A1 · 초급 챕터 31

Special Cases and Advanced Structures

6 총 규칙
61 예문
7 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the nuanced exceptions that make your French sound professional and native-like.

  • Express costs, weights, and durations accurately in the past.
  • Navigate impersonal verbs like weather and necessity without agreement errors.
  • Sequence events smoothly using the past infinitive structure.
Precision in the past: Mastering the French exceptions.

배울 내용

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to seriously level up your French? This chapter might sound advanced, but trust me, it's super exciting and totally doable for you, even as a beginner! We're diving into some special rules and structures that will make your French sound incredibly natural and precise. You'll learn handy tricks for talking about prices (like It cost 20 euros), weights (It weighed 2 kilograms), or even how long something took (

The meeting lasted half an hour
) without mixing up your verbs. These are golden rules for verbs like coûter, peser, valoir, and durer. No more mistakes there! We'll also tackle how to correctly talk about past weather events (It rained) or general necessities (
It was necessary that...
). Plus, you'll master how to use the magical little word en in the past tense, simplifying your sentences without worrying about agreement. Then, for something really cool: the Passé Surcomposé! Don't let the fancy name scare you. You'll learn to say things like
After I *had truly finished* doing something, I did something else.
This makes your storytelling super accurate, almost like you're narrating a scene play-by-play. Imagine saying,
After I had eaten, I went out.
And you'll easily connect actions with after doing something using the après + avoir/être + passé composé structure. By the end, your French will be so much stronger, and you'll impress everyone with your newfound precision! Ready for this amazing jump?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to talk about the cost and weight of items in the past without making agreement errors.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe past weather and necessities using impersonal structures.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to use the pronoun 'en' in the past tense without overcomplicating agreement.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to sequence two actions using 'après avoir' or 'après être'.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to seriously level up your French grammar? This chapter might sound advanced, but trust me, it's super exciting and totally doable for you, even as a beginner at CEFR level A1!
We're diving into some special rules and structures that will make your French sound incredibly natural and precise, helping you communicate more effectively and confidently. Mastering these nuances is a fantastic way to accelerate your French learning journey.
This guide will unlock handy tricks for talking about everyday situations – like stating prices, weights, or how long an event lasted – without mixing up your verbs. We'll explore golden rules for verbs like coûter (to cost), peser (to weigh), valoir (to be worth), and durer (to last). You'll also tackle how to correctly talk about past weather events or general necessities, and master the magical little word en in the past tense, simplifying your sentences without worrying about agreement.
This is essential A1 French that will set you apart.
Then, for something really cool: the Passé Surcomposé! Don't let the fancy name scare you. You'll learn to express actions completed *before* another past action, making your storytelling super accurate.
Imagine saying,
After I had eaten, I went out.
You'll also easily connect actions with after doing something using the après + avoir/être + passé composé structure. By the end, your French grammar will be so much stronger, and you'll impress everyone with your newfound precision! Ready for this amazing jump in your learn French A1 adventure?

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces some powerful French grammar concepts that, while seemingly advanced for A1 French, are incredibly useful for sounding natural and precise. Let's break down these essential rules for your French learning.
First, let's look at the No-Agreement Rule for Prices and Weights, and Measuring Values: Verbs that never change. When verbs like coûter (to cost), peser (to weigh), valoir (to be worth), and durer (to last) are used to express a quantity, price, weight, or duration, their past participle *never* agrees with the subject or direct object. For instance, if you say Les pommes ont coûté deux euros (The apples cost two euros), coûté remains unchanged.
Similarly, La réunion a duré une heure (The meeting lasted an hour) keeps duré in its base form. This also applies to valoir and peser in similar contexts. Regarding **The Past Participle of 'Coûter': Money vs.
Metaphor, remember that coûter only agrees in very specific, metaphorical uses (e.g., les efforts qu'elle a coûtés** - the efforts it cost her), which is less common at A1. Focus on the
no agreement for money/weight/duration
rule for now.
Next, we have French Impersonal Verbs: The 'No Agreement' Rule (Participe passé). Impersonal verbs, often used with il (it) as a dummy subject, also have past participles that never agree. Think of weather verbs like il a plu (it rained) or il a neigé (it snowed), or the verb falloir (to be necessary) which becomes il a fallu (it was necessary).
The participle stays masculine singular.
A fantastic French grammar shortcut is the No Agreement with 'En'. When the pronoun en replaces a direct object (meaning some or any of something), the past participle *never* agrees, even if the object it replaces would normally trigger agreement. For example, if you say **Des voitures ?
J'en ai vu (Cars? I saw some), vu does not agree, even though voitures** is feminine plural.
Finally, for more sophisticated storytelling, we have The Double Past: Le Passé Surcomposé and After doing something (L'infinitif passé). The Passé Surcomposé (literally double past) is used to emphasize that one action was *completely finished* before another past action began. It's formed with the auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the Passé Composé, followed by the main verb's past participle.
For example, Quand j'ai eu fini mes devoirs, je suis sorti (When I had finished my homework, I went out). This structure is formal but great for precision. Closely related is L'infinitif passé, formed with après + avoir/être + passé composé, meaning
after having done something.
For instance, Après être rentré, j'ai mangé (After having returned, I ate).
These structures will truly elevate your French grammar A1 skills!

