B2 Advanced Verbs 18 min read ふつう

「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)

Use 'Subject + se + Verb(aa) + jaana' to express physical inability or polite suggestions, keeping the verb strictly masculine singular.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use this structure to express physical or situational inability, where the subject is marked with 'se' and the verb is passive.

  • Change the subject to the oblique case + 'se' (e.g., 'Mujhse').
  • Use the infinitive form of the verb + 'ja' (passive auxiliary).
  • Conjugate the auxiliary 'ja' according to the tense and mood.
Subject + se + Verb(root/infinitive) + ja + Tense/Mood

Overview

講義やゲームで長い一日を過ごした後、疲れすぎて単に「歩けない」と言うのではなく、「歩くことなんて今の私には文字通り不可能だ」と言いたくなったことはありませんか?それがヒンディー語の非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya) の雰囲気です。スポットライトを*あなた*(行為者)から*行為*そのものに移します。誰がそれをするかではなく、それをする感覚や能力についての表現です。能力がないことの不満(「もう無理!」)や丁寧な提案(「そろそろ行こうか?」)で、これを頻繁に耳にするでしょう。

How This Grammar Works

英語や日本語では通常「歩けません」と言います。しかし、ヒンディー語には特別な「ムード」モードがあります。「私は歩かない」(能動)と言う代わりに、「歩くことは私によって行われない」と言います。詩的に聞こえますが、ヒンディー語ではこれが身体的または感情的な不能を表す標準的な方法です。一番クールな点は?焦点が行為/感情 (bhav) にあるため、動詞はあなたの性別や数を気にしません。中立的な形で固定されます。動詞がオートパイロットになるようなものです。

Formation Pattern

1
これを作るには、3つの材料が必要です:
2
主語 + se:行為者には se(〜によって)が付きます。
3
本動詞(固定):語根に a(男性単数過去分詞)を加えます。*ヒント:これはめったに変わりません。*
4
補助動詞 Jaana:これが文法的な仕事(時制)をします。これも男性単数のままで、通常 jata hai(現在)または gaya(過去)です。
5
公式:
6
主語 + se + 本動詞 (aa) + Jaana (男性単数)
7
活用表:
8
| 時制 | ヒンディー語の文 | 直訳 | 意味 |
9
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
10
| 現在否定 | Mujhse chala nahi jata. | 歩くことは私によって行われない。 | 私は歩けません。 |
11
| 過去否定 | Usse utha nahi gaya. | 起きることは彼によって行われなかった。 | 彼は起き上がれませんでした。 |
12
| 提案 | Chalo, ab soya jaye. | さあ、眠ることが行われるように。 | さあ、寝ましょう。 |

When To Use It

これは単なるおしゃれな言い換えではなく、特定のニュアンスがあります:
  • 完全な不能(否定): 痛み、感情、または疲労があなたを止める時。「Mujhse aur *khela* nahi jata」(もうこれ以上遊べない)。
  • 丁寧な提案(肯定): 偉そうにせずにグループに何かを提案する時。「Ab *nikla* jaye?」(そろそろ出かけようか?)。
  • 許可: ドラマチックまたは形式的な質問。「Kya andar *aaya* jaye?」(入ってもよろしいですか?)。
  • 一般的な真実: 「Garmi mein *soya* nahi jata」(暑い中では眠れない)。

Common Mistakes

  • 性別を変えてしまう: これがNo.1の間違いです。学習者は動詞を主語に合わせようとします。ストップ。たとえあなたが女性でも、「Mujhse *chala* nahi jata」と言い、「chali nahi jati」とは言いません。
  • 他動詞を誤って使う: この特定の「Bhav Vachya」スタイルは、厳密に自動詞(目的語のない動詞、寝る、歩く、笑うなど)用です。もし目的語がある場合(「ご飯を食べる」など)、それは標準的な受動態(Karma Vachya)になり、ルールが少し変わります。
  • 使いすぎ: 単純なスキルには使わないでください。「泳げない」(スキル)は通常「Mujhe tairna nahi aata」です。このパターンは「(疲労/怪我で)今身体的に泳ぐことができない」場合に使ってください。

Contrast With Similar Patterns

  • Sakna (できる): 「Main chal nahi sakta」は単純な事実です:「私は歩けません。」(方法を知らないか、足が折れているかも)。「Mujhse chala nahi jata」は*無力感*や*葛藤*を暗示します:「歩く気力がどうしても湧かない。」
  • 受動態 (Karma Vachya): 「Khana khaya gaya」(食べ物が食べられた)。ここでは、動詞は*食べ物*と一致します。非人称受動態では、目的語がないため、動詞は*何とも*一致しません(デフォルトで男性単数)。

Quick FAQ

Q

これを 'ne' と一緒に使えますか?

