B2 · 中上級 チャプター 13

Obligation and Formal Expressions

5 トータルルール
50 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Hindi to a professional level with sophisticated structures of obligation and formal passive voice.

  • Express non-negotiable needs and obligations using zaroori.
  • Describe past habits and routines without the complex 'ne' particle.
  • Shift focus from the actor to the action using the passive voice.
Master the art of formal and nuanced Hindi expression.

学べること

Welcome, B2 learner! You've reached a pivotal point where you'll refine your Hindi to sound truly authentic and precise. This chapter is your key to unlocking sophisticated expression, moving beyond basic sentences to truly nuanced communication. You'll master expressions of necessity and obligation with zaroori, allowing you to clearly state what *must* be done, whether you're setting expectations or explaining critical tasks. Imagine yourself effortlessly stating, 'This project *must* be completed!' or 'Watching this movie is essential.' Then, dive into the 'Do' construction (Perfective Participle + karna), which empowers you to describe your past routines or consistent habits with a touch of nostalgia – like 'I *used to* always go for a walk' – all without needing the particle ne. We'll also delve into the passive voice with jaana and the specialized Bhav Vachya construction. This isn't just about sounding formal; it's about shifting focus, subtly implying inability, or making polite suggestions. You'll learn to say 'This work *was done*' instead of 'I did this work,' or politely express 'I physically *can't*' do something. These are essential for sounding natural and respectful in various contexts, from casual conversations to more formal discussions in India. You'll even learn to make precise comparisons using the particle se, allowing you to articulate subtle differences like 'This is better *than* that'. By the end of this chapter, you won't just know Hindi; you'll *feel* Hindi. You'll wield its structures with confidence, making your communication clearer, more respectful, and profoundly more natural. Ready for a big leap?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Express professional requirements and necessities using zaroori.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Compare products or services using the particle 'se' with complex adjectives.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Narrate repetitive past actions using the habitual 'do' construction naturally.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Construct passive sentences in formal contexts to emphasize results over agents.
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to: Express physical inability or impersonal states using the 'Bhav Vachya' construction.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, B2 learner! You've reached a pivotal point in your Hindi grammar journey where you'll refine your language skills to sound truly authentic and precise. This chapter is your key to unlocking sophisticated expression, moving beyond basic sentences to truly nuanced communication.
At the B2 Hindi level, the goal isn't just to be understood, but to communicate with elegance and cultural sensitivity. We're going beyond simple sentence construction to delve into structures that convey obligation, express habits, and shift focus, all crucial for advanced Hindi language learning.
Mastering these concepts will significantly enhance your conversational abilities and your comprehension of native speakers. You'll learn how to state what *must* be done, describe past routines with a touch of nostalgia, and understand the subtle power of the Hindi passive voice. These advanced Hindi grammar patterns are essential for expressing yourself clearly, respectfully, and with a natural flow that sets you apart from intermediate learners.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just know Hindi; you'll *feel* Hindi. You'll wield its structures with confidence, making your communication clearer, more respectful, and profoundly more natural. Ready for a big leap in your Hindi fluency? Let's dive in!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the sophisticated Hindi grammar structures that will elevate your communication.
Expressing Necessity: It's Essential! (zaroori)
The word ज़रूरी (zaroori) means 'necessary' or 'essential'. It's an adjective and often appears with the verb होना (hona) 'to be', or is implied. You can use it to state general necessities or specific obligations.
* यह काम करना ज़रूरी है। (Doing this work is necessary.)
* आपके लिए हिंदी सीखना ज़रूरी है। (Learning Hindi is essential for you.)
* आज बारिश होगी, छाता ले जाना ज़रूरी है। (It will rain today, taking an umbrella is necessary.)
Comparing Things: Faster, Better, Cheaper (se)
The postposition से (se) is incredibly versatile, and one of its key functions at the B2 level is for making comparisons. It acts like 'than' in English.
* यह किताब उस किताब से बेहतर है। (This book is better than that book.)
* वह मुझसे लंबा है। (He is taller than me.)
* दिल्ली मुंबई से ज़्यादा ठंडा है। (Delhi is colder than Mumbai.)
Making Habits in Hindi: The 'Do' Construction (किया करना)
This construction, using the perfective participle of a verb followed by करना (karna) (to do) in the appropriate tense, describes consistent habits or routines, especially in the past. It often implies 'used to do' or 'would do'. Note that the ने (ne) particle is *not* used here.
* मैं रोज़ सुबह टहलने जाया करता था। (I used to go for a walk every morning.)
* वह बचपन में बहुत खेल खेला करती थी। (She used to play a lot of games in childhood.)
* मेरा भाई हमेशा सच बोला करता है। (My brother always speaks the truth (habitually).)
Hindi Passive Voice: Using 'to go' (जाना)
The verb जाना (jaana) (to go) acts as an auxiliary verb to form the general passive voice in Hindi. The perfective participle of the main verb is followed by जाना (jaana) conjugated for tense, aspect, and agreement. The focus shifts from the agent to the action or the object.
The agent is often omitted or expressed with के द्वारा (ke dwara) 'by'.
* यह काम किया गया। (This work was done.)
* पत्र लिखा जाएगा। (A letter will be written.)
* खाना खाया जा रहा है। (Food is being eaten.)
The 'I Physically Can't' Passive (Bhav Vachya)
This specialized passive voice, known as भाववाच्य (Bhav Vachya), is used to express inability, often physical, or to make impersonal statements. It typically uses the dative construction for the 'experiencer' (e.g., मुझसे - mujse 'by me') and the main verb is in the masculine singular perfective participle, followed by जाना (jaana) (to go) in the masculine singular.
* मुझसे चला नहीं जाता। (I cannot walk / I am unable to walk.)
* बच्चों से सोया नहीं जा रहा है। (The children are unable to sleep.)
* यहाँ बैठा नहीं जा सकता। (One cannot sit here / It's not possible to sit here.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «यह काम करना के लिए ज़रूरी है।»
✓ Correct: «यह काम करना ज़रूरी है।»
*Explanation:* The postposition के लिए (ke liye) 'for' is unnecessary when stating general necessity with ज़रूरी (zaroori). The infinitive verb already implies the action that is necessary.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «वह मैं से लंबा है।»
✓ Correct: «वह मुझसे लंबा है।»
*Explanation:* When using से (se) for comparison with pronouns, the pronoun takes its oblique form, and से (se) is often attached directly. मैं (mai) becomes मुझ (mujh) + से (se) = मुझसे (mujse). Similarly, तुम (tum) becomes तुमसे (tumse), हम (ham) becomes हमसे (hamse), etc.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «मैंने रोज़ सुबह टहलने जाया करता था।»
✓ Correct: «मैं रोज़ सुबह टहलने जाया करता था।»
*Explanation:* The ने (ne) particle is *never* used with the किया करना (kiya karna) construction. This construction focuses on the habitual action, not the agent's completion of a specific transitive act.

