B1 · 中級 チャプター 20

Perfecting Your Timing with Adverbs

4 トータルルール
44 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the timing of your life by using four essential adverbs with the present perfect tense.

  • Signal that an action happened very recently.
  • Express that something happened earlier than expected.
  • Ask if something has occurred or show it is still pending.
Timing is everything: tell the world exactly where you stand.

学べること

Ever wonder how to talk about things you've just done, or things that haven't happened *yet*? This chapter will perfectly tune your timing! We'll explore just, already, yet, and "still haven't" so you can express completion, surprise, and delay confidently.

  • 現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）
    これらの「副詞」を使うと、過去の行動と現在のつながりを、タイミングや期待を込めて伝えることができます。「ちょうど完了」「既に終了」「まだ終わってない」といったニュアンスを加えられますよ。
  • 現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置
    「already」を正しく使えるようになると、英語の会話がもっと自然に、そして「もう完了した」というニュアンスを正確に伝えられるようになります。これは「タイミング」と「完了」を伝えるための魔法のツールです。
  • 現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う
    Use yet at the end of present perfect negatives and questions for expected but unfulfilled actions.
  • 現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)
    「still haven't」は、「まだやってない」ことへの「驚き」や「イライラ」を込めて、予想通りに進んでいない状況を伝えるときに使う表現です。

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to distinguish between 'just', 'already', and 'yet' in conversation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to correctly place 'already' between the auxiliary and the main verb.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to express frustration or surprise about delays using 'still haven't'.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Mastering how to talk about events in relation to the present moment is a crucial step in sounding more natural and confident in English. For B1 English grammar learners like you, understanding adverbs like just, already, yet, and still haven't is key to perfecting your timing with adverbs. These little words are incredibly powerful because they allow you to precisely express when an action happened, whether it’s a surprise, or if it's something you’re still waiting for.
This chapter will guide you through connecting past actions to the present, adding nuance to your sentences, and expressing completion, surprise, or delay. From telling someone you have just finished a task, to confirming if a friend has arrived yet, or even expressing impatience that something still hasn't happened, these adverbs will upgrade your communication skills. By the end, you'll feel much more comfortable and accurate in your everyday English conversations, ensuring your message is understood with the right temporal context.

How This Grammar Works

These adverbs primarily work with the Present Perfect tense, which connects a past action or state to the present moment. Think of them as tools to fine-tune that connection, adding specific information about the timing.
First, let’s look at just, already, and yet.
* Just indicates that an action happened a very short time ago, emphasizing its recency. It usually goes between have/has and the past participle.
*
I have just seen him.
(Meaning: I saw him a moment ago.)
* Already tells us an action happened earlier than expected or before a specific point in time. It can go between have/has and the past participle (mid-position) or at the end of the sentence.
*
They have already left.
(Meaning: They left sooner than we thought, or before now.)
* Yet is used in negative sentences and questions to talk about something expected to happen but hasn't, or to ask if it has. It always goes at the end of the sentence.
* "She hasn't arrived yet." (Meaning: We expect her, but she's not here.)
*
Have you eaten lunch yet?
(Meaning: Are you expecting to eat, or have you done it?)
The mid-position for already (between the auxiliary have/has and the main verb's past participle) often emphasizes the *surprise* or *earliness* of the completion. For instance,
I have already finished the report!
might imply,
Wow, that was fast!
Finally, still haven't is a powerful phrase used to express that an expected action has *not* happened up to the present moment, often with a feeling of surprise, impatience, or frustration. It combines still (indicating continuation of a state) with the negative Present Perfect.
* "I still haven't received my package." (Meaning: I expected it, and I'm a bit surprised/impatient that it hasn't arrived.)
* "He still hasn't called me back." (Meaning: I'm waiting for his call, and it's taking longer than expected.)
These adverbs and phrases are essential for accurately reflecting the temporal nuances of your thoughts in English.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Using 'just' with Simple Past for recent actions:
* ✗ I just ate my lunch 5 minutes ago.
* ✓ I have just eaten my lunch. (For very recent actions connected to now, use Present Perfect.)
* ✓ I ate my lunch 5 minutes ago. (If you specify a past time, use Simple Past.)
* *Explanation:* Just with the Present Perfect emphasizes the action's immediate connection to the present moment. If you specify *when* in the past, the Simple Past is more appropriate without just.
  1. 1✗ Incorrect placement of 'yet':
* ✗ Yet I haven't seen that movie.
* ✓ I haven't seen that movie yet.
* *Explanation:* In negative sentences and questions, yet almost always goes at the very end of the sentence.
  1. 1✗ Confusing 'already' and 'yet' in questions:
* ✗ Have you eaten dinner already? (When you are asking neutrally or expecting a no)
* ✓ Have you eaten dinner yet? (This is the standard, neutral way to ask if an expected action has happened.)
* ✓ Have you already eaten dinner? (This implies surprise, like,
Wow, you ate dinner early!
)
* *Explanation:* Use yet in neutral questions about expected events. Use already in questions if you're expressing surprise that something might have happened sooner than expected.