いいえ! 'Ne' は能動態の過去形用です。ここでは常に 'se' または 'ke dwara' を使います。

Q

これはフォーマルですか?

「提案」の形(

Chalo shuru kiya jaye
)は少しフォーマルまたはドラマチックに感じられます。「不能」の形(Mujhse nahi hota)は非常に一般的でカジュアルです。

Q

なぜ常に男性形なのですか?

文法の「主語」が*行為*(動名詞の概念)であり、ヒンディー語では男性単数として扱われるためです。

Bhav Vachya Conjugation Table

Subject Oblique Form Verb Root Passive Auxiliary Example
Main
Mujhse
Chal
Jata hai
Mujhse chala jata hai
Tu
Tujhse
Chal
Jata hai
Tujhse chala jata hai
Tum
Tumse
Chal
Jata hai
Tumse chala jata hai
Aap
Aapse
Chal
Jata hai
Aapse chala jata hai
Vah
Usse
Chal
Jata hai
Usse chala jata hai
Hum
Humse
Chal
Jata hai
Humse chala jata hai

Meanings

This structure expresses an inability to perform an action due to physical, mental, or situational constraints, rather than a lack of permission.

1

Physical Inability

Inability due to physical exhaustion or limitation.

“मुझसे इतना भारी बक्सा नहीं उठाया जाता।”

“मुझसे अब और नहीं दौड़ा जाता।”

2

Situational Constraint

Inability due to external circumstances or social pressure.

“मुझसे झूठ नहीं बोला जाता।”

“मुझसे इतनी भीड़ में नहीं रहा जाता।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 「もう無理」を表す非人称受動態 (Bhav Vachya)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Sub + se + V-root + a + jata
Mujhse chala jata hai
Negative
Sub + se + V-root + a + nahi jata
Mujhse chala nahi jata
Interrogative
Kya + Sub + se + V-root + a + jata?
Kya mujhse chala jata hai?
Past Tense
Sub + se + V-root + a + gaya
Mujhse chala nahi gaya
Future Tense
Sub + se + V-root + a + jayega
Mujhse chala nahi jayega
Continuous
Sub + se + V-root + a + ja raha
Mujhse chala nahi ja raha

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Mujhse ab aur nahi khaya jata.

Mujhse ab aur nahi khaya jata. (Dinner party)

ニュートラル
Mujhse aur nahi khaya jata.

Mujhse aur nahi khaya jata. (Dinner party)

カジュアル
Mujhse aur nahi khaya ja raha.

Mujhse aur nahi khaya ja raha. (Dinner party)

スラング
Bas, nahi ho raha!

Bas, nahi ho raha! (Dinner party)

Bhav Vachya Components

Bhav Vachya

Subject

  • Mujhse By me

Verb

  • Root + a Verb base

Auxiliary

  • Jana To go/passive

レベル別の例文

1

मुझसे नहीं चला जाता।

I cannot walk.

2

मुझसे नहीं खाया जाता।

I cannot eat.

3

मुझसे नहीं सोया जाता।

I cannot sleep.

4

मुझसे नहीं पढ़ा जाता।

I cannot read.

1

मुझसे इतना काम नहीं किया जाता।

I cannot do this much work.

2

मुझसे सुबह नहीं उठा जाता।

I cannot wake up early.

3

उससे यह नहीं सहा जाता।

He cannot bear this.

4

क्या तुमसे यह नहीं किया जाता?

Can you not do this?

1

मुझसे इतनी गर्मी में नहीं रहा जाता।

I cannot live in this much heat.

2

मुझसे झूठ नहीं बोला जाता।

I cannot tell a lie.

3

मुझसे इतनी भीड़ में नहीं चला जाता।

I cannot walk in this crowd.

4

उससे अब और नहीं दौड़ा जाता।

He cannot run anymore.

