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B2 adverb 11分で読める

ناخودآگاه

na-khod-agah
例文 ناخودآگاه 30秒で
解説 ناخودآگاه in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word 'ناخودآگاه' (nākhodāgāh) is quite advanced. However, you can think of it as a way to say 'I didn't know I was doing it.' At this stage, you don't need to use it in complex psychological sentences. Just remember that it means 'without thinking' or 'unconsciously.' For example, if you smile because you are happy but you didn't plan to smile, that is 'nākhodāgāh.' It is a long word, but if you break it down into 'nā' (not) and 'khod-āgāh' (knowing yourself), it becomes easier to remember. At this level, focus on hearing the word in simple stories where someone does something by mistake or by habit. You might see it in a sentence like 'I unconsciously ate the cookie.' Even though it is a big word, it is very useful for explaining things that happen automatically.
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For A2 learners, 'ناخودآگاه' becomes a useful tool for describing habits and feelings. You are starting to learn more about how people act, and this word helps you describe actions that aren't planned. You can use it as an adverb before a verb. For instance, 'He unconsciously looks at his watch.' This level is about moving beyond simple 'yes' and 'no' intentions. You can start using 'nākhodāgāh' to explain that you did something without realizing it. It's also a great way to start learning compound words in Persian. Since 'nā-', 'khod', and 'āgāh' are all common parts of other words, learning 'nākhodāgāh' helps you understand the logic of the Persian language. Try to use it in your daily diary when you describe a habit you noticed about yourself.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'ناخودآگاه' to talk about more abstract topics like dreams, personality, and social behavior. You might encounter this word in news articles about health or in short stories. At this stage, you should also learn the difference between 'nākhodāgāh' (unconsciously) and 'āgāhāneh' (consciously). This contrast is very important for expressing opinions. You can start using the phrase 'به‌طور ناخودآگاه' (be-tore nākhodāgāh) which means 'in an unconscious manner.' This makes your Persian sound more formal and structured. You should also be aware that this word can be a noun (the unconscious). So, you can say 'My unconscious is full of memories.' This level is where you start to bridge the gap between simple daily talk and more intellectual discussion.
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At the B2 level, which is the level this word is categorized in, you are expected to use 'ناخودآگاه' with precision and nuance. You should understand its role in psychological discourse, specifically in the context of Iranian modern thought. You can use it to discuss complex ideas like 'unconscious bias' or 'collective unconscious' (though that often has a specific term, 'nākhodāgāh-e jam'i'). You should be able to distinguish it from 'bi-ekhtiār' (involuntarily) and 'sahvan' (accidentally). In your writing, you can use it to analyze characters in literature or to explain the reasons behind social trends. This word allows you to discuss the 'why' behind human behavior that isn't immediately obvious. You should also be comfortable using it in both its adjective and adverb forms without hesitation.
For C1 learners, 'ناخودآگاه' is a foundational term for academic and philosophical analysis. You should be able to discuss the history of the term in Persian, perhaps mentioning how it was adapted to translate Western psychological concepts. You can use it to explore deep philosophical questions about free will versus unconscious drives. At this level, you should be able to use the word in complex grammatical structures, such as within relative clauses or as part of elaborate noun phrases. You will hear this word in high-level debates, academic lectures, and sophisticated cinema. You should also be able to recognize it in classical-style modern poetry where it might be used to describe the hidden movements of the soul. Your use of the word should reflect an understanding of its psychological depth and its social implications.
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At the C2 level, 'ناخودآگاه' is part of your specialized vocabulary for fields like psychoanalysis, sociology, and literary criticism. You can engage in detailed discussions about the 'Freudian unconscious' vs. 'Jungian unconscious' using this term and its variants. You should be able to use it to deconstruct texts, identifying where a writer's 'nākhodāgāh' might have influenced their work. You should also be familiar with related technical terms like 'zāmer-e nākhodāgāh' (the unconscious mind) and how it interacts with the 'self.' Your mastery should be such that you can use the word in a way that captures both its scientific precision and its poetic potential. You are not just using a word; you are manipulating a concept that is central to modern Persian intellectual life.
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例文

ناخودآگاه 30秒で

  • Means 'unconsciously' or 'subconsciously' in Persian.
  • A compound of 'nā' (not), 'khod' (self), and 'āgāh' (aware).
  • Used in psychology to describe the unconscious mind.
  • Commonly used as an adverb before verbs to show lack of intent.

