A1 · 初級 チャプター 31

Special Cases and Advanced Structures

6 トータルルール
61 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the nuanced exceptions that make your French sound professional and native-like.

  • Express costs, weights, and durations accurately in the past.
  • Navigate impersonal verbs like weather and necessity without agreement errors.
  • Sequence events smoothly using the past infinitive structure.
Precision in the past: Mastering the French exceptions.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to seriously level up your French? This chapter might sound advanced, but trust me, it's super exciting and totally doable for you, even as a beginner! We're diving into some special rules and structures that will make your French sound incredibly natural and precise. You'll learn handy tricks for talking about prices (like It cost 20 euros), weights (It weighed 2 kilograms), or even how long something took (

The meeting lasted half an hour
) without mixing up your verbs. These are golden rules for verbs like coûter, peser, valoir, and durer. No more mistakes there! We'll also tackle how to correctly talk about past weather events (It rained) or general necessities (
It was necessary that...
). Plus, you'll master how to use the magical little word en in the past tense, simplifying your sentences without worrying about agreement. Then, for something really cool: the Passé Surcomposé! Don't let the fancy name scare you. You'll learn to say things like
After I *had truly finished* doing something, I did something else.
This makes your storytelling super accurate, almost like you're narrating a scene play-by-play. Imagine saying,
After I had eaten, I went out.
And you'll easily connect actions with after doing something using the après + avoir/être + passé composé structure. By the end, your French will be so much stronger, and you'll impress everyone with your newfound precision! Ready for this amazing jump?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to talk about the cost and weight of items in the past without making agreement errors.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe past weather and necessities using impersonal structures.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to use the pronoun 'en' in the past tense without overcomplicating agreement.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to sequence two actions using 'après avoir' or 'après être'.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to seriously level up your French grammar? This chapter might sound advanced, but trust me, it's super exciting and totally doable for you, even as a beginner at CEFR level A1!
We're diving into some special rules and structures that will make your French sound incredibly natural and precise, helping you communicate more effectively and confidently. Mastering these nuances is a fantastic way to accelerate your French learning journey.
This guide will unlock handy tricks for talking about everyday situations – like stating prices, weights, or how long an event lasted – without mixing up your verbs. We'll explore golden rules for verbs like coûter (to cost), peser (to weigh), valoir (to be worth), and durer (to last). You'll also tackle how to correctly talk about past weather events or general necessities, and master the magical little word en in the past tense, simplifying your sentences without worrying about agreement.
This is essential A1 French that will set you apart.
Then, for something really cool: the Passé Surcomposé! Don't let the fancy name scare you. You'll learn to express actions completed *before* another past action, making your storytelling super accurate.
Imagine saying,
After I had eaten, I went out.
You'll also easily connect actions with after doing something using the après + avoir/être + passé composé structure. By the end, your French grammar will be so much stronger, and you'll impress everyone with your newfound precision! Ready for this amazing jump in your learn French A1 adventure?