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Les livres ont coûtés vingt euros.
    (The books cost twenty euros.)
✓ Correct:
Les livres ont coûté vingt euros.
*Explanation:* When coûter refers to a price, its past participle never agrees. It remains coûté, regardless of the subject's gender or number.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: "Des pommes ? J'en ai mangées." (Apples? I ate some.)
✓ Correct: "Des pommes ? J'en ai mangé."
*Explanation:* When the pronoun en is used, the past participle never agrees with the noun it replaces. This is a common French grammar shortcut.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Il a pluue hier.
    (It rained yesterday.)
✓ Correct:
Il a plu hier.
*Explanation:* Impersonal verbs, like weather verbs (pleuvoir), always have a past participle that remains masculine singular (plu), as the il is a dummy subject and not a person.

Real Conversations

A

A

Bonjour, combien ont coûté les chaussures ? (Hello, how much did the shoes cost?)
B

B

Elles ont coûté soixante euros. (They cost sixty euros.)
A

A

Tu as vu le film dont je t'ai parlé ? (Did you see the film I told you about?)
B

B

Oui, j'en ai vu un extrait hier soir. (Yes, I saw an excerpt of it last night.)
A

A

Après être arrivé à Paris, qu'est-ce que tu as fait ? (After having arrived in Paris, what did you do?)
B

B

Après être arrivé, j'ai visité la Tour Eiffel. (After having arrived, I visited the Eiffel Tower.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why doesn't the past participle of coûter agree in French when talking about prices or weights?

The past participle of verbs like coûter, peser, and durer remains invariable (doesn't agree) when it refers to a quantity, price, weight, or duration. This is a specific rule in French grammar to indicate a value rather than a direct action on an object.

Q

How do I use the pronoun en correctly in the past tense without making agreement mistakes?

When you use the pronoun en to replace a direct object (meaning some or any), the past participle *never* agrees. Always keep the past participle in its masculine singular form, regardless of the gender or number of the noun en replaces.

Q

What is the Passé Surcomposé and when should I use it in A1 French?

The Passé Surcomposé (double past) is used to show that one action was fully completed *before* another past action started. It adds precision to your storytelling. While it sounds advanced, it's great for beginners to recognize and gradually incorporate for clear sequencing of past events.

Q

Are there other verbs like coûter that don't agree in the past participle when expressing values?

Yes, verbs like peser (to weigh) and durer (to last) follow the same no-agreement rule when expressing a weight or duration. For instance, Elle a pesé trois kilos (It weighed three kilos) and Le cours a duré une heure (The class lasted an hour).

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are what make French sound truly authentic and precise. While some, like the Passé Surcomposé, might be more common in written French or formal speech, understanding them allows you to follow complex narratives and express yourself with greater nuance. Native speakers use these patterns naturally to convey exact sequences of events or specific quantities without ambiguity, making your French learning more effective and your communication much clearer.
Mastering these nuances will significantly enhance your ability to understand and participate in real French conversations.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Les 50 euros que ce jeu vidéo a coûté sont excessifs.

이 비디오 게임에 든 50유로는 너무 과해요.

일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)
2

Tu as vu les dix kilos que ma valise a pesé à l'aéroport ?

공항에서 내 가방 무게가 10킬로나 나갔던 거 봤어?

일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)
3

Les dix euros que ce burger m'a coûté étaient trop chers.

이 버거에 쓴 10유로는 너무 비쌌어요.

'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유
4

Toutes les larmes que cette rupture m'a coûtées sont enfin sèches.

이 이별 때문에 흘린 모든 눈물이 이제야 말랐어요.

'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유
5

Les cent euros que mon nouveau téléphone a coûté.

내 새 휴대폰 가격이었던 100유로.

측정 동사: 변하지 않는 과거 분사 (coûter, peser, durer)
6

Les trois kilos that this cat weighed.

이 고양이의 몸무게였던 3킬로그램.