The word ناخودآگاه (pronounced nā-khod-āgāh) is a sophisticated Persian term that functions as both an adverb and an adjective, though it is most frequently encountered in the sense of 'unconsciously' or 'subconsciously.' Etymologically, it is a compound of three distinct parts: the negative prefix nā- (not), khod (self), and āgāh (aware or conscious). Therefore, its literal translation is 'not self-aware.' In contemporary Persian, it serves as the standard translation for the psychological concept of the 'unconscious mind' introduced by figures like Sigmund Freud, but it has seeped into everyday language to describe actions done without intent or deliberate thought. When you find yourself humming a tune without realizing it, or if you accidentally use a word from your childhood dialect, you are acting ناخودآگاه. It describes the hidden reservoir of feelings, thoughts, and memories that lie outside our immediate awareness yet exert a powerful influence on our behavior and decisions.

Psychological Context
In clinical and academic settings, this word refers to the 'unconscious' (the part of the mind which is inaccessible to the conscious mind but which affects emotions and behavior). It is used to discuss dreams, repressed memories, and instinctive drives.

بسیاری از ترس‌های ما ریشه در ناخودآگاه ما دارند.
(Many of our fears are rooted in our unconscious.)

Everyday Reflexes
In daily life, it describes habitual or reflexive actions. For example, slamming the brakes when a cat runs across the road is often described as an action performed nākhodāgāh because it happens before the conscious mind can process the logic.

او ناخودآگاه دستش را روی جای زخم قدیمی‌اش کشید.
(He unconsciously rubbed his hand over his old scar.)

The depth of this word lies in its ability to bridge the gap between simple biological reflexes and complex psychological states. In Persian literature and modern discourse, it is frequently used to explain why people react emotionally to certain stimuli without being able to articulate the reason. It is a key term for anyone interested in Persian psychology, philosophy, or even marketing and sociology, as it touches upon the 'hidden' drivers of human existence. Understanding this word allows a learner to move beyond simple descriptions of 'knowing' or 'not knowing' and enter the realm of nuanced human cognition.

Formal vs. Informal
The word is considered formal to semi-formal. In very casual slang, people might say 'bi-ekhtiār' (involuntarily), but 'nākhodāgāh' remains the most precise term for something happening without conscious awareness.

تبلیغات سعی می‌کنند روی ذهن ناخودآگاه مشتری تاثیر بگذارند.
(Advertisements try to influence the customer's unconscious mind.)

وقتی نام او را شنیدم، ناخودآگاه لبخند زدم.
(When I heard his name, I unconsciously smiled.)

Using ناخودآگاه correctly requires understanding its placement within a Persian sentence. Since it functions primarily as an adverb, it usually precedes the verb it modifies. However, because it can also function as an adjective (meaning 'unconscious'), its role changes slightly depending on the grammatical structure. If you are using it to describe an action, place it right before the verb phrase. If you are using it as a noun (e.g., 'the unconscious'), it often takes the ezafe or follows a preposition like 'dar' (in). The versatility of this word allows it to be used in academic papers, poetic musings, and clinical diagnoses alike. It is essential to distinguish between 'doing something unconsciously' and 'being unconscious' (as in fainting). For fainting or loss of physical consciousness, Persian uses bi-hoosh. Nākhodāgāh is strictly about the lack of cognitive awareness or intention.

As an Adverb
When modifying a verb, it describes the *manner* of the action. Example: 'He spoke unconsciously.' (او ناخودآگاه صحبت کرد). It adds a layer of spontaneity or lack of filter to the action.

من ناخودآگاه کلیدهایم را در یخچال گذاشتم.
(I unconsciously put my keys in the refrigerator.)

As a Noun (The Unconscious)
In psychology, we talk about 'the unconscious' as a place or a system. Example: 'The secrets of the unconscious.' (رازهای ناخودآگاه). Here, it follows the noun it describes via the ezafe construction.

