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B2 noun 10分で読める

انتزاع

enteza'
例文 انتزاع 30秒で
解説 انتزاع in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'Entezā' is a very advanced word that you probably won't use. However, you can think of it simply as 'an idea in your head' rather than 'a thing you can touch.' While you learn basic words like 'apple' or 'book,' 'Entezā' is the word for the 'idea' of those things. It is like when you imagine a color without looking at an object. You don't need to use this word yet, but knowing it exists helps you understand that Persian has special words for deep thinking. For now, just remember it means 'not a real object you can hold.'
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For A2 learners, 'Entezā' (abstraction) is a step toward talking about feelings and thoughts. You might encounter it if you look at art or talk about school subjects like math. Think of it as 'mental' versus 'physical.' If a teacher says a word is 'Entezā'i,' they mean it's a concept like 'happiness' or 'friendship,' which you can't put in a box. You can start to recognize the adjective form 'Entezā'i' (abstract). It’s a useful word to know when someone asks you about your favorite type of painting, especially if you like modern art with just shapes and colors.
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At the B1 level, you should begin to understand 'Entezā' in the context of discussions about ideas. You are moving beyond simple daily life and starting to express opinions on more complex topics. 'Entezā' is the word you use when you want to describe something that is theoretical. For example, if you are discussing 'Justice' or 'Freedom,' you are talking about 'Entezā'i' concepts. You should be able to recognize the word in newspapers or on the news. It is also the time to learn the verb 'Entezā' kardan' (to abstract), meaning to take a general idea from a specific example.
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At the B2 level, 'Entezā' is a key word for your academic and professional vocabulary. You should be able to use it to describe complex thought processes. You will use it to distinguish between 'concrete' (eyni) and 'abstract' (entezā'i) arguments. In a business or university setting, you might use it to talk about 'abstracting' a problem to find a general solution. You should also be comfortable with its use in art and philosophy. At this level, you are expected to understand that 'Entezā' is not just 'vague'—it is a precise intellectual tool for removing specific details to see the bigger picture.
For C1 learners, 'Entezā' is a nuanced tool for high-level discourse. You should understand its deep roots in Persian philosophy and its role in the works of great thinkers. You can use it to critique literature, discuss the 'abstraction of the self' in poetry, or analyze scientific methodologies. You should be able to differentiate it perfectly from 'Tajrid' and 'Estekhrāj.' Your use of 'Entezā' should feel natural in formal writing, such as essays or reports. You should also recognize the word in the context of 'Entezā'iyat' (abstractions), using the plural form to discuss multiple theoretical constructs.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'Entezā.' You understand its etymological journey from Arabic into the heart of Persian logic. You can use it to discuss the most complex metaphysical topics, such as the 'Entezā' of existence' (entezā'-e vojud). You are aware of its subtle connotations in different registers—from the clinical language of cognitive science to the evocative language of modern Iranian poetry. You can use the word to argue for or against theoretical models in any professional field, and you can explain the 'power of abstraction' as a defining human trait with eloquence and precision.
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例文

انتزاع 30秒で

  • Entezā' means 'abstraction' and refers to mental concepts versus physical things.
  • It is widely used in Persian philosophy, modern art, and mathematics.
  • The adjective form is 'Entezā'i', meaning 'abstract' (e.g., abstract art).
  • It originates from an Arabic root meaning 'to pull out' or 'to extract'.

The Persian word انتزاع (Entezā') is a sophisticated noun that translates primarily to 'abstraction' in English. At its core, it refers to the mental process of isolating a specific quality, idea, or concept from the physical or concrete reality it belongs to. Imagine looking at a red apple; your mind can ignore the fruit itself and focus purely on the 'redness' or the 'spherical shape.' This mental 'pulling away' is exactly what انتزاع describes. It is a fundamental pillar of human cognition, allowing us to build complex systems of thought, mathematics, and philosophy. In Persian discourse, this word isn't just a dry academic term; it is used by artists to describe non-representational work, by scientists to describe theoretical models, and by philosophers to discuss the nature of existence. When you use this word, you are signaling a level of intellectual depth, moving beyond the 'what' of the world and into the 'how' and 'why' of ideas. It is the bridge between the tangible world we touch and the intangible world we think about.

