A2 · 初中級 チャプター 9

Movement and Agreement in the Past

5 トータルルール
53 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the 'House of Movement' and reflexive actions to tell your life story with French precision.

  • Identify which verbs use 'être' instead of 'avoir' in the past.
  • Apply gender and number agreements to past participles.
  • Conjugate reflexive verbs like 'se lever' in the past tense.
Move through the past with perfect harmony and agreement.

学べること

Hey French learner! You've already built a fantastic foundation in French, and now it's time to take your past tense skills to the next level. This chapter is all about mastering how to talk about movement and

actions you did to yourself
in the past—topics that are super common and essential for sounding natural! What you'll learn: You'll dive deep into using the verb être (to be) in the past tense (Passé Composé). We’ll specifically focus on the famous DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs – those verbs of movement like *aller* (to go), *venir* (to come), *monter* (to go up), *descendre* (to go down), and many more. Plus, you’ll learn how to handle all those reflexive verbs, like *se laver* (to wash oneself) or *se préparer* (to get ready). The coolest part? You’ll discover how the past participle of these verbs has to change its spelling, just like an adjective, to perfectly match the gender and number of the subject (think adding -e, -s, or -es!). This creates a beautiful harmony in your sentences. Why it matters: Imagine you're chatting with a French friend and want to share your weekend adventures:
I went to the market
or
They came to visit us.
Or perhaps you need to describe your morning:
I woke up and got dressed.
These are the moments where these specific rules come into play, making your French sound smooth and authentic. What you'll be able to do: By the end of this chapter, you’ll confidently recount past events involving movement and personal actions. You’ll be able to describe where you went, what you did to yourself, and easily share stories that truly reflect real-life situations. Get ready to add some serious fluency to your French!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: List and use the 17 'DR MRS VANDERTRAMP' verbs in the past tense.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly add -e, -s, or -es to past participles based on the subject's gender and number.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe a full morning routine in the past using reflexive verbs.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, French grammar A2 learners! You’ve already mastered the basics of talking about the past with the Passé Composé, but now it’s time to unlock some of its most crucial and common applications. This chapter dives deep into how French expresses movement and personal actions in the past, a skill that will dramatically enhance your ability to tell stories and describe your day.
We’re focusing on verbs that use être (to be) as their auxiliary verb, rather than avoir (to have), which you might be more familiar with.
Mastering these rules is essential for achieving a natural flow in your French conversations. Imagine wanting to share your weekend plans or recount a trip – you’ll inevitably use verbs like *aller* (to go) or *venir* (to come). Similarly, describing your morning routine involves reflexive verbs like *se lever* (to get up) or *se préparer* (to get ready).
The key challenge, and the most rewarding part, is learning how the past participle of these verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject, just like an adjective. This past participle agreement is a hallmark of correct French past tense usage with *être*.
By the end of this chapter, you’ll not only understand the mechanics of these structures but also be able to apply them confidently. You’ll be able to describe personal experiences, movements, and routines with accuracy, making your French A2 communication much more sophisticated and authentic. Get ready to transform your storytelling in French!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on two main categories of verbs that use être as their auxiliary verb in the Passé Composé: verbs of movement and reflexive verbs. This is a fundamental concept for French past tense with être.
First, let's talk about the verbs of movement, often playfully called the House of Être or DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs. These are verbs like descendre (to go down), rester (to stay), monter (to go up), venir (to come), aller (to go), naître (to be born), devenir (to become), entrer (to enter), revenir (to come back), sortir (to go out), tomber (to fall), rentrer (to return), arriver (to arrive), mourir (to die), and partir (to leave). For example:
* Je suis allé(e) au marché. (I went to the market.)
* Elles sont venues nous voir. (They came to see us.)
Second, all reflexive verbs also use être in the Passé Composé. Reflexive verbs are those where the action is performed by the subject *on* the subject itself, indicated by a reflexive pronoun like me, te, se, nous, vous. For example, se laver (to wash oneself), se brosser (to brush oneself), se lever (to get up).
* Je me suis lavé(e). (I washed myself.)
* Ils se sont préparés rapidement. (They got ready quickly.)
The critical rule for both types is the French past participle agreement with être. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb. This means adding an -e for feminine subjects, an -s for plural subjects, and -es for feminine plural subjects.
* Il est parti. (He left.)
* Elle est partie. (She left.)
* Ils sont partis. (They left.)
* Elles sont parties. (They [feminine] left.)
This past participle agreement rule applies to all verbs conjugated with être, whether they are verbs of movement or reflexive verbs. Mastering this will make your A2 French grammar shine!