بسیاری از عادت‌های ما به‌طور ناخودآگاه شکل می‌گیرند.
(Many of our habits are formed unconsciously.)

When constructing complex sentences, nākhodāgāh can be paired with verbs of feeling, sensing, or acting. For instance, 'feeling unconsciously' might refer to a gut instinct. 'Acting unconsciously' might refer to a Freudian slip or a muscle memory action. In literary Persian, this word might be used to describe the soul's yearning that the mind cannot yet name. It is a bridge between the seen and the unseen aspects of the human persona. When translating from English, if you see 'unconsciously,' 'subconsciously,' or 'instinctively' (in a psychological sense), nākhodāgāh is your best choice.

Common Verb Pairings
Commonly paired with 'انجام دادن' (to do), 'گفتن' (to say), 'لبخند زدن' (to smile), and 'ترسیدن' (to fear). These pairings help illustrate the lack of intentionality.

او ناخودآگاه از جمعیت دوری می‌کرد.
(She unconsciously avoided the crowd.)

ضمیر ناخودآگاه ما قدرت عجیبی دارد.
(Our unconscious mind has a strange power.)

While ناخودآگاه might seem like a word reserved for textbooks, it is remarkably common in contemporary Iranian society. You will hear it in university lecture halls, in therapy sessions, on popular talk shows, and even in deep conversations at a local cafe in Tehran. Iranians are generally very interested in psychology and self-analysis, which makes this word a staple of intellectual and personal discourse. If you listen to Persian-language podcasts like 'Radio Rah' or 'Heli Talk,' which focus on personal development and mental health, nākhodāgāh will appear in almost every episode. It is used to explain why we make certain life choices, why we repeat patterns in relationships, and how our childhood experiences continue to shape us behind the scenes. It's the 'ghost in the machine' of the Persian psyche.

In Modern Media
Movie critics often use this word to describe the 'subtext' or the underlying themes of a film. For example, 'The director unconsciously reflected the social anxieties of the era.'

این فیلم به لایه‌های ناخودآگاه جامعه می‌پردازد.
(This film addresses the unconscious layers of society.)

In Therapy and Self-Help
Iran has a booming therapy culture. Patients and therapists use this word to discuss 'bare-khod-āgāhi' (bringing to consciousness) what was previously 'nākhodāgāh' (unconscious).

او ناخودآگاه از پدرش تقلید می‌کند.
(He unconsciously imitates his father.)

Beyond the couch, you'll hear it in discussions about art and creativity. Many Persian artists believe that the best work comes from the nākhodāgāh—a place where the rigid rules of grammar, logic, and social expectation don't apply. If you ask a poet how they came up with a certain metaphor, they might reply, 'It just came to me unconsciously.' It represents the mysterious source of inspiration. In the workplace, it might be used to describe 'unconscious bias'—a concept that is gaining traction in Iranian corporate environments as well. Truly, nākhodāgāh is a word that travels from the most private parts of the mind to the most public forums of debate.

In Daily Social Interactions
If someone makes a mistake and says 'Excuse me, I didn't mean to,' you might respond by saying 'It was likely unconscious' (حتما ناخودآگاه بوده) to be polite and reduce their guilt.

من ناخودآگاه دروغ گفتم چون می‌ترسیدم.
(I unconsciously lied because I was afraid.)

ترس‌های ناخودآگاه می‌توانند زندگی ما را فلج کنند.
(Unconscious fears can paralyze our lives.)

One of the most frequent errors learners make with ناخودآگاه is confusing it with other words related to awareness or consciousness. The most common mix-up is with bi-hoosh (بی‌هوش). While both can be translated as 'unconscious' in English, they are used in entirely different contexts. Bi-hoosh refers to a medical state—when someone has fainted or is under anesthesia. Nākhodāgāh refers to a psychological state—when an action or thought occurs without deliberate intent. If you say someone is 'nākhodāgāh' on the floor after a fall, it will sound very strange to a native speaker; they will think you are saying the person is 'unintentionally' on the floor. Always remember: bi-hoosh for the body, nākhodāgāh for the mind.