Philosophical Dimension
In the realm of Islamic and Persian philosophy (Hikmat), انتزاع is the method by which the soul perceives universal truths. Philosophers like Avicenna or Mulla Sadra argued that the human mind performs an 'extraction' of the essence from the accidents of matter. This makes the word deeply rooted in the history of Iranian intellectualism.
Artistic Application
When visiting the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, you will hear critics use the adjective form, انتزاعی (entezā'i), to describe paintings that do not depict the physical world. It refers to the use of color, shape, and line to evoke emotion rather than to replicate a literal scene.
Cognitive Science
In modern psychological contexts in Iran, the term refers to the 'power of abstraction' (قدرت انتزاع). It is the ability to think about things that are not present or to understand symbolic logic, which is a key metric in developmental psychology.

توانایی انتزاع یکی از ویژگی‌های برجسته ذهن انسان است که او را از سایر موجودات متمایز می‌کند.

Translation: The ability of abstraction is one of the prominent features of the human mind that distinguishes him from other creatures.

هنر انتزاعی به دنبال بازنمایی واقعیت نیست، بلکه به دنبال بیان احساسات است.

Translation: Abstract art does not seek to represent reality, but seeks to express emotions.

The term is also frequently encountered in the context of mathematics and logic. When we talk about numbers, we are performing an act of انتزاع. The number 'five' doesn't exist in the physical world; five fingers exist, five stones exist, but the concept of 'fiveness' is an abstraction. This makes the word essential for anyone studying STEM fields in a Persian-speaking environment. Furthermore, in literature, a poet might 'abstract' a feeling of longing from a specific romantic encounter, turning it into a universal theme that any reader can relate to. This versatility makes it a high-frequency word in academic and artistic circles.

در ریاضیات، ما از جزئیات فیزیکی انتزاع می‌کنیم تا به فرمول‌های کلی برسیم.

Translation: In mathematics, we abstract from physical details to reach general formulas.

مفاهیمی مثل عدالت و آزادی در قلمرو انتزاع قرار دارند.

Translation: Concepts like justice and freedom lie in the realm of abstraction.

او ترجیح می‌دهد به جای مسائل عینی، درباره مسائل انتزاعی بحث کند.

Translation: He prefers to discuss abstract issues instead of objective ones.

Using انتزاع correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical roles as a noun and its derived forms. In Persian, nouns like this often function as the head of an 'Ezafe' construction or as the base for an adjective. Let's explore the various ways to integrate this word into your vocabulary. Whether you are writing a thesis or discussing a modern art piece, the following structures will be your guide.

As a Subject or Object
When used as a noun, it typically appears in formal writing. For example: 'انتزاع به ما کمک می‌کند...' (Abstraction helps us...). It can also be the object of a verb like 'to reach' (رسیدن به) or 'to perform' (انجام دادن).
Adjectival Form: انتزاعی (Entezā'i)
Adding the 'yā-ye nesbat' (ی) at the end turns it into 'abstract.' This is the most common form in daily high-level conversation. You would use it to describe nouns: 'تفکر انتزاعی' (abstract thinking) or 'نقاشی انتزاعی' (abstract painting).
Verbal Phrases
While 'Entezā' is not a verb itself, it is used with auxiliary verbs like کردن (to do/make). To say 'to abstract,' you say 'انتزاع کردن'. For example: 'او توانست مفهوم را از متن انتزاع کند' (He was able to abstract the concept from the text).

ذهن کودکان هنوز برای درک مفاهیم انتزاعی آماده نیست.

Translation: Children's minds are not yet ready to understand abstract concepts.

بسیاری از فیلسوفان بر اهمیت انتزاع در شناخت جهان تاکید دارند.

Translation: Many philosophers emphasize the importance of abstraction in knowing the world.

این ایده بیش از حد انتزاعی است و جنبه کاربردی ندارد.

Translation: This idea is too abstract and has no practical aspect.

ما باید بتوانیم از داده‌های خام، الگوهای کلی را انتزاع کنیم.

Translation: We must be able to abstract general patterns from raw data.