Real Conversations

A

A

Have you started packing for your trip yet?
B

B

Yes, I have just finished packing my clothes. I have already bought my travel insurance too!
A

A

Wow, your new computer arrived quickly!
B

B

"I know! I have already set it up and installed all my programs. I still haven't downloaded that new game you told me about, though."
A

A

Is John coming to the meeting?
B

B

"He still hasn't confirmed. I have already sent him three emails, but he hasn't replied yet."

Quick FAQ

Q

Can I use just with the Simple Past?

Generally, for actions directly connected to the present, use the Present Perfect with just. For example,

I have just eaten.
If you specify a past time, use Simple Past:
I ate an hour ago.

Q

Is there a difference between "I haven't done it yet and I still haven't done it"?

Yes! "I haven't done it yet

is a neutral statement of non-completion.
I still haven't done it" adds a nuance of surprise, impatience, or frustration that it's taking longer than expected.

Q

Can already go at the end of a sentence?

Yes, placing already at the end, like "I've sent the email already,

is grammatically correct and common, especially in informal speech or to add emphasis. However, the mid-position (
I have already sent the email") is often considered more standard and natural.

Q

Why do we use these adverbs with the Present Perfect?

They help link a past action to the present moment, giving specific details about its timing and impact on the present. Just shows recent completion, already shows completion before expected, yet shows expectation for an action that hasn't happened, and still haven't emphasizes ongoing non-completion, often with a sense of impatience. They are all about the *timing* relative to *now*.

Cultural Context

These adverbs – just, already, yet, and still haven't – are incredibly common in everyday English conversations across all regions. They are not formal or informal exclusively; rather, they are integral to expressing nuances of time. While American English sometimes uses the Simple Past with adverbs like just (e.g., I just ate), British English overwhelmingly prefers the Present Perfect in such contexts.
For B1 learners, sticking to the Present Perfect is generally the safest and most broadly accepted approach for these adverbs to ensure your meaning about current relevance is clear.

重要な例文 (8)

1

I've just seen your TikTok!

あなたのTikTok、ちょうど見たよ！すごく面白かった。

現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）
2

We've already ordered the pizza.

ピザはもう注文したよ、もうすぐ来るからね。

現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）
3

I `have already finished` my assignment, so I'm free tonight!

もう宿題終わったから、今夜は暇だよ！

現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置
4

She `has already submitted` her application, even though the deadline is next week.

彼女は締め切りが来週なのに、もう願書を提出しました。

現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置
5

Have you seen the new superhero movie yet?

Você já viu o novo filme de super-herói?

現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う
6

I haven't finished my coffee yet, so I'm not leaving.

Eu ainda não terminei meu café, então não estou saindo.

現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う
7

I've been waiting for ages! My coffee still hasn't cooled down.

何時間も待ってるのに！コーヒーがまだ冷めてないよ。

現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)
8

He promised to text me back, but he still hasn't sent anything.

彼は返信すると言ったのに、まだ何も送ってきてない。

現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

過去分詞とセット！

これらの副詞は、必ず過去分詞（gone、seen、doneなど）と一緒に使います。動詞の原形や過去形とは合わせないでくださいね。"Always pair these with the Past Participle (like 'gone', 'seen', 'done'), never the base form or past simple."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）
💡

位置がカギ！

いつも「have/has + already + 過去分詞」という「サンドイッチ」のルールを思い出してください。この真ん中の位置に置くことで、ネイティブスピーカーにとって最も自然で流暢に聞こえます。「I have already seen that movie.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置
💡

The 'Already' Swap

If you can't decide between 'yet' and 'already', try making the sentence positive. If it works with 'already', the negative version needs 'yet'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う
💡

