A1 · 初級 チャプター 30

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

6 トータルルール
63 例文
9 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of linking past actions to infinitives to speak natural French.

  • Distinguish between past participles that agree and those that stay fixed.
  • Identify when an infinitive changes the agreement rules.
  • Apply the special 'stubborn' rule for verbs like faire and laisser.
Link your verbs with confidence and flair!

学べること

Hey there, French language explorer! Ready to level up your speaking game? This chapter is your secret weapon for sounding super natural when you talk about things that have happened. We're diving into the fascinating world of French past participles when they team up with another action verb (an infinitive). You know how sometimes past participles change their endings? Well, it gets a little tricky when there’s an infinitive right after it. But don't you worry! We'll discover exactly WHEN they need to agree (like entendu chanter – *heard singing*) and, just as importantly, WHEN they absolutely don't (like with fait or laisser followed by an infinitive, where they're super stubborn and never change!). We’ll also peek into those tricky cases where the infinitive is implied, giving you full control over verbs like pu, voulu, and «dû.» Imagine you're chatting with a friend about a movie you *saw them running* in, or explaining that you *made someone laugh*. You'll learn the precise rules that make your sentences grammatically perfect, whether you're describing what you *heard a bird sing* or explaining how you *let the situation unfold*. By the end of this chapter, you won't just *know* these rules; you'll *feel* them! You'll be able to confidently construct complex sentences using past participles and infinitives, avoiding common beginner mistakes, and making your French sound incredibly fluent and natural. Let's make those verbs sing!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: correctly identify whether a past participle needs an agreement or remains invariant when followed by an infinitive.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to this essential French grammar guide! Understanding verbs followed by infinitives is a crucial step in mastering the language, especially at the A1 level. Infinitives, the base form of a verb (like to sing or to eat), often follow other verbs in French, creating a variety of sentence structures.
This chapter will demystify these constructions, showing you how to express actions that are perceived, caused, or allowed. We’ll explore how sometimes the past participle of the main verb needs to agree with something, and sometimes it doesn't. Don't worry if this sounds a little complex at first; we'll break it down with clear examples and practical tips to ensure you can use these structures confidently.
This chapter focuses on specific scenarios where an infinitive directly follows another verb. We'll look at situations involving perception verbs (like *voir* - to see, *entendre* - to hear) and how they interact with past participles, particularly when the subject of the main verb is also the one performing the action of the infinitive. You'll learn about the subtle but important rules of agreement, or lack thereof, in these cases.
We will also cover common verbs that often appear with infinitives, such as *faire* (to make/do) and *laisser* (to let), and how their usage can change the meaning of a sentence. By the end of this guide, you'll be equipped to understand and use these common verb-infinitive combinations, making your French more natural and fluent.