In academic writing, you will often see the word paired with 'Ghodrat' (power) or 'Ghabelyat' (capability). For instance, 'Ghodrat-e Entezā' (The power of abstraction) is a common phrase in psychology papers discussing cognitive development. Another common pattern is 'Dar sath-e Entezā' (at the level of abstraction), used to denote how removed a discussion is from physical reality. Mastering these patterns allows you to navigate Persian intellectual life with confidence.

You are unlikely to hear انتزاع while buying vegetables at a local bazaar in Shiraz, but you will hear it frequently in specific, high-level environments. Understanding these contexts is key to recognizing the word's social value. It is a 'prestige' word that signals education and analytical thinking.

The University Lecture Hall
In departments of Humanities, Philosophy, and Mathematics, professors use this word constantly. They might discuss the 'process of abstraction' in scientific modeling or the 'abstract nature' of ethics. If you are a student in Iran, this word will be in your textbooks daily.
Art Galleries and Literary Circles
During an exhibition opening in Tehran’s 'Honar' (Art) district, critics will use 'Entezā'i' to evaluate works. They might debate whether a piece is 'pure abstraction' or if it still holds 'concrete' (eyni) elements. In literary criticism, it's used to describe poetry that deals with metaphysical themes.
Political and Sociological Debates
On news programs or in intellectual journals like 'Shargh' or 'Etemad', analysts use the word to criticize policies that are 'detached from reality.' They might say, 'The government’s plan is based on an abstraction that doesn't account for economic inflation.'

منتقد هنری گفت که این تابلو اوج انتزاع در کارهای اوست.

Translation: The art critic said that this painting is the height of abstraction in his works.

استاد فلسفه درباره تفاوت بین انتزاع و تجسم صحبت کرد.

Translation: The philosophy professor spoke about the difference between abstraction and embodiment.

برنامه‌نویسان باید توانایی انتزاع مسائل پیچیده را داشته باشند.

Translation: Programmers must have the ability to abstract complex problems.

In the tech world, particularly in software engineering (which is booming in Iran), you will hear 'Entezā' used in the context of 'Abstraction layers.' Iranian developers use the Persian term alongside the English word. It signifies the process of hiding implementation details to simplify the user interface or higher-level logic. This shows how a classical philosophical term has successfully migrated into the most modern of fields.

While انتزاع is a precise term, learners and even native speakers sometimes misuse it. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Persian sound more natural and educated. The most common errors usually involve confusing it with similar-sounding words or using the wrong grammatical construction.

Confusion with 'Entezāb' (انتصاب)
This is a very common spelling and phonetic mistake. 'Entezāb' means 'appointment' (to a job). They sound similar but have zero connection in meaning. Always check the last letter: 'A' (ع) for abstraction, 'B' (ب) for appointment.
Overusing it for 'Summary'
Some learners use 'Entezā' when they mean 'Kholāse' (summary). While an abstraction is a simplified version, it is not a summary. A summary keeps the main points of a story; an abstraction pulls out a universal concept. Don't say you are 'abstracting' a book if you are just summarizing the plot.
Incorrect Adjective Placement
Beginners often forget the 'yā-ye nesbat' (ی). They might say 'Honar-e Entezā' instead of 'Honar-e Entezā'i'. The first means 'The art of abstraction' (which is technically okay but less common), while the second means 'Abstract Art'.

غلط: او به عنوان مدیر انتزاع شد. (اشتباه با انتصاب)

Translation of Error: He was 'abstracted' as manager (Wrongly used instead of 'appointed').

درست: این یک بحث کاملاً انتزاعی است.

Translation: This is a completely abstract discussion.

Another mistake is using 'Entezā' when 'Tajrid' is more appropriate in a religious context. If you are talking about a Sufi saint reaching a state of detachment from the world, 'Tajrid' is the traditional term. 'Entezā' feels more clinical and modern. Lastly, ensure you don't pluralize it as 'Entezā'āt' unless you are in a very specific philosophical discourse; usually, the singular 'Entezā' covers the concept broadly.

Persian is rich with synonyms, but each has its own 'flavor.' To truly master انتزاع, you must know how it compares to its cousins. This will help you choose the right word for the right audience.

انتزاع (Entezā') vs. تجرید (Tajrid)

Entezā': Focuses on the mental act of 'pulling out' a concept. It is analytical and academic.

Tajrid: Focuses on the state of being 'stripped' or 'naked.' It is often used in art (Honar-e Tajridi) and spirituality.