期待感を強調する表現

「まだ起きてない」ことに対して驚きや、ちょっとしたイライラを感じるときに「still haven't」を使います。単なる「haven't... yet」よりも、「とっくに終わってるはずなのに！」という期待感が込められていますよ。"I still haven't heard back."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)

重要な語彙 (6)

just a very short time ago already sooner than expected yet until now still continuing to happen (showing delay) finish to complete a task decide to make a choice

Real-World Preview

plane

Checking in at the Airport

Review Summary

  • have/has + just + past participle
  • have/has + already + past participle
  • have/has + not + past participle ... yet?
  • subject + still + haven't/hasn't + past participle

よくある間違い

'Yet' is used in negative sentences or questions, and it almost always comes at the end of the sentence.

Wrong: I have finished yet my work.
正解: I haven't finished my work yet.

In standard British and American English, 'already' usually goes between 'have' and the past participle.

Wrong: I already have seen that movie.
正解: I have already seen that movie.

'Still' goes before the auxiliary 'haven't/hasn't' in negative sentences to emphasize the delay.

Wrong: I haven't still called him.
正解: I still haven't called him.

Next Steps

You've made incredible progress today! Mastering these small adverbs is what separates intermediate learners from advanced speakers. Keep practicing and you'll be sounding like a pro in no time.

Write a 'To-Do' list and mark what you have already done and what you haven't done yet.

Continue to: Breaking News and Recent Changes

クイック練習 (10)

文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

They haven't still given us the project details.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They still haven't given us the project details.
副詞「still」は、この構文では助動詞「haven't/hasn't」の前に配置する必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)

驚きや遅延を表す正しい形を選んでください。

My train was supposed to leave an hour ago, but it ___ left yet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: still hasn't
今現在まで起こっていない行動に対する驚きや遅延を表すには、「still hasn't」が正しい選択です。「didn't」は過去の特定の出来事を指し、「already hasn't」は文法的にここでは誤りです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形：まだ～していない (驚きと遅延)

Find the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

She has already not called me yet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Remove 'already'
You cannot use 'already' and 'yet' together in this way.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

They already have finished their homework.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They have already finished their homework.
副詞「already」は助動詞「have」と主動詞の過去分詞「finished」の間に置くべきです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置

Choose the correct word to complete the question.

Has the mail arrived ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yet
'Yet' is used at the end of questions to check status.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う

正しい形を選んで文を完成させましょう。

My sister ___ already ___ for her trip.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has / packed
「my sister」（彼女）には「has」を使います。「pack」の過去分詞は「packed」です。正しい構造は「has already packed」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'Already' の中間位置

正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the grammatically correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I haven't seen that movie yet.
'Yet' は否定文や疑問文の最後に置きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）

Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb and 'yet'.

I (not / finish) my coffee ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: haven't finished / yet
We use 'haven't' for 'I' and the past participle 'finished'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 'yet'を文末に使う

空欄に "just"、"already"、または "yet" を埋めてください。

I'm not hungry. I've ___ eaten a big burger.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: just
行動がごく最近起こったことを示すために just を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）

間違いを見つけて修正してください

Find and fix the mistake:

He has yet called me.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He hasn't called me yet.
'Yet' は肯定文の真ん中では使えません。否定文の最後に置くべきです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了：Just, Already, Yet（たった今、すでに、まだ）

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

技術的には可能ですが、稀です。否定文では通常 yet や still を使います。「I haven't just arrived」は非常に特定の状況でしか使いませんね。
ほとんどの場合、文の最後に置きます。例えば、「Have you seen the new episode yet?」のように使います。
それは、ある行動が現在の時点よりも前、または予想よりも早く「もう完了した」ということを伝えます。タイミングと完了について、微妙な意味合いを加えるんですよ。「The train has already left.」
構造は簡単です。「主語 + have/has + already + 過去分詞」です。例えば、「I have already eaten lunch.」や「She has already left for work.」のように使います。
Generally, no. In standard English, we use already for positive sentences. However, in very formal English, you might see I have yet to..., but this actually has a negative meaning (I haven't done it).
Not yet is neutral and focuses on the expectation. Still not often sounds more frustrated or surprised that something is taking so long. Example: 'I haven't finished yet' (Neutral) vs 'I still haven't finished!' (Frustrated).
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