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: *Elle est allé au cinéma.*
Correct: *Elle est allée au cinéma.*
*Explanation:* The subject *elle* (she) is feminine singular, so the past participle *allé* must agree by adding an -e. Remember the past participle agreement with être!
  1. 1Wrong: *Nous nous sommes préparé pour la fête.*
Correct: *Nous nous sommes préparés pour la fête.* (If 'nous' is masculine plural) OR *Nous nous sommes préparées pour la fête.* (If 'nous' is feminine plural)
*Explanation:* When using reflexive verbs in the past, the past participle must agree with the subject. Here, *nous* (we) is plural, so *préparé* needs an -s (or -es if all feminine).
  1. 1Wrong: *Ils ont venu hier.*
Correct: *Ils sont venus hier.*
*Explanation:* The verb *venir* (to come) is a DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verb of movement, meaning it uses être as its auxiliary verb in the Passé Composé, not *avoir*. Also, the past participle *venu* needs to agree with the plural subject *ils* by adding an -s.

Real Conversations

A

A

Bonjour Marie, comment s'est passé ton week-end ? (Hello Marie, how was your weekend?)
B

B

Oh, c'était super ! Je suis allée à la montagne avec des amis. Nous nous sommes bien amusés. (Oh, it was great! I went to the mountains with friends. We had a lot of fun.)
A

A

Est-ce que tes parents sont rentrés de vacances ? (Did your parents come back from vacation?)
B

B

Oui, ils sont rentrés hier soir. Ils se sont couchés tôt parce qu'ils étaient fatigués. (Yes, they came back last night. They went to bed early because they were tired.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why do some French verbs use *être* and others *avoir* in the Passé Composé?

Verbs that use être in the Passé Composé are primarily verbs of movement (like *aller*, *venir*) and all reflexive verbs (like *se laver*). Most other verbs use *avoir*. This distinction is key to French grammar A2.

Q

Does past participle agreement always happen with *être*?

Yes, the French past participle agreement with être is mandatory. The past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb when *être* is the auxiliary.

Q

What are some common DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs I should memorize for Passé Composé avec être?

Essential verbs include aller (to go), venir (to come), monter (to go up), descendre (to go down), partir (to leave), arriver (to arrive), naître (to be born), and mourir (to die).

Cultural Context

In everyday French, correctly using être for movement and reflexive verbs, along with the proper past participle agreement, is a strong indicator of fluency. Native speakers use these structures constantly to describe daily routines, travel, and personal experiences. While some regional accents might slightly vary the pronunciation of certain past participles, the written agreement rules are universal.
Mastering this makes your French sound genuinely natural and precise.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Je suis allé au cinéma hier soir.

昨夜、映画館に行きました。

助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)
2

Elle est arrivée en retard à la réunion Zoom.

彼女はZoom会議に遅れて到着しました。

助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)
3

Je suis allé au cinéma avec des amis.

友達と映画館に行きました。

フランス語の過去形(êtreを用いる移動の動詞)
4

Elle est arrivée en retard au rendez-vous Zoom.

彼女はZoom会議に遅れて到着しました。

フランス語の過去形(êtreを用いる移動の動詞)
5

Elle est allée au bureau ce matin.

彼女は今朝、オフィスに行きました。

フランス語の過去分詞の一致:助動詞 Être の使い方
6

Mes sœurs sont déjà revenues de vacances.

姉(妹)たちはもう休暇から戻ってきました。

フランス語の過去分詞の一致:助動詞 Être の使い方
7

I woke up at eight o'clock this morning.

今朝は8時に起きました。

過去形の再帰動詞:自分を洗った(Passé Composé)
8

We met on a dating app.

私たちは出会い系アプリで出会いました。

過去形の再帰動詞:自分を洗った(Passé Composé)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「êtreの家」をイメージして!

家に入ったり、階段を上ったり、そこにとどまったり。家の中で起こるような基本的な動きの動詞は être を使うことが多いですよ。
Je suis entré dans la maison.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)
🎯

「家の絵」でイメージしよう!

