having been mentored by the industry's finest.
She said she succeeded because great people taught her.
The ruins bear witness to the city having been besieged for over a decade.
The old buildings show that the city was under attack for a long time.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners forget 'been', changing the meaning from passive to active.
Using 'being done' for past events.
자주 하는 실수
I like having helped.
I like having been helped.
He is happy about having not been invited.
He is happy about not having been invited.
She denied having being told.
She denied having been told.
I regret being told that yesterday.
I regret having been told that yesterday.
문장 패턴
I am grateful for having been ___.
She denied having been ___ at the scene.
Real World Usage
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to lead that project.
The tenant complained about having been evicted without notice.
Tired of having been treated like an option when I made you a priority.
The data is unreliable due to the sensors having been calibrated incorrectly.
The patient reports having been diagnosed with asthma in childhood.
The claim was rejected due to the car having been left unlocked.
'그 이전에'를 떠올려 봐
After having been told the news, I felt relieved.(그 소식을 듣고 나서야 안심이 되었어.)
능동태와 헷갈리지 마세요
Having written the report, she submitted it.(보고서를 쓰고 나서 그녀는 제출했다.)
전치사와 함께 사용해 봐
After having been interviewed, I felt calm.(면접을 보고 나서야 마음이 편안해졌어.)
더 세련된 영어를 구사해 봐
The report, having been reviewed by the committee, was approved.(위원회에서 검토된 후, 그 보고서는 승인되었다.) 처럼 훨씬 더 세련되고 정확한 영어를 구사하는 것처럼 들릴 거예요.
Smart Tips
Replace 'I'm sorry that I was...' with 'I apologize for having been...'.
Check if the action is still happening. If it's 100% over, use 'having been'.
Always use 'having been' if the denial is about a specific past event.
Use a perfect passive gerund to delete 'that' and 'because'.
발음
The 'H' in Having
In rapid speech, the 'h' in 'having' is often dropped, sounding like 'avin'.
Reduction of 'Been'
The word 'been' is usually unstressed and sounds like 'bin'.
Stress on 'Not'
I'm angry about NOT having been told.
Emphasizes the lack of information.
암기하기
기억법
H.B.P. - Having Been Past. If it happened to you before, use these three for sure!
시각적 연상
Imagine a 'Past' stamp being pressed onto a 'Passive' envelope. The stamp is 'Having' and the envelope is 'Been + V3'.
Rhyme
To show the past was done to you, 'Having been' is what you do!
Story
A detective finds a note. It says 'I regret having been caught.' The detective knows the thief is talking about the past arrest, not the current one.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your last job using 'having been'. Example: 'I enjoyed having been challenged by my boss.'
문화 노트
British speakers use this form frequently in formal letters of complaint to maintain a polite but firm distance.
In US business, this form is used in performance reviews to highlight past achievements objectively.
Global academic English relies on this form to discuss historical theories that were later disproven.
The gerund evolved from Old English verbal nouns ending in -ung/-ing. The perfect and passive additions developed in Middle English as the language became more analytical.
대화 시작하기
Have you ever regretted having been persuaded to do something?
How do you feel about having been raised in your hometown?
Can you mention a time you were proud of having been chosen for a task?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
She regretted ___ the important email.
Find and fix the mistake:
After being informed of the cancellation, he left.
올바른 문장을 선택하세요:
다음 문장을 영어로 번역하세요: 'Ella estaba feliz de haber sido elegida para el papel.'
Answer starts with: ["S...
Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercisesHe was disappointed about not ___ to the wedding.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
He denied having being seen at the bank.
He was punished for ___.
The word 'not' comes after 'having' in the perfect passive gerund.
A: Why is she so happy? B: She's thrilled about ___ for the scholarship.
Identify the form:
Active: 'Having seen' -> Passive: ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe new policy, ___ by the board, was implemented last week.
He was accused of stolen the company's data.
올바른 문장을 선택하세요:
다음 문장을 영어로 번역하세요: 'Después de haber sido despedido, él buscó un nuevo empleo.'
이 단어들을 문장으로 배열하세요:
주어와 올바른 형태를 연결하세요:
She expressed relief at ___ a second chance.
She remembered being interviewed for the job a year ago.
올바른 문장을 선택하세요:
다음 문장을 영어로 번역하세요: 'Ella se quejaba de haber sido tratada injustamente.'
이 단어들을 문장으로 배열하세요:
시나리오를 연결하세요:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
'Being done' is for current or general actions. 'Having been done' is for specific actions that are already finished.
Yes! For example: 'Having been warned, I was careful.' However, in that case, it is technically a 'Perfect Participle', not a gerund.
Yes, when followed by a past participle (V3), it is always passive.
'Been' is the passive marker. Without it, 'having told' means you told someone else.
It is less common in casual speech but very common in professional and academic English.
Yes, but 'there' is an adverb, so this is the perfect active form of 'to be'. For the passive gerund, you need a V3 like 'I regret not having been invited.'
It only works with transitive verbs (verbs that can have an object) because only transitive verbs can be passive.
You usually put it inside a question: 'Are you upset about having been ignored?'
Scaffolded Practice
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3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Haber sido + participio
English uses the -ing form after prepositions, while Spanish uses the infinitive.
Avoir été + participe passé
French requires 'de' or 'à' before the infinitive, similar to English prepositions.
[Partizip II] + worden zu sein
Word order is the primary struggle for learners moving between these two.
〜されたこと (sareta koto)
Japanese doesn't have a specific 'perfect' aspect in the same way; the past tense covers it.
كونه قد [verb]
Arabic grammar is root-based and doesn't use auxiliary 'having'.
被...过 (bèi...guò)
Chinese relies on word order and particles rather than verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
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