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces some powerful French grammar concepts that, while seemingly advanced for A1 French, are incredibly useful for sounding natural and precise. Let's break down these essential rules for your French learning.
First, let's look at the No-Agreement Rule for Prices and Weights, and Measuring Values: Verbs that never change. When verbs like coûter (to cost), peser (to weigh), valoir (to be worth), and durer (to last) are used to express a quantity, price, weight, or duration, their past participle *never* agrees with the subject or direct object. For instance, if you say Les pommes ont coûté deux euros (The apples cost two euros), coûté remains unchanged.
Similarly, La réunion a duré une heure (The meeting lasted an hour) keeps duré in its base form. This also applies to valoir and peser in similar contexts. Regarding **The Past Participle of 'Coûter': Money vs.
Metaphor, remember that coûter only agrees in very specific, metaphorical uses (e.g., les efforts qu'elle a coûtés** - the efforts it cost her), which is less common at A1. Focus on the
no agreement for money/weight/duration
rule for now.
Next, we have French Impersonal Verbs: The 'No Agreement' Rule (Participe passé). Impersonal verbs, often used with il (it) as a dummy subject, also have past participles that never agree. Think of weather verbs like il a plu (it rained) or il a neigé (it snowed), or the verb falloir (to be necessary) which becomes il a fallu (it was necessary).
The participle stays masculine singular.
A fantastic French grammar shortcut is the No Agreement with 'En'. When the pronoun en replaces a direct object (meaning some or any of something), the past participle *never* agrees, even if the object it replaces would normally trigger agreement. For example, if you say **Des voitures ?
J'en ai vu (Cars? I saw some), vu does not agree, even though voitures** is feminine plural.
Finally, for more sophisticated storytelling, we have The Double Past: Le Passé Surcomposé and After doing something (L'infinitif passé). The Passé Surcomposé (literally double past) is used to emphasize that one action was *completely finished* before another past action began. It's formed with the auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the Passé Composé, followed by the main verb's past participle.
For example, Quand j'ai eu fini mes devoirs, je suis sorti (When I had finished my homework, I went out). This structure is formal but great for precision. Closely related is L'infinitif passé, formed with après + avoir/être + passé composé, meaning
after having done something.
For instance, Après être rentré, j'ai mangé (After having returned, I ate).
These structures will truly elevate your French grammar A1 skills!

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Les livres ont coûtés vingt euros.
    (The books cost twenty euros.)
✓ Correct:
Les livres ont coûté vingt euros.
*Explanation:* When coûter refers to a price, its past participle never agrees. It remains coûté, regardless of the subject's gender or number.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: "Des pommes ? J'en ai mangées." (Apples? I ate some.)
✓ Correct: "Des pommes ? J'en ai mangé."
*Explanation:* When the pronoun en is used, the past participle never agrees with the noun it replaces. This is a common French grammar shortcut.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Il a pluue hier.
    (It rained yesterday.)
✓ Correct:
Il a plu hier.
*Explanation:* Impersonal verbs, like weather verbs (pleuvoir), always have a past participle that remains masculine singular (plu), as the il is a dummy subject and not a person.

Real Conversations

A

A

Bonjour, combien ont coûté les chaussures ? (Hello, how much did the shoes cost?)
B

B

Elles ont coûté soixante euros. (They cost sixty euros.)
A

A

Tu as vu le film dont je t'ai parlé ? (Did you see the film I told you about?)
B

B

Oui, j'en ai vu un extrait hier soir. (Yes, I saw an excerpt of it last night.)
A

A

Après être arrivé à Paris, qu'est-ce que tu as fait ? (After having arrived in Paris, what did you do?)
B

B

Après être arrivé, j'ai visité la Tour Eiffel. (After having arrived, I visited the Eiffel Tower.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why doesn't the past participle of coûter agree in French when talking about prices or weights?

The past participle of verbs like coûter, peser, and durer remains invariable (doesn't agree) when it refers to a quantity, price, weight, or duration. This is a specific rule in French grammar to indicate a value rather than a direct action on an object.

Q

How do I use the pronoun en correctly in the past tense without making agreement mistakes?

When you use the pronoun en to replace a direct object (meaning some or any), the past participle *never* agrees. Always keep the past participle in its masculine singular form, regardless of the gender or number of the noun en replaces.

Q

What is the Passé Surcomposé and when should I use it in A1 French?

The Passé Surcomposé (double past) is used to show that one action was fully completed *before* another past action started. It adds precision to your storytelling. While it sounds advanced, it's great for beginners to recognize and gradually incorporate for clear sequencing of past events.

Q

Are there other verbs like coûter that don't agree in the past participle when expressing values?

Yes, verbs like peser (to weigh) and durer (to last) follow the same no-agreement rule when expressing a weight or duration. For instance, Elle a pesé trois kilos (It weighed three kilos) and Le cours a duré une heure (The class lasted an hour).