How This Grammar Works

In French, when one verb is followed by another verb that expresses the action being perceived, caused, or allowed, the second verb is usually in its infinitive form. For example,
I see him run
becomes
Je le vois courir.
Here, *vois* is the main verb, and *courir* is the infinitive describing what the subject (*le* - him) is doing. This is a fundamental structure that allows for more complex sentence building.
A key point of confusion for learners is past participle agreement when these infinitive constructions are used in compound tenses (like the passé composé). We will explore how the past participle of the *first* verb (the auxiliary verb) agrees with the direct object if the direct object is placed before the verb, but only under specific conditions related to the infinitive. For instance, if you saw girls running, the past participle of *voir* would agree with girls. We will also clarify when no agreement is necessary, particularly when the direct object is actually the object of the infinitive itself.
Understanding these nuances will greatly improve the accuracy of your written and spoken French.
French Past Participle Agreement with Infinitives (entendu chanter)
When a verb of perception (like *voir*, *entendre*, *écouter*, *regarder*) is used in a compound tense (e.g., passé composé) and is followed by an infinitive, the past participle of the perception verb agrees with the direct object (COD) *if* that direct object is placed before the verb. This means if the person or thing being perceived is mentioned before the verb, you need to adjust the ending of the past participle.
Consider the case of hearing someone sing. If you heard a woman sing, and the direct object her (la) comes before the verb *entendre*, the past participle *entendu* will agree with *la* (feminine singular). So, instead of "J'ai entendu chanter, it becomes Je l'ai entendue chanter." The extra 'e' on *entendue* shows agreement with *l'* (referring to *la femme*).
French Past Participle Agreement with Infinitive (vus courir vs. vu construire)
This rule applies when the direct object (COD) is performing the action of the infinitive. If you saw someone running, and someone (le/la) is before the verb *voir*, the past participle *vu* agrees with that object. For example, if you saw a boy running, "Je l'ai vu courir.
If you saw a girl running,
Je l'ai vue courir." The agreement happens because *l'* refers to the boy or girl who is doing the running.
However, if the infinitive is a transitive verb (one that takes its own direct object), and that object is placed *after* the infinitive, then there is no agreement with the direct object of the main verb. For example, if you saw a house being built, the infinitive is *construire*. The direct object of *construire* is the house (*la maison*).
If you say "Je l'ai vu construire," *vu* does not agree with *l'* (the house) because the house is the object of *construire*, not *voir*. The construction is being done *to* the house.
Past Participle with Implied Infinitive (pu, voulu, dû)
Certain verbs, particularly *pouvoir* (to be able to), *vouloir* (to want), and *devoir* (to have to/must), have past participles (*pu*, *voulu*, *dû*) that sometimes appear without an explicit infinitive following them. In these cases, the past participle often agrees with the direct object if it precedes the verb. This happens when the object is the thing that was able to be, wanted, or had to be done.
For example, if someone asked for two books and you only had one, you might say, "Je n'ai pu en prendre qu'un." Here, *pu* doesn't agree because *en* is an indirect object. However, if you had wanted to eat some apples, and you only ate one, you could say, "Je n'ai voulu en manger qu'une." The past participle *voulu* agrees with *une* (the apple) because *une* is the direct object of the implied infinitive *manger*.
The 'Unchangeable' Fait (Faire + Infinitive)
The verb *faire* followed by an infinitive is a very common construction in French, often translating to
to make someone do something
or
to have something done.
When *faire* is used in this way, its past participle (*fait*) generally does not agree with the direct object, even if that object is placed before the verb. This is because the object is considered to be the recipient of the action of the infinitive, not the direct object of *faire* itself in the same way as with perception verbs.
For instance, if you made your children clean their room, you would say, "J'ai fait nettoyer leur chambre à mes enfants.
Even if you wanted to say
I made them clean their room" (*Je les ai fait nettoyer leur chambre*), the past participle *fait* remains invariable. The children are the indirect object of *faire* in this construction, and the direct object of *nettoyer*.
Letting Things Happen: The Verb 'Laisser' with Infinitives
Similar to *faire*, the verb *laisser* (to let, to allow) followed by an infinitive generally does not agree in its past participle (*laissé*) with a preceding direct object. The direct object is considered to be the one being allowed to do something, or the thing being allowed to happen.
For example, if you let your dog go outside, you would say, "J'ai laissé sortir mon chien.
If you wanted to say
I let them go, you would say, Je les ai laissés sortir." Ah, wait! Here is an exception to the general rule. *Laisser* *can* agree when the direct object is a person or thing that is being allowed to *do* something.
So, in
Je les ai laissés sortir,
the *e* on *laissés* agrees with *les* because *les* are the ones doing the *sortir*. This is a nuance to remember.
No Agreement: When the Object Belongs to the Infinitive (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)
This rule reinforces a point made earlier. When the direct object (COD) of the main verb is actually the direct object of the infinitive that follows, the past participle of the main verb does not agree with that object. The object is owned by the infinitive's action.
Think about seeing a book being read. If you saw a book being read, you would say, "J'ai vu lire le livre." Here, *vu* does not agree with *le livre* because *le livre* is the object of *lire*, not *voir*. The action of reading is performed *on* the book.
If you say, "Je l'ai vu lire," where *l'* refers to the book, *vu* still does not agree because the book is the object of *lire*.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: "J'ai vu les filles courues."
✓ Correct: "J'ai vu les filles courir."
*Explanation:* The infinitive *courir* should be used here, not the past participle. Agreement only happens with perception verbs in compound tenses when the infinitive is also a past participle, which is not the case here.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Je les ai fait manger.
✓ Correct:
Je les ai fait manger.
*Explanation:* The past participle *fait* is invariable when *faire* is followed by an infinitive, even if the direct object *les* is placed before the verb.