1

मुझसे यह अपमान नहीं सहा जाता।

I cannot tolerate this insult.

2

मुझसे इतनी लंबी यात्रा नहीं की जाती।

I cannot undertake such a long journey.

3

मुझसे यह जिम्मेदारी नहीं उठाई जाती।

I cannot take on this responsibility.

4

क्या तुमसे यह बोझ नहीं उठाया जाता?

Can you not lift this burden?

1

मुझसे इस तरह का व्यवहार नहीं सहा जाता।

I cannot endure this kind of behavior.

2

मुझसे अब और यह नाटक नहीं देखा जाता।

I cannot watch this drama anymore.

3

मुझसे इतनी जटिल समस्या नहीं सुलझाई जाती।

I cannot solve such a complex problem.

4

मुझसे यह कड़वा सच नहीं बोला जाता।

I cannot speak this bitter truth.

1

मुझसे इस व्यवस्था के विरुद्ध नहीं लड़ा जाता।

I cannot fight against this system.

2

मुझसे इतनी विलासिता में नहीं रहा जाता।

I cannot live in such luxury.

3

मुझसे यह कठिन निर्णय नहीं लिया जाता।

I cannot take this difficult decision.

4

मुझसे अब और मौन नहीं रहा जाता।

I cannot remain silent anymore.

間違えやすい

The 'I Physically Can't' Passive (Bhav Vachya) Sakna vs Bhav Vachya

Both express 'cannot'.

The 'I Physically Can't' Passive (Bhav Vachya) Passive Voice vs Bhav Vachya

Both use 'jana'.

The 'I Physically Can't' Passive (Bhav Vachya) Active Voice vs Bhav Vachya

Subject markers.

よくある間違い

Main nahi chala jata

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Must use oblique case 'Mujhse'.

Mujhse chala nahi

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Need the auxiliary 'jata'.

Mujhse chala sakna

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Do not mix 'sakna' with passive.

Mujhse nahi chalna

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Use the root + a, not the infinitive.

Usse chala nahi

Usse chala nahi jata

Missing the auxiliary verb.

Mujhse nahi jata chala

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Word order is wrong.

Mujhse nahi kiya sakti

Mujhse nahi kiya jata

Incorrect modal usage.

Mujhse nahi kiya gaya

Mujhse nahi kiya jata

Tense mismatch.

Mujhse nahi jata

Mujhse chala nahi jata

Missing the main verb root.

Mujhse nahi bolna jata

Mujhse bola nahi jata

Incorrect verb form.

Mujhse nahi bol pa raha

Mujhse bola nahi jata

Using 'pa raha' instead of 'bhav vachya'.

Mujhse nahi jata bol

Mujhse bola nahi jata

Incorrect word order.

Mujhse nahi kiya jata hai

Mujhse nahi kiya jata

Redundant 'hai' in some contexts.

文型パターン

Mujhse ___ nahi jata.

Kya tumse ___ nahi jata?

Mujhse itni ___ mein nahi raha jata.

Mujhse yeh ___ nahi saha jata.

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Mujhse ab nahi ho raha.

Job Interview occasional

Mujhse yeh zimmedari nahi uthayi jati.

Travel common

Mujhse aur nahi chala jata.

Food Delivery common

Mujhse aur nahi khaya jata.

Social Media common

Mujhse yeh drama nahi dekha jata.

Gym common

Mujhse aur nahi uthaya jata.

💡

Focus on the 'se'

Always remember the 'se' marker. It is the key to the passive construction.
⚠️

Don't use 'sakna'

Avoid using 'sakna' when you mean 'bhav vachya'. They are different.
🎯

Use for complaints

It is the perfect way to complain politely about physical limits.
💬

Be emotive

This structure is meant to be emotive. Use it when you are genuinely tired.

Smart Tips

Use 'Mujhse... nahi jata' to express your state.

Main nahi chal sakta. Mujhse chala nahi jata.

Use it to frame refusal as a limitation.

Main yeh nahi karunga. Mujhse yeh nahi kiya jata.

Use it to describe your inability to cope.

Main yahan nahi reh sakta. Mujhse yahan nahi raha jata.

Use it to express deep feelings.

Main yeh nahi seh sakta. Mujhse yeh nahi saha jata.