측정 동사: 변하지 않는 과거 분사 (coûter, peser, durer)
7

J'en ai acheté trois.

나는 그것을 세 개 샀어요.

'En'과 일치하지 않음: 프랑스어 문법 지름길
8

On en a beaucoup mangé.

우리는 그것을 많이 먹었어요.

'En'과 일치하지 않음: 프랑스어 문법 지름길

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

'얼마나(How much)?' 테스트

'무엇을'이 아니라 '얼마나'라고 물어볼 수 있다면 성수 일치를 하지 마세요. 가격과 무게는 '얼마나'에 해당해요.
Les 5 euros que ça a coûté.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)
🎯

'일으키다' 테스트

'coûter'를 '일으키다'나 '필요로 하다'로 바꿔서 말이 되면 비유적인 표현이에요. 그럴 땐 성수 일치를 해주세요: "Les efforts que j'ai coûtés."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유
⚠️

여성 명사의 유혹을 뿌리치세요!

앞에 'la pluie'나 'la patience' 같은 여성 단어가 있어도 'plue'라고 쓰면 안 돼요! 비인칭 동사는 이 규칙에서 무적이에요.
Il a plu ce matin.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 비인칭 동사: 성수 일치 불필요 규칙 (Participe passé)
💡

'얼마나?' 테스트

동사 뒤의 단어가 '얼마나?'(Combien?)에 대한 대답이라면 그건 수치예요. 수치에는 성수 일치를 하지 않아요! "Les trois kilos que j'ai pesé."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 측정 동사: 변하지 않는 과거 분사 (coûter, peser, durer)

핵심 어휘 (8)

coûter to cost peser to weigh valoir to be worth durer to last pleuvoir to rain falloir to be necessary après after en some/of it

Real-World Preview

shopping-basket

At the Market

clock

Reporting a Delay

Review Summary

  • Verb (coûter/peser/durer) + Measurement
  • Il + [Verb] (Past Participle)
  • En + Avoir + Past Participle
  • Après + [avoir/être] + Past Participle

자주 하는 실수

Even though 'fleurs' is feminine plural, 'coûter' refers to a price here, so it remains invariable.

Wrong: Les fleurs que j'ai achetées m'ont coûtées cher.
정답: Les fleurs que j'ai achetées m'ont coûté cher.

The pronoun 'en' does not function like a standard direct object pronoun; it never triggers agreement.

Wrong: Des pommes ? J'en ai mangées.
정답: Des pommes ? J'en ai mangé.

In French, 'après' must be followed by the auxiliary (avoir/être) in the infinitive plus the past participle.

Wrong: Après mangé, je suis parti.
정답: Après avoir mangé, je suis parti.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

1

일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)

A1
가격이나 무게를 나타내는 'coûter', 'peser', 'valoir'는 과거분사 모양을 절대 바꾸지 않아요! coûté, pesé, valu 이 세 가지만 기억하면 끝!
Les 50 euros que ce jeu vidéo a coûté sont excessi...
10 예문
2

'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유

A1
돈이나 수치를 말할 때는 coûté 그대로 쓰지만, 노력이나 희생 같은 비유적인 의미일 때는 앞에 오는 단어에 맞춰 coûtés 나 coûtée 로 변신시켜 주세요!
Les dix euros que ce burger m'a coûté étaient trop...
10 예문
3

프랑스어 비인칭 동사: 성수 일치 불필요 규칙 (Participe passé)

A1
비인칭 동사의 과거 분사는 성별이나 수에 상관없이 절대 변하지 않는 '철벽남'이에요! plu, fallu, eu 처럼 항상 기본형만 기억하세요.
Il a fallu courir pour avoir le bus.
10 예문
4

측정 동사: 변하지 않는 과거 분사 (coûter, peser, durer)

A1
가격, 무게, 시간처럼 '수치'를 나타내는 동사들은 과거형을 쓸 때 성별이나 수에 맞춰 끝을 바꾸지 않아요. coûter, peser, durer 같은 단어들은 항상 기본형 그대로라고 생각하면 편해요!
Les cent euros que mon nouveau téléphone a coûté.
10 예문
5

'En'과 일치하지 않음: 프랑스어 문법 지름길

A1
과거 시제에서 대명사 'en'을 쓸 때는 동사의 성수 일치를 고민할 필요가 없어요! en no agreement simple form 세 가지만 기억하세요.
J'en ai acheté trois.
11 예문
6

무언가를 한 후에 (L'infinitif passé)

B2
프랑스어로 '~한 후에'라고 말할 때는 après 뒤에 avoir나 être를 넣고 과거 분사를 붙여주면 끝이에요!
Après avoir posté la photo, j'ai eu beaucoup de li...
10 예문

Next Steps

You've just tackled some of the trickiest 'fine print' in French grammar. If you can handle these, you can handle anything! Keep practicing these nuances.