Real Conversations

A

A

क्या यह रिपोर्ट आज पूरी करना ज़रूरी है? (Is it necessary to complete this report today?)
B

B

हाँ, यह आज ही पूरी की जानी है, कल से पहले। (Yes, it has to be completed today, before tomorrow.)
A

A

तुम बचपन में कौन सा खेल खेला करते थे? (Which game did you use to play in childhood?)
B

B

मैं क्रिकेट खेला करता था, वह बाकी खेलों से ज़्यादा पसंद था। (I used to play cricket, it was more preferred than other games.)
A

A

लगता है तुम बहुत थके हो, मुझसे और चला नहीं जाता। (It seems you are very tired, I can't walk anymore.)
B

B

हाँ, मुझसे भी अब और इंतज़ार नहीं किया जाएगा। चलो वापस चलते हैं। (Yes, I also can't wait anymore. Let's go back.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How is ज़रूरी (zaroori) different from चाहिए (chahiye) for expressing necessity?

ज़रूरी (zaroori) implies something is 'essential' or 'required' (a fact or strong need), while चाहिए (chahiye) expresses 'should' or 'ought to' (a recommendation or milder obligation).

Q

Can the किया करना (kiya karna) construction be used for future habits?

While primarily used for past habits, it can sometimes describe present/future consistent habits, e.g., वह हमेशा सच बोला करता है (He always speaks the truth). For future plans, simpler future tense is more common.

Q

What's the main difference between the general जाना (jaana) passive and भाववाच्य (Bhav Vachya)?

The general जाना (jaana) passive focuses on the action being done to an object (e.g., *work was done*). भाववाच्य (Bhav Vachya) is an impersonal passive, typically expressing inability (e.g., *I cannot walk*) or a general statement where the agent's capacity or willingness is key.

Q

Is से (se) for comparison always used with ज़्यादा (zyada) or कम (kam)?

No, से (se) can be used alone (e.g., वह मुझसे लंबा है - He is taller than me) or with adjectives like बेहतर (behtar) (better), अच्छा (accha) (good), etc., without ज़्यादा (zyada) or कम (kam).