انتزاع (Entezā') vs. استخراج (Estekhrāj)

Entezā': Abstracting an idea (mental).

Estekhrāj: Extracting something physical, like oil from the ground or data from a database. While they both mean 'to pull out,' Estekhrāj is much more concrete.

انتزاع (Entezā') vs. کلی‌سازی (Kolli-sāzi)

Entezā': The process of creating the concept.

Kolli-sāzi: Generalization. This is the act of applying an abstract concept to a broad group. Abstraction is the 'what,' generalization is the 'how wide.'

او به جای انتزاع مفاهیم، به استخراج داده‌ها مشغول بود.

Translation: Instead of abstracting concepts, he was busy extracting data.

هنر تجریدی و انتزاعی معمولاً به یک معنا به کار می‌روند.

Translation: Abstract and 'tajridi' art are usually used with the same meaning.

When writing, using a variety of these words can show your range. For instance, you might start by discussing the 'Entezā' of a concept and then describe how that leads to a 'Kolli-sāzi' (generalization) in scientific law. Understanding the subtle boundaries between these terms is what separates a B2 learner from a C1/C2 master of the Persian language.

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レベル別の例文

1

این یک فکر انتزاعی است.

This is an abstract thought.

Simple Subject + Adjective + Verb 'to be'.

2

نقاشی انتزاعی زیبا است.

Abstract painting is beautiful.

Noun + Adjective + Verb.

3

عشق یک مفهوم انتزاعی است.

Love is an abstract concept.

Using 'entezā'i' to describe a feeling.

4

او انتزاع را دوست دارد.

He likes abstraction.

Noun as a direct object.

5

این کلمه انتزاعی است.

This word is abstract.

Adjective following the noun.

6

هنر انتزاعی چیست؟

What is abstract art?

Question form.

7

من انتزاع نمی‌فهمم.

I don't understand abstraction.

Negative verb with noun object.

8

کتاب درباره انتزاع است.

The book is about abstraction.

Preposition 'darbāre' (about) + noun.

1

او نقاشی‌های انتزاعی می‌کشد.

He draws abstract paintings.

Present continuous sense with plural noun.

2

اعداد مفاهیم انتزاعی هستند.

Numbers are abstract concepts.

Plural subject and plural verb.

3

ما به قدرت انتزاع نیاز داریم.

We need the power of abstraction.

Ezafe construction: power OF abstraction.

4

این ایده خیلی انتزاعی به نظر می‌رسد.

This idea seems very abstract.

Using 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

5

آیا انتزاع در علم مهم است؟

Is abstraction important in science?

Interrogative with prepositional phrase.

6

او درباره انتزاع مطالعه می‌کند.

She is studying abstraction.

Present tense of 'study'.

7

این هنرمند سبک انتزاعی دارد.

This artist has an abstract style.

Noun + Adjective as an object.

8

انتزاع به ما کمک می‌کند فکر کنیم.

Abstraction helps us to think.

Infinitive 'think' used with 'help'.

1

فیلسوفان همیشه درباره انتزاع بحث می‌کنند.

Philosophers always debate about abstraction.

Adverb 'always' with present continuous.

2

او سعی کرد مفهوم را انتزاع کند.

He tried to abstract the concept.

Compound verb: 'entezā' kardan'.

3

درک مسائل انتزاعی دشوار است.

Understanding abstract issues is difficult.

Gerund-like use of 'dark' (understanding).

4

این مقاله به بررسی انتزاع می‌پردازد.

This article examines abstraction.

Formal verb 'be barresi pardākhtan'.

5

نقاش از طبیعت انتزاع کرد.

The painter abstracted from nature.

Past tense of 'entezā' kardan'.

6

ذهن انسان توانایی انتزاع دارد.

The human mind has the ability of abstraction.

Possessive Ezafe.

7

او در دنیای انتزاع زندگی می‌کند.

He lives in the world of abstraction.

Metaphorical use with preposition 'dar'.

8

این یک مدل انتزاعی از واقعیت است.

This is an abstract model of reality.

Adjective + Prepositional phrase.

1

انتزاع به معنای جداسازی صفت از موصوف است.

Abstraction means separating the quality from the object.

Formal definition structure.