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are what make French sound truly authentic and precise. While some, like the Passé Surcomposé, might be more common in written French or formal speech, understanding them allows you to follow complex narratives and express yourself with greater nuance. Native speakers use these patterns naturally to convey exact sequences of events or specific quantities without ambiguity, making your French learning more effective and your communication much clearer.
Mastering these nuances will significantly enhance your ability to understand and participate in real French conversations.

重要な例文 (4)

1

Il a fallu courir pour avoir le bus.

バスに間に合うために走らなければなりませんでした。

フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)
2

Il a plu toute la journée pendant mon séjour à Londres.

ロンドン滞在中、一日中雨が降っていました。

フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)
3

Après avoir posté la photo, j'ai eu beaucoup de likes.

写真を投稿した後、たくさん「いいね」をもらったよ。

何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)
4

Après être rentré, j'ai commandé un Uber Eats.

家に帰った後、ウーバーイーツを頼んだんだ。

何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「いくら？」テスト

「何を？」ではなく「いくら？（Combien ?）」と聞ける場合は、一致させる必要はありません。値段や重さは「いくら」に答えるものだからです。 "Prices and weights answer 'how much'."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 価格と重さの不一致ルール：(coûter, peser, valoir)
🎯

「引き起こした」と言い換えられる？

その文が「〜という結果を招いた」という意味なら比喩的なので一致させます。 "Les larmes que ça m'a coûtées."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Coûter」の過去分詞：お金 vs. 比喩的表現
⚠️

『前の名詞』に騙されないで！

la pluie（雨）や la patience（忍耐）のような女性名詞が前にあっても、plu や fallu に 'e' を付けてはダメですよ！ "La patience qu'il a fallu."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)
💡

「いくら？」テスト

「いくら？（Combien ?）」と聞いて答えになる言葉なら、それは「単位」だよ！単位の場合は一致させないんだ。
Les 50 euros que ça a coûté.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 測定の動詞：形が変わらない過去分詞 (coûter, peser, durer)

重要な語彙 (8)

coûter to cost peser to weigh valoir to be worth durer to last pleuvoir to rain falloir to be necessary après after en some/of it

Real-World Preview

shopping-basket

At the Market

clock

Reporting a Delay

Review Summary

  • Verb (coûter/peser/durer) + Measurement
  • Il + [Verb] (Past Participle)
  • En + Avoir + Past Participle
  • Après + [avoir/être] + Past Participle

よくある間違い

Even though 'fleurs' is feminine plural, 'coûter' refers to a price here, so it remains invariable.

Wrong: Les fleurs que j'ai achetées m'ont coûtées cher.
正解: Les fleurs que j'ai achetées m'ont coûté cher.

The pronoun 'en' does not function like a standard direct object pronoun; it never triggers agreement.

Wrong: Des pommes ? J'en ai mangées.
正解: Des pommes ? J'en ai mangé.

In French, 'après' must be followed by the auxiliary (avoir/être) in the infinitive plus the past participle.

Wrong: Après mangé, je suis parti.
正解: Après avoir mangé, je suis parti.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

価格と重さの不一致ルール：(coûter, peser, valoir)

A1
値段や重さを「数値」として表すとき、過去分詞は形を変えずに coûté pesé valu のまま使います。
Les 50 euros que ce jeu vidéo a coûté sont excessi...
10 例文
2

「Coûter」の過去分詞：お金 vs. 比喩的表現

A1
お金の話なら coûté そのままでOK。努力や犠牲など比喩的な話なら、直前の言葉に合わせて coûtés や coûtées に変身させよう！
Les dix euros que ce burger m'a coûté étaient trop...
10 例文
3

フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)

A1
非人称動詞の過去分詞は、前の言葉が何であっても invariable（不変）です。 plu や fallu の形をそのまま使いましょう！
Il a fallu courir pour avoir le bus.
10 例文
4

測定の動詞：形が変わらない過去分詞 (coûter, peser, durer)

A1
値段、重さ、時間を表す動詞のときは、過去分詞の語尾を coûté pesé duré のように変えなくていいんだよ！
Les cent euros que mon nouveau téléphone a coûté.
10 例文
5

代名詞'En'の不一致：フランス語文法の近道

A1
過去形で「en」を使うときは、動詞の形を合わせる「一致」を考えなくてOK！ en は「一致させない」という魔法のキーワードです。
J'en ai acheté trois.
11 例文
6

何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)

B2
「〜した後で」と言いたい時は、après の後ろに avoir か être を置いて、その後に過去分詞を繋げるだけでOK！
Après avoir posté la photo, j'ai eu beaucoup de li...
10 例文

Next Steps

You've just tackled some of the trickiest 'fine print' in French grammar. If you can handle these, you can handle anything! Keep practicing these nuances.