Real Conversations

A

A

J'ai vu Marie chanter hier. (I saw Marie sing yesterday.)
B

B

Ah oui ? Je l'ai entendue chanter aussi ! (Oh yes? I heard her sing too!)
A

A

Tu as fait réparer ta voiture ? (Did you have your car repaired?)
B

B

Oui, je l'ai fait réparer ce matin. (Yes, I had it repaired this morning.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When does the past participle agree with the direct object when an infinitive follows?

The past participle of the main verb (like *voir*, *entendre*) agrees with the direct object if that object is placed before the verb AND is the one performing the action of the infinitive.

Q

Is there ever agreement with *faire* + infinitive?

Generally, no. The past participle *fait* is invariable in this construction.

Cultural Context

In French culture, the precise use of verb agreement is highly valued. Mastering these rules, even the seemingly complex ones involving infinitives, demonstrates a strong command of the language and a respect for its grammatical structure. It allows for clearer and more nuanced communication, which is appreciated in all forms of interaction.

重要な例文 (6)

1

J'ai fait toutes les pompes que j'ai pu.

できる限りの腕立て伏せをしたよ。

隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)
2

On a visité toutes les villes qu'on a voulu.

行きたかった街は全部訪れたよ。

隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)
3

J'ai laissé partir mes amis.

友達を帰らせてあげました。

何かが起こるのを許可する：不定詞を伴う動詞「Laisser」
4

Tu as laissé tomber ton portable ?

スマホ落としちゃったの？

何かが起こるのを許可する：不定詞を伴う動詞「Laisser」
5

Les devoirs que j'ai dû faire étaient difficiles.

私がしなければならなかった宿題は難しかったです。

一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)
6

C'est la chanson que j'ai voulu chanter.

これは私が歌いたかった歌です。

一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

faire のルールはとっても簡単！

後ろに動詞の原形が来るとき、 fait は絶対に形を変えなくてOKです。 "La tarte que j'ai fait cuire."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の不定詞を伴う過去分詞の一致（歌うのを聞いた）
🎯

最強の「Faire」ルール

faire のあとに不定詞がきたら、絶対に形を変えなくてOK！テストで一番楽に点が取れるポイントです。
Je les ai fait rire.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の過去分詞と不定詞の一致 (vus courir vs. vu construire)
🎯

「英語の鏡」ハック

日本語で「〜することを」と補えるなら、フランス語の過去分詞は単数形のままです。"J'ai fait ce que j'ai pu."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)
⚠️

一致のワナに注意！

ネイティブでも書く時に間違えることがありますが、テストでは超重要ポイントです。後ろに動詞があるか必ず確認してね！ "J'ai fait réparer mon écran."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の 'Fait'：〜してもらう (Faire + 不定詞)

重要な語彙 (5)

entendu heard fait made/done laissé let/left voulu wanted pu been able to

Real-World Preview

music

The Concert

Review Summary

  • COD + avoir + PP (agree)
  • Fait + infinitive

よくある間違い

The songs aren't hearing, they are being sung. The object belongs to the infinitive.

Wrong: Les chansons que j'ai entendues chanter.
正解: Les chansons que j'ai entendu chanter.

Fait before an infinitive never agrees.

Wrong: La maison que j'ai faite construire.
正解: La maison que j'ai fait construire.

Voulu with an implied infinitive does not agree.

Wrong: Elle a voulue manger.
正解: Elle a voulu manger.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

フランス語の不定詞を伴う過去分詞の一致（歌うのを聞いた）

A1
動詞の前の目的語が、後ろの動作を「自分でする」ときだけ形を合わせます。 actor なら一致、 receiver ならそのままです。
Les musiciens que j'ai `entendus` jouer au métro é...
10 例文
2

フランス語の過去分詞と不定詞の一致 (vus courir vs. vu construire)

A1
動詞の前の名詞が「自分でする」なら一致、 「される」なら一致なし！ faire はいつでもそのままの形でOK。
Les musiciens que j'ai entendus jouer étaient géni...
10 例文
3

隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)

A1
後ろに「隠れた動詞」があるときは、過去分詞を変化させずに pu voulu «dû» のまま使いましょう。
J'ai fait toutes les pompes que j'ai pu.
11 例文
4