Write 5 sentences about your last grocery trip using 'en' and prices.

Describe your morning routine using 'Après avoir' for every step.

Continue to: The Building Blocks of Identity

빠른 연습 (10)

'coûter'의 올바른 형태를 빈칸에 채우세요.

Les cent euros que ce manteau a ____ étaient trop chers.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: coûté
'coûter'가 가격(실제 의미)을 나타낼 때는 성수 일치 어미를 붙이지 않습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)

'coûter'를 알맞은 형태로 바꿔 빈칸을 채우세요.

Les larmes que ce film m'a _____ (coûter) sont nombreuses.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: coûtées
'larmes(눈물)'는 여성 복수이며 비유적인 의미로 쓰였으므로 -es를 붙입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유

'도착한 후에'라는 표현으로 알맞은 것은 무엇일까요?

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Après être arrivé
'Arriver'는 이동을 나타내는 동사라 조동사로 'être'를 써야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 무언가를 한 후에 (L'infinitif passé)

'avoir' + 'fallu'의 올바른 형태를 채워보세요.

Pour réussir l'examen, ___ beaucoup de travail.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: il a fallu
'Falloir'는 오직 비인칭 'il' 형태만 존재하며 과거 분사는 변하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 비인칭 동사: 성수 일치 불필요 규칙 (Participe passé)

여성에 대해 말하는 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Après être allé au magasin, elle a acheté du pain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Après être allée au magasin, elle a acheté du pain.
주어가 'elle'이므로 과거 분사 'allé' 뒤에 여성형 어미 'e'를 붙여 'allée'가 되어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 무언가를 한 후에 (L'infinitif passé)

틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Il y a eue beaucoup de problèmes hier.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il y a eu beaucoup de problèmes hier.
'y avoir'의 과거 분사는 뒤에 문제가 아무리 많아도 항상 'eu'예요!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 비인칭 동사: 성수 일치 불필요 규칙 (Participe passé)

돈에 대해 말할 때 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

실제 가격을 나타내는 표현을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les 50 euros que j'ai coûté.
돈은 수치(측정값)로 취급하므로 과거분사 'coûté'의 모양을 바꾸지 않습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Coûter'의 과거 분실: 돈 vs. 비유

다음 중 옳은 문장을 고르세요.

가격에 관한 문장 중 문법적으로 올바른 것은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les dix euros que ce livre m'a coûté.
'coûter'는 측정 동사이기 때문에 앞에 복수형인 'euros'가 와도 과거분사는 변하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 측정 동사: 변하지 않는 과거 분사 (coûter, peser, durer)

다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

La petite somme que ce café a valus était ridicule.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La petite somme que ce café a valu était ridicule.
금전적 가치를 나타내는 과거분사 'valu'는 항상 남성 단수 형태를 유지해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일치 예외 규칙: 가격과 무게 (coûter, peser, valoir)

다음 중 옳은 문장은 무엇일까요?

어제 내린 비에 대해 말할 때:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La pluie qu'il a plu.
'pleuvoir' 같은 비인칭 동사는 앞에 어떤 명사가 와도 성수 일치를 하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 비인칭 동사: 성수 일치 불필요 규칙 (Participe passé)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

프랑스어 문법에서 돈은 '무엇'을 나타내는 목적어가 아니라 '얼마나'를 나타내는 측정값으로 보기 때문이에요. 목적어가 아니니까 일치 규칙이 발동하지 않죠.
Les 10 euros que ça a coûté.
네! 맞아요. «그게 지속된 두 시간»이라고 말할 때
Les deux heures que ça a duré
라고 쓰고 끝에 -es를 붙이지 않아요. 시간도 측정값이니까요.
네, 정확해요! 실제 돈 가치는 일치 안 하고, 비유적 가치는 일치해요. 예를 들어 "Les honneurs que ce travail m'a valus"처럼요.
상황에 따라 달라요. 보통 "Les deux heures que ça m'a coûté"처럼 수치로 보지만, 인생을 바친 희생이라면 비유로 보기도 해요.
주어 'il'이 실제 사람이나 물건을 가리키는 게 아니라서 그래요. 일치시킬 대상이 없는 거죠! Il a plu.
네! 과거형은
Il y a eu
이고, 뒤에 뭐가 오든 항상 eu로 고정이에요.
Il y a eu des fleurs.
이전 챕터
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
다음 챕터
The Building Blocks of Identity
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