Write 5 sentences about your last grocery trip using 'en' and prices.

Describe your morning routine using 'Après avoir' for every step.

Continue to: The Building Blocks of Identity

クイック練習 (10)

正しい文章はどれかな？

昨日の天気について：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La pluie qu'il a plu.
pleuvoir のような非人称動詞は、前の名詞と一致することはありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)

バッグの重さについて、正しい文章はどれですか？

「バッグが量った5キロ」を正しく表した文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'peser' は具体的な重さを表しているため、過去分詞 'pesé' は前の名詞 'kilos' と一致させません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 価格と重さの不一致ルール：(coûter, peser, valoir)

女性について話しているこの文章の間違いを直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

Après être allé au magasin, elle a acheté du pain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Après être allée au magasin, elle a acheté du pain.
主語が女性（elle）で助動詞がêtreなので、過去分詞の語尾に'e'を付けてalléeにします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)

'coûter' を正しい形にして空欄を埋めてください。

Les cent euros que ce manteau a ____ étaient trop chers.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'coûter' が値段（直接的な意味）を指す場合、一致の語尾は付きません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 価格と重さの不一致ルール：(coûter, peser, valoir)

間違いを見つけて直そう

Find and fix the mistake:

Les valises que j'ai pesées ont pesé lourd.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les valises que j'ai pesé ont pesé lourd.
「重さがあった」という意味の peser は形を変えないのがルールだよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 測定の動詞：形が変わらない過去分詞 (coûter, peser, durer)

この文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

La petite somme que ce café a valus était ridicule.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
金銭的な価値を指す過去分詞 'valu' は、男性単数形のままにするのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 価格と重さの不一致ルール：(coûter, peser, valoir)

間違いを見つけて直してね

Find and fix the mistake:

Il y a eue beaucoup de problèmes hier.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il y a eu beaucoup de problèmes hier.
y avoir の過去分詞は、問題がいくつあっても常に eu です！

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)

「到着した後で」と言う時、正しいのはどれ？

正しい選択肢を選んでね：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Après être arrivé
arriverは移動の動詞なので、助動詞はêtreを使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)

「コーヒーを飲んだ後」となるように、'finir' を正しい過去不定詞の形にしてね。

Après ___ mon café, je suis parti.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: avoir fini
finirは一般的な動詞なので、助動詞はavoirを使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何かをした後で (L'infinitif passé)

'avoir' + 'fallu' の正しい形を選んでね

Pour réussir l'examen, ___ beaucoup de travail.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: il a fallu
falloir は il の形しか存在せず、過去分詞も形が変わりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の非人称動詞：一致させないルール (Participe passé)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

フランス語の文法では、お金は「何を」という目的語ではなく、「どれくらい」という単位（測定値）とみなされるからです。
Les 10 euros que ça a coûté.
はい！「それが続いた2時間」と言うときも、
Les deux heures que ça a duré
と書き、一致させません。時間も単位だからです。
はい、全く同じです！お金ならそのまま、比喩なら一致させます。 "Les honneurs que ce travail m'a valus."
測れる時間なら現実、人生を捧げたなら比喩ですが、普通は変えません。 "Les deux heures que ça m'a coûté."
主語の il が特定の人や物を指さないからです。動作の主がいないので、一致させる相手がいないと考えてください。 Il a plu.
はい！過去形は il y a eu になります。後ろに何が来ても eu のままです。
Il y a eu des fêtes.
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