Mistake #1: Confusing Physical and Psychological
Incorrect: او بعد از تصادف ناخودآگاه شد. (He became 'psychologically unconscious' after the accident). Correct: او بعد از تصادف بی‌هوش شد. (He fainted/became medically unconscious after the accident).

اشتباه نکنید: ناخودآگاه مربوط به ذهن است، نه بیهوشی پزشکی.
(Don't make a mistake: 'Nākhodāgāh' relates to the mind, not medical unconsciousness.)

Mistake #2: Misuse of 'Bi-khabar'
Learners often use 'bi-khabar' (unaware) when they mean 'nākhodāgāh.' 'Bi-khabar' means you don't have information about an external event. 'Nākhodāgāh' means you are doing something without internal awareness.

من ناخودآگاه به او زنگ زدم. (درست)
من بی‌خبر به او زنگ زدم. (غلط - این یعنی بدون اطلاع قبلی)
(I called him unconsciously vs. I called him without warning.)

Another common mistake is the pronunciation of the compound. Some learners try to pronounce the 'kh' and 'o' as separate syllables with a long 'o,' but in standard Tehrani Persian, the 'khod' part is pronounced more like 'khod' (rhyming with 'bud' in some dialects or 'rode' in others, but generally a short 'o'). Also, ensure you don't drop the 'nā-' at the beginning, as 'khodāgāh' (self-aware) is the exact opposite and would change the meaning of your sentence entirely. Finally, remember that while nākhodāgāh can be used as an adverb alone, adding 'be-tore' before it makes it sound more formal and grammatically 'complete' in academic writing.

Mistake #3: Word Order
Sometimes learners place it at the very end of the sentence like in English ('I did it unconsciously'). In Persian, it is much more natural to place it before the verb: 'Man nākhodāgāh in kār rā kardam.'

او ناخودآگاه ترسیده بود.
(He was unconsciously afraid.)

ذهن ناخودآگاه پیچیده است.
(The unconscious mind is complex.)

Persian is a rich language with many shades of meaning for 'awareness' and 'intention.' While ناخودآگاه is the most precise term for the psychological unconscious, several other words can be used depending on the context. If you want to emphasize that something was done without a choice or will, you might use bi-ekhtiār. If you want to say something happened by chance or without a plan, etefāghi might be better. Understanding these nuances will help you sound more like a native speaker and less like a translation software. Here is a comparison of the most common alternatives.

ناخودآگاه vs. بی‌اختیار (Bi-ekhtiār)
ناخودآگاه: Focuses on the lack of *awareness* (I didn't realize I was doing it).
بی‌اختیار: Focuses on the lack of *control* (I couldn't help but do it, even if I knew). Example: Laughing at a funeral is often 'bi-ekhtiār.'

او ناخودآگاه اخم کرد.
(He unconsciously frowned—he didn't know he was doing it.)

ناخودآگاه vs. غریزی (Gharizi)
غریزی: Means 'instinctive.' While many unconscious actions are instinctive, 'gharizi' specifically points to biological or evolutionary roots (like a mother protecting her child).

اشک‌هایش بی‌اختیار جاری شدند.
(Her tears flowed involuntarily.)

Another interesting alternative is sahvan (سهواً), which means 'mistakenly' or 'by oversight.' This is often used in legal or formal contexts to say a mistake was not intentional. While nākhodāgāh implies a deeper psychological process, sahvan just means 'I slipped up.' Finally, gheire-āmadaneh (غیرعمدانه) is the direct translation of 'unintentional.' This is used when you want to emphasize that you didn't have a bad motive. Choosing between these words depends on whether you want to sound like a psychologist (nākhodāgāh), a victim of your own emotions (bi-ekhtiār), or someone who just made a clerical error (sahvan).

Summary of Nuances
  • Nākhodāgāh: Deep psychological lack of awareness.
  • Bi-ekhtiār: Inability to control a reaction.
  • Sahvan: An accidental mistake or oversight.
  • Gharizi: Biological instinct.

او سهواً لیوان را شکست.
(He accidentally/by oversight broke the glass.)

ما باید آگاهانه تصمیم بگیریم.
(We must decide consciously.)

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レベル別の例文

1

من ناخودآگاه خندیدم.