不変の 'Fait'：〜してもらう (Faire + 不定詞)

A1
「fait」のあとに動詞（不定詞）が続くときは、形を一切変えなくてOK！ fait という「短いキーワード」をそのまま置くだけで「〜してもらう」という意味になります。
J'ai fait réparer mon écran de smartphone.
10 例文
5

何かが起こるのを許可する：不定詞を伴う動詞「Laisser」

A1
後ろに動詞の原形（不定詞）が続くときは、 laissé の形は変えずにそのままでOKです！
J'ai laissé partir mes amis.
12 例文
6

一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)

A1
後ろに「動詞の原形（不定詞）」が続いて、その動作の対象が前にある時は、過去分詞は voulu や fait のように「男性・単数形」のままでOKです！
Les devoirs que j'ai dû faire étaient difficiles.
10 例文

Next Steps

You have completed this chapter! Your French is becoming increasingly sophisticated. Keep practicing!

Write a diary entry for yesterday.

Continue to: Special Cases and Advanced Structures

クイック練習 (10)

空欄を埋めてね

Nous avons ___ construire une piscine. (faire)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: fait
使役の形（fait + 不定詞）では、過去分詞は主語や目的語と一致しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の 'Fait'：〜してもらう (Faire + 不定詞)

空欄を埋めてみて

La maison qu'il a ___ (fait) construire est belle.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: fait
後ろに動詞の原形が続く「fait」は、絶対に一致させないのがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

修正してください：Il a payé les dettes qu'it a dues.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il a payé les dettes qu'il a dû.
この場合、'dû' は不変なので 'es' をつけるのは間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)

正しい文章はどれ？

「私が買いたかった本」を正しく言ってみよう：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les livres que j'ai voulu acheter.
「本（livres）」は後ろの「買う（acheter）」の目的語なので、vouluは変化しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)

正しい文章はどちらですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: J'ai fait les efforts que j'ai pu.
後ろに 'faire' が隠れているため、'pu' は一致させる必要がありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)

間違いを見つけて直してね

Find and fix the mistake:

Les pizzas que j'ai faites livrer sont délicieuses.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les pizzas que j'ai fait livrer sont délicieuses.
後ろに livrer という動詞が続いているので、fait の一致は禁止されています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の 'Fait'：〜してもらう (Faire + 不定詞)

間違いを見つけて直そう

Find and fix the mistake:

Les vidéos que j'ai dues regarder étaient longues.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les vidéos que j'ai dû regarder étaient longues.
regarder（見る）という動詞が後ろにあるので、dûに「es」は不要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 一致なし：目的語が不定詞に属する場合 (Pas d'accord : COD objet de l'infinitif)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Nous avons laissés tomber nos verres.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nous avons laissé tomber nos verres.
tomber という不定詞が続くので、laissé に s は付けません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何かが起こるのを許可する：不定詞を伴う動詞「Laisser」

正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

Elle a pris les photos qu'elle a ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: voulu
「撮ること(prendre)」が隠れているので、過去分詞 'voulu' は 'photos' と一致しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 隠れた不定詞を伴う過去分詞 (pu, voulu, dû)

正しい形の 'laisser' を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

J'ai ____ sortir le chien.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: laissé
sortir という不定詞が後ろにあるので、laissé は形を変えません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 何かが起こるのを許可する：不定詞を伴う動詞「Laisser」

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

歌が自分で歌うのではなく、誰かに歌われているからです。 "La chanson que j'ai entendu chanter."
歌手たちが自分で歌っているので、この場合は一致させて s を付けます。 "Les chanteurs que j'ai entendus chanter."
誰がその動作をしているのかをはっきりさせるためです。文法のGPSのようなものだと思ってください。 "La femme que j'ai vue partir."
いいえ、ありません。フランス語特有の、性別や数に合わせるオシャレなルールです。
The girls I saw dancing.
過去分詞の語尾が変わらないという意味です。女性形の 'e' や複数形の 's' をつけません。"J'ai fait ce que j'ai pu."
はい、後ろに別の動作（〜したい）が隠れている場合は一致させません。"Elle a fait ce qu'elle a voulu."
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