家を想像してみて。中に入る、階段を上がる、部屋に留まる、外に出る…。このストーリーに登場する動きの多くが être を使います!
Je suis entré dans la maison.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の過去形(êtreを用いる移動の動詞)
💡

鏡のルール

être を鏡だと思ってください!主語が女性なら、過去分詞も鏡に映ったように女性形にする必要があります。 Elle est sortie.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の過去分詞の一致:助動詞 Être の使い方
💡

魔法の呪文で覚えよう

DR MRS VANDERTRAMP という言葉を覚えましょう。これに含まれる動詞はすべて être を使い、一致が必要です。
Je suis venue hier.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: êtreを用いた過去分詞の性数一致

重要な語彙 (7)

aller to go arriver to arrive se réveiller to wake up se dépêcher to hurry hier yesterday ensuite then / next devenir to become

Real-World Preview

hotel

Checking into a Hotel

coffee

Recounting a Busy Morning

Review Summary

  • Subject + être (present) + Past Participle
  • Participle + (e) + (s)

よくある間違い

Aller is a verb of movement and must use 'être' as the helper, not 'avoir'.

Wrong: J'ai allé au marché.
正解: Je suis_allé au marché.

With 'être', the past participle must agree with the subject. Since 'Elle' is feminine, you must add an 'e'.

Wrong: Elle est tombé.
正解: Elle est tombée.

Reflexive verbs in the past always use 'être' and the reflexive pronoun (me, te, se...) comes before the auxiliary.

Wrong: Je ai me lavé.
正解: Je me suis lavé.

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of the French language! Being able to use 'être' in the past makes your French sound much more sophisticated and accurate. Keep practicing those agreements!

Write 5 sentences about your morning routine today.

Record a voice memo explaining where you went on your last vacation.

クイック練習 (10)

間違いを見つけて修正しましょう

Find and fix the mistake:

間違い: Nous nous avons amusé à la fête.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nous nous sommes amusés
補助動詞は「sommes (être)」である必要があり、過去分詞には複数形の「s」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形の再帰動詞:自分を洗った(Passé Composé)

空欄を埋めましょう

Elle ____ les mains avant de manger.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: s'est lavé
動詞の後に直接目的語「les mains」があるので、性数一致はしません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形の再帰動詞:自分を洗った(Passé Composé)

空欄に `être` の正しい形と `aller` の過去分詞(男性単数)を入れてください。

Hier, je ___ ___ au parc.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: suis allé
aller は DR MRS VANDERTRAMP の動詞なので、助動詞は être を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)

文法的に正しい文を選びましょう:

「I got up at 7 AM」で正しい文はどれ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je me suis levé
再帰動詞は複合過去で常に「être」を使います。「Je me suis levé」が正しい形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形の再帰動詞:自分を洗った(Passé Composé)

女性のグループについて述べている正しい文を選んでください。

Select the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Elles sont parties.
partirêtre を使い、主語が elles(彼女たち)なので女性形 -e と複数形 -s の両方が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)

間違いを見つけて直しましょう

Find and fix the mistake:

Elles sont venu en bus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Elles sont venues en bus.
主語 'Elles' は女性複数なので、 'venu' に 'e' と 's' の両方を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の過去分詞の一致:助動詞 Être の使い方

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Marie est arrivé hier soir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Marie est arrivée hier soir.
Marieは女性なので、過去分詞 arrivé の最後に e を足して arrivée にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助動詞 être を使う過去形 (複合過去)

正しい一致の形を空欄に入れてみましょう

Marie est _____ (partir) à huit heures.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: partie
主語が 'Marie'(女性単数)で助動詞が 'être' なので、 'parti' に 'e' を足します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の過去分詞の一致:助動詞 Être の使い方

間違いを見つけて直してください

Find and fix the mistake:

Les filles sont sorti hier soir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les filles sont sorties hier soir.
複数の女の子(女性複数)なので、語尾は '-es' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: êtreを用いた過去分詞の性数一致

正しい過去分詞を空欄に入れてください

Marie est ___ (aller) au supermarché.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: allée
マリーは女性なので、過去分詞 'allé' に 'e' を付け足します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: êtreを用いた過去分詞の性数一致

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

être を使う16個の動詞の頭文字を並べた魔法の言葉です。 Devenir, Revenir, Monter... とリズムで覚えましょう。
基本的には必要ありません。 avoir の時は主語が誰でも形は変わりません。 être の時だけの特別なルールです。 "J'ai mangé« / »Elle a mangé"
過去形で être を使う16個の主要な動詞の頭文字をとった覚え方です。例えば D は Devenir、R は Rester を指します。
Je suis resté ici.
はい!主語が女性(話している本人が女性の Je など)なら、過去分詞の最後に e を付けます。
Je suis allée.
複合過去や大過去など、助動詞に 'être' を使うすべての時制で使います。
Elle était déjà partie.
のように、 'être' が見えたら一致の準備をしましょう!
'avoir' は動作そのものに注目しますが、 'être' は主語の状態に注目するからです。 'être' の動詞は、主語がどう変化したかを表す形容詞のような役割だと考えてください。