発音

/dʒɑːtɑː/

Jata

The 'j' is a soft palatal stop. The 't' is a retroflex stop.

Falling intonation

Mujhse chala nahi jata ↘

Conveys resignation or exhaustion.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Bhav Vachya' as 'Body Vachya'—it's about what your body can or cannot handle.

視覚的連想

Imagine yourself trying to lift a heavy rock. You are pushing, but your body says 'no'. That 'no' is the 'nahi jata'.

Rhyme

Mujhse nahi chala jata, thak gaya hoon main bhai, ab mujhse nahi khaya jata.

Story

Rohan tried to run a marathon. He reached the 10km mark. He stopped. He said, 'Mujhse nahi dauda jata.' He sat down and realized his legs were done.

Word Web

MujhseNahiJataSahaKiyaChalaKhayaUthaya

チャレンジ

For the next 5 minutes, describe 3 things you physically cannot do right now using the 'Mujhse... nahi jata' structure.

文化メモ

This is very common in daily life to express fatigue after work.

Used in literature to show the character's internal struggle.

Often shortened or mixed with English.

Derived from Sanskrit passive constructions.

会話のきっかけ

Kya tumse subah jaldi utha jata hai?

Kya tumse itna kaam kiya jata hai?

Kya tumse jhooth bola jata hai?

Kya tumse yeh kathin nirnay liya jata hai?

日記のテーマ

Describe a day when you were very tired.
Write about a moral dilemma you faced.
What are some things you cannot do in the heat?
Discuss the pressure of work/study.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Mujhse ___ nahi jata. (walk)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chala
Root + a.
Choose the correct form. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse chala nahi jata
Oblique case + se.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Usse chala nahi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Usse chala nahi jata
Need auxiliary.
Transform to Bhav Vachya. Sentence Transformation

Main nahi kha sakta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse nahi khaya jata
Passive of inability.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Kya tumse dauda jata hai? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nahi, mujhse nahi dauda jata
Full passive structure.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

Mujhse / nahi / jata / saha.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse saha nahi jata
Correct word order.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

Mujhse / jata / nahi / chala.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse chala nahi jata
Standard order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I can't walk
Chala = walk.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Mujhse ___ nahi jata. (walk)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chala
Root + a.
Choose the correct form. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse chala nahi jata
Oblique case + se.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Usse chala nahi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Usse chala nahi jata
Need auxiliary.
Transform to Bhav Vachya. Sentence Transformation

Main nahi kha sakta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse nahi khaya jata
Passive of inability.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Kya tumse dauda jata hai? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nahi, mujhse nahi dauda jata
Full passive structure.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

Mujhse / nahi / jata / saha.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse saha nahi jata
Correct word order.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

Mujhse / jata / nahi / chala.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse chala nahi jata
Standard order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match: Mujhse chala nahi jata

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I can't walk
Chala = walk.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Complete the sentence. 穴埋め問題

Usse dard ke maare ___ nahi gaya. (speak)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bola
Translate this thought into Hindi. 翻訳

I cannot sit here. (Using Impersonal Passive)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse yahan baitha nahi jata.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Rahul se roya nahi jati.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Rahul se roya nahi jata.
Match the Hindi phrase to its English meaning. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Can't sleep (incapacity)","Let's sleep (suggestion)","Cannot sleep (general)"]
Arrange the words to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

nahi / mujhse / hai / jata / dekha

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse dekha nahi jata hai.
Which sentence expresses 'Let's play'? 選択問題

Select the suggestion form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chalo, khela jaye.
Complete the phrase. 穴埋め問題

Garmi mein ___ nahi jata. (cook)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pakaya
Correct the grammar. Error Correction

Ladkiyon se bhaagi nahi gayi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ladkiyon se bhaaga nahi gaya.
Translate: 'One cannot walk on ice.' 翻訳

Translate using Impersonal Passive.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Barf par chala nahi jata.
Identify the correct usage of 'se'. 選択問題

Which sentence correctly uses the passive marker?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ram se utha nahi jata.
Fill in the helper verb. 穴埋め問題

Chalo, ab nahaaya ___ . (suggestion)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jaye
Reorder for: 'I couldn't even laugh.' Sentence Reorder

hansa / bhi / nahi / mujhse / gaya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse hansa bhi nahi gaya.

Score: /12

よくある質