I laughed unconsciously.

Simple past tense + adverb.

2

او ناخودآگاه در را بست.

He closed the door unconsciously.

Subject + adverb + object + verb.

3

آیا تو ناخودآگاه این کار را کردی؟

Did you do this unconsciously?

Question form.

4

ما ناخودآگاه به آنجا رفتیم.

We went there unconsciously (by habit).

Plural subject.

5

گربه ناخودآگاه پرید.

The cat jumped unconsciously (instinctively).

Third person singular.

6

من ناخودآگاه اسم او را گفتم.

I said his name unconsciously.

Verb 'goftan' (to say).

7

او ناخودآگاه ترسید.

He was unconsciously afraid.

Adjective-like use of the past participle.

8

آنها ناخودآگاه ایستادند.

They stopped/stood unconsciously.

Plural verb.

1

وقتی خسته هستم، ناخودآگاه اشتباه می‌کنم.

When I am tired, I make mistakes unconsciously.

Conditional 'vaghti' clause.

2

بچه‌ها ناخودآگاه از والدین تقلید می‌کنند.

Children unconsciously imitate their parents.

Present continuous sense.

3

او ناخودآگاه به ساعت نگاه کرد.

He unconsciously looked at the clock.

Preposition 'be' (at).

4

من ناخودآگاه آهنگ را زمزمه کردم.

I unconsciously hummed the song.

Specific object with 'rā'.

5

او ناخودآگاه دستش را تکان داد.

He unconsciously moved his hand.

Possessive suffix '-ash'.

6

ما ناخودآگاه راه را گم کردیم.

We unconsciously lost the way.

Compound verb 'gom kardan'.

7

آنها ناخودآگاه با هم بلند صحبت کردند.

They unconsciously spoke loudly together.

Adverbial phrase.

8

او ناخودآگاه از سگ‌ها می‌ترسد.

He is unconsciously afraid of dogs.

Present tense.

1

بسیاری از رفتارهای ما به‌طور ناخودآگاه انجام می‌شوند.

Many of our behaviors are performed unconsciously.

Passive voice + 'be-tore'.

2

ضمیر ناخودآگاه نقش مهمی در زندگی دارد.

The unconscious mind plays an important role in life.

Noun phrase with ezafe.

3

او ناخودآگاه سعی داشت خودش را پنهان کند.

She was unconsciously trying to hide herself.

Past progressive with 'dasht'.

4

گاهی ناخودآگاه حرف‌هایی می‌زنیم که بعداً پشیمان می‌شویم.

Sometimes we unconsciously say things that we later regret.

Relative clause with 'ke'.

5

تبلیغات می‌توانند روی ذهن ناخودآگاه ما اثر بگذارند.

Advertisements can affect our unconscious mind.

Modal verb 'tavānestan'.

6

او ناخودآگاه به سمت خانه‌ی قدیمی‌اش رفت.

He unconsciously went towards his old house.

Prepositional phrase 'be samte'.

7

من ناخودآگاه از او دوری می‌کنم چون به او اعتماد ندارم.

I unconsciously avoid him because I don't trust him.

Causal clause with 'chon'.

8

خاطرات تلخ در ناخودآگاه ما باقی می‌مانند.

Bitter memories remain in our unconscious.

Preposition 'dar'.

1

تحلیل رویاها راهی برای شناخت ناخودآگاه است.

Analyzing dreams is a way to know the unconscious.

Gerund/Infinitive as subject.

2

او ناخودآگاه به دنبال تایید دیگران می‌گردد.

He is unconsciously looking for others' approval.

Compound verb 'donbāl-e ... gashtan'.

3

این هنرمند ناخودآگاه از سبک سنتی الهام گرفته است.

This artist has been unconsciously inspired by the traditional style.

Present perfect tense.

4

ما ناخودآگاه به کسانی جذب می‌شویم که شبیه والدینمان هستند.

We are unconsciously attracted to those who are like our parents.

Passive construction 'jazb shodan'.

5

او ناخودآگاه واقعیت را تغییر داد تا کمتر رنج ببرد.

He unconsciously altered reality to suffer less.

Purpose clause with 'tā'.