Cultural Context

These Hindi grammar structures are vital for sounding natural and polite. The passive voice, especially भाववाच्य (Bhav Vachya), is often used to express inability or avoid direct statements, which can be seen as more respectful or less confrontational in many Indian contexts. It's a subtle way to convey 'I can't' without directly saying 'I don't want to'.
The किया करना (kiya karna) construction adds a nostalgic or familiar touch when describing past routines, making your storytelling richer. These patterns allow for more nuanced and less agent-focused communication, reflecting a common linguistic preference in Hindi.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Mera naya phone purane wale se kahin zyada tez hai.

私の新しいスマホは、古いものよりずっと速いです。

比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)
2

Yeh coffee us dukan ki coffee se behtar hai.

このコーヒーは、あのお店のコーヒーより美味しいです。

比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)
3

यह काम कल किया जाएगा।

この仕事は明日行われます。

ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方
4

चाय पी जा रही है।

お茶が飲まれています。

ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方
5

मुझसे अब और पढ़ा नहीं जाता, मैं थक गया हूँ।

I can't study anymore, I'm tired.

「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)
6

चलो, अब घर चला जाए?

Come on, should we go home now?

「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

発音のチェック

Zaroori の最初の音は、日本語の「ザ」よりも喉を震わせる 'z'（ゼブラの z）の音です。 'j'（ジャ）にならないように気をつけると、よりネイティブっぽくなりますよ！ Zaroori
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 必要性の表現：これは必須です！ (zaroori)
💡

「se」のイメージを掴もう

比較の se は「〜から（起点）」とイメージすると分かりやすいですよ。
A, B se bada hai
は「Bから見て、Aは大きい」というニュアンスになります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)
⚠️

助詞 'ने' は使用禁止！

この習慣の表現では、たとえ過去形であっても ने (ne) を使ってはいけません。完了分詞の形に引きずられて ने を使ってしまうのは、B2レベルでも陥りやすい罠です。 «मैं रोज़ गाना गाया करता था।»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語で習慣を表す：'する' 構文 (किया करना)
⚠️

一致のルールが最優先

「से」が付いた主語に動詞を合わせてはいけません。常に「対象物」の性別と数を確認してください。例えば「私によって本が読まれた」と言う場合、動詞は女性名詞の「本」に合わせます。 «किताब पढ़ी गई।»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方

重要な語彙 (6)

ज़रूरी(zaroori) necessary/essential तुलना(tulna) comparison अक्सर(aksar) often फैसला(faisla) decision मजबूरी(majboori) compulsion/helplessness बेहतर(behtar) better

Real-World Preview

briefcase

A Corporate Meeting in Mumbai

Review Summary

  • Infinitive + ज़रूरी है/था (zaroori hai/tha)
  • A + B से + Adjective + है
  • Perfective Participle + करना (karna)
  • Perfective Participle + जाना (jaana)
  • Subject-से + Verb Root-आ + नहीं + जाता

よくある間違い

Never use the 'ne' particle with the habitual 'kiya karna' construction, even if the main verb is transitive.

Wrong: मैंने रोज़ जाया किया। (Maine roz jaaya kiya.)
正解: मैं रोज़ जाया करता था। (Main roz jaaya karta tha.)

In Hindi, the passive is usually used when the agent is unknown or irrelevant. Adding 'mere dwara' (by me) sounds unnaturally translated from English.

Wrong: यह काम किया गया था मेरे द्वारा। (Yeh kaam kiya gaya tha mere dwara.)
正解: यह काम किया गया। (Yeh kaam kiya gaya.)

Bhav Vachya requires the 'se' postposition on the subject, not the 'ko' (mujhe) dative case.

Wrong: मुझे नहीं चला जाता। (Mujhe nahi chala jaata.)
正解: मुझसे चला नहीं जाता। (Mujhse chala nahi jaata.)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

必要性の表現：これは必須です！ (zaroori)

B2
単なる願望ではなく、客観的な「不可欠さ」や「緊急性」を伝えるには zaroori を使いましょう。 zaroori hai で「必要だ」、 zaroori nahi hai で「必要ない」を表現できます。
Mujhe abhi nikalna zaroori hai.
10 例文
2

比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)

B2
ヒンディー語の比較は、形容詞の変化ではなく、比較対象の後ろに置く se という魔法のパーツが鍵です。一番を決めるときは sabse を使えばOK！
Mera naya phone purane wale se kahin zyada tez hai...
10 例文
3