2

او مفاهیم پیچیده را به صورت انتزاعی بیان کرد.

He expressed complex concepts in an abstract way.

Adverbial phrase 'be surate entezā'i'.

3

ریاضیات اوج تفکر انتزاعی بشر است.

Mathematics is the pinnacle of human abstract thinking.

Superlative 'owj' (pinnacle).

4

ما باید از جزئیات غیرضروری انتزاع کنیم.

We must abstract from unnecessary details.

Modal 'bāyad' (must) with compound verb.

5

هنر انتزاعی در قرن بیستم شکوفا شد.

Abstract art flourished in the twentieth century.

Historical context with past tense.

6

این نظریه بیش از حد انتزاعی و دور از واقعیت است.

This theory is too abstract and far from reality.

Compound adjectives.

7

قدرت انتزاع برای حل مسائل منطقی ضروری است.

The power of abstraction is essential for solving logical problems.

Complex subject phrase.

8

نویسنده از تجربیات شخصی خود انتزاع می‌کند.

The writer abstracts from their personal experiences.

Present tense with 'az' (from).

1

فرایند انتزاع در فلسفه صدرایی جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد.

The process of abstraction has a special place in Sadraian philosophy.

Specific academic context.

2

او به نقد رویکردهای صرفاً انتزاعی در جامعه‌شناسی پرداخت.

He proceeded to critique purely abstract approaches in sociology.

Formal 'be ... pardākhtan' construction.

3

انتزاعیات ذهنی نباید ما را از حقایق عینی غافل کند.

Mental abstractions should not make us neglect objective truths.

Plural noun 'entezā'iyāt'.

4

در این مرحله، دانش‌آموز به تفکر انتزاعی دست می‌یابد.

At this stage, the student achieves abstract thinking.

Verb 'dast yāftan' (to achieve/reach).

5

او مرز بین انتزاع و واقعیت را در هم نوردید.

He blurred/crossed the boundary between abstraction and reality.

Literary verb 'dar ham navardidan'.

6

این اثر هنری، تجسمی از انتزاع مطلق است.

This artwork is an embodiment of absolute abstraction.

Genitive construction with 'motlagh' (absolute).

7

توانایی انتزاع، زیربنای تمدن و فرهنگ است.

The ability of abstraction is the foundation of civilization and culture.

Noun as 'zirbanā' (foundation).

8

او با انتزاع از زمان و مکان، به جوهر اشیا رسید.

By abstracting from time and space, he reached the essence of things.

Gerundive use of 'bā' (with/by).

1

دیالکتیک میان انتزاع و انضمام، محور اصلی این پژوهش است.

The dialectic between abstraction and concretion is the main axis of this research.

Highly technical philosophical vocabulary.

2

او معتقد است که هرگونه معرفتی مستلزم نوعی انتزاع است.

He believes that any kind of knowledge entails a sort of abstraction.

Verb 'mostalzem budan' (to entail).

3

در سطوح عالی منطق، انتزاع به غایت خود می‌رسد.

In high levels of logic, abstraction reaches its ultimate end.

Formal 'be ghāyat residan'.

4

نویسنده با مهارتی شگرف، مفاهیم لاهوتی را انتزاع می‌کند.

The writer, with wonderful skill, abstracts divine concepts.

Adverbial phrase with 'mahārati shegarf'.

5

نقد او بر مدرنیته، بر پایه نفی انتزاع بیش از حد استوار است.

His critique of modernity is based on the negation of excessive abstraction.

Passive-like 'ostovār budan' (to be based).

6

او میان انتزاع ریاضی و انتزاع فلسفی تمایز قائل شد.

He distinguished between mathematical abstraction and philosophical abstraction.

Idiom 'tamāyoz ghā'el shodan'.

7

این جستار به واکاوی ریشه‌های انتزاع در زبان می‌پردازد.

This essay deals with the analysis of the roots of abstraction in language.

Academic 'vākāvi' (analysis/probing).

8

در غیاب انتزاع، تفکر سیستمی غیرممکن خواهد بود.

In the absence of abstraction, systems thinking will be impossible.

Conditional sense with 'dar ghiyāb-e'.

よく使う組み合わせ

تفکر انتزاعی
هنر انتزاعی
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