6

ترس‌های ناخودآگاه می‌توانند مانع پیشرفت ما شوند.

Unconscious fears can prevent our progress.

Plural adjective modifying 'tars-hā'.

7

او ناخودآگاه از کلماتی استفاده می‌کرد که در کودکی شنیده بود.

He was unconsciously using words he had heard in childhood.

Past perfect in a relative clause.

8

زبان بدن ما ناخودآگاه پیام‌های زیادی را منتقل می‌کند.

Our body language unconsciously conveys many messages.

Complex subject 'zabān-e badan-e mā'.

1

فروید معتقد بود که بخش بزرگی از روان انسان ناخودآگاه است.

Freud believed that a large part of the human psyche is unconscious.

Reported speech with 'ke'.

2

او ناخودآگاه در حال بازسازی تروماهای گذشته‌اش بود.

He was unconsciously reconstructing his past traumas.

Past progressive with 'dar hāl-e'.

3

تکنیک‌های نویسندگی خلاق اغلب به ناخودآگاه نویسنده متکی هستند.

Creative writing techniques often rely on the writer's unconscious.

Adverb 'aglab' (often).

4

او ناخودآگاه از مکانیزم‌های دفاعی برای مقابله با اضطراب استفاده می‌کند.

He unconsciously uses defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety.

Technical psychological terminology.

5

ناخودآگاه جمعی مفاهیمی است که یونگ مطرح کرد.

The collective unconscious is a concept that Jung introduced.

Specific philosophical term.

6

او ناخودآگاه در پی انتقام از کسانی بود که به او آسیب زده بودند.

He was unconsciously seeking revenge against those who had hurt him.

Prepositional phrase 'dar pey-e'.

7

شعر مدرن فارسی به شدت تحت تاثیر لایه‌های ناخودآگاه ذهن است.

Modern Persian poetry is heavily influenced by the unconscious layers of the mind.

Adverbial phrase 'be sheddat'.

8

او ناخودآگاه هویت خود را با شغلش یکی می‌دانست.

He unconsciously identified his identity with his job.

Compound verb 'yeki dānestan'.

1

تقابل میان اراده‌ی آگاهانه و تکانه‌های ناخودآگاه، بن‌مایه‌ی این رمان است.

The conflict between conscious will and unconscious impulses is the motif of this novel.

Formal literary Persian.

2

او ناخودآگاه در صدد بازپس‌گیری قدرت از دست رفته‌اش برآمد.

He unconsciously set out to reclaim his lost power.

Archaic/Formal verb 'bar-āmadan'.

3

ساختار ناخودآگاه در زبان‌شناسی لاکانی به مثابه‌ی یک زبان تعریف می‌شود.

The structure of the unconscious in Lacanian linguistics is defined as a language.

Academic 'be masābe-ye' (as/like).

4

او ناخودآگاه به بازتولید ساختارهای قدرت در روابط شخصی‌اش می‌پرداخت.

He was unconsciously engaged in the reproduction of power structures in his personal relationships.

Sociological terminology.

5

تجلی ناخودآگاه در هنر سورئالیسم به وضوح قابل مشاهده است.

The manifestation of the unconscious is clearly visible in surrealist art.

Formal noun 'tajalli'.

6

او ناخودآگاه از پذیرش مسئولیت اعمالش سر باز می‌زد.

He was unconsciously refusing to accept responsibility for his actions.

Compound verb 'sar bāz zadan'.

7

فرایندهای ناخودآگاه شناختی، بخش اعظمی از تصمیم‌گیری‌های روزمره را هدایت می‌کنند.

Unconscious cognitive processes guide the vast majority of everyday decision-making.

Scientific/Academic style.

8

او ناخودآگاه در گرداب تکرار الگوهای مخرب گرفتار شده بود.

He was unconsciously caught in the whirlpool of repeating destructive patterns.

Metaphorical literary language.

よく使う組み合わせ

ذهن ناخودآگاه
ضمیر ناخودآگاه
به‌طور ناخودآگاه
ترس‌های ناخودآگاه
تمایلات ناخودآگاه
ناخودآگاه جمعی
رفتار ناخودآگاه
خاطرات ناخودآگاه
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