ヒンディー語で習慣を表す：'する' 構文 (किया करना)

B2
意図的な習慣や懐かしい過去のルーチンを語るなら「完了分詞 + करना」を使いましょう。助詞の «ने» は使わないのが鉄則です。
मैं रोज़ सुबह योगा किया करता हूँ।
10 例文
4

ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方

B2
動作の「主体」から「対象」へ視点を移すのが受身形です。過去分詞に «जाना» を添えるだけで、洗練された表現になりますよ。 «जाना» «से» «過去分詞»
यह काम कल किया जाएगा।
10 例文
5

「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

B2
Use 'Subject + se + Verb(aa) + jaana' to express physical inability or polite suggestions, keeping the verb strictly masculine singular.
मुझसे अब और पढ़ा नहीं जाता, मैं थक गया हूँ।
10 例文

Next Steps

Congratulations! You have officially completed the B2 level of Hindi. You've moved from basic sentences to mastering the subtle, formal, and habitual nuances that make a speaker truly fluent. Keep practicing, keep listening, and keep speaking—the world of Hindi is now wide open to you!

Read a Hindi newspaper editorial and highlight all passive voice constructions.

Record a 2-minute 'Life Story' using the habitual 'do' construction for your childhood.

Continue to: The Art of Emphasis and Pragmatics

クイック練習 (9)

比較文として正しい語順に並び替えてください。

Arrange: [बड़ा] [है] [से] [मेरा घर] [तुम्हारे घर]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मेरा घर तुम्हारे घर से बड़ा है
基本語順は、主語 (मेरा घर) + 比較対象 (तुम्हारे घर) + 助詞 (से) + 形容詞 (बड़ा) + 動詞 (है) です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)

Fill in the blank.

Mujhse ___ nahi jata. (walk)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chala
Root + a.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Usse chala nahi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Usse chala nahi jata
Need auxiliary.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

性別の一致の間違いを見つけてください。

किताब पढ़ा गया। (その本は読まれた。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: किताब पढ़ी गई。
किताब は女性名詞なので、分詞の पढ़ी と補助動詞の गई の両方を女性形にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方

Choose the correct form.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse chala nahi jata
Oblique case + se.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

空欄を埋めて比較の文を完成させてください。

सोना चाँदी ___ महँगा होता है। (金は銀よりも高い。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: से
ヒンディー語で「〜より」という比較を表すには se を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)

正しい受身形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

चिट्ठी कल ___ (लिखना - 過去受身).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: लिखी गई
चिट्ठी (手紙) は女性名詞なので、受身形も女性形の लिखी गई になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方

「不可能」を正しく表現している文はどれですか？

「私はこんなにたくさん食べられません」に該当するものを選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मुझसे इतना नहीं खाया जाता।
不可能の受身には、主語に से を付け、補助動詞 जाना を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の受動態：'行く' (जाना) の使い方

「最高」を意味する正しい文を選んでください。

वह गाना बहुत अच्छा है। (「最高の歌」に変えてみましょう。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वह गाना सबसे अच्छा है।
Sabse は「全てよりも」という意味で、最上級を作ります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 比較の表現：より速い、より良い、より安い (se)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

Zaroori は日常会話でよく使われる言葉です。一方 Avashyak はサンスクリット語由来で、政府の掲示板やニュースなど非常にフォーマルな場面で使われます。普段は Zaroori を使えばバッチリです。
はい、使えますが意味に注意！ Tum zaroori ho は「君は（私にとって）大切な存在だ」というロマンチックな意味になります。「君という戦力が必要だ」という事務的な意味ではありません。
はい、 zyada（もっと）を使いますが、 se があれば必須ではありません。
Ram Shyam se lamba hai
と言うだけで十分比較になります。
動詞を不定詞の形（〜すること）にして比較対象にします。
Bolne se karna mushkil hai
（言うことより行うことの方が難しい）のように使いますよ。
厳密には違います。「पढ़ता हूँ」は単なる事実（読みます）ですが、「पढ़ा करता हूँ」は「意識して習慣にしている（読むようにしている）」というニュアンスになります。 «मैं रोज़ अख़बार पढ़ा करता हूँ।»
ここでの करना は単なる「する」という動詞ではなく、アスペクト（相）を示す助動詞として機能しているからです。文法構造上、能格の ne は入り込めない決まりになっています。 "मैंने गाना गाया किया (X) -> मैं गाना गाया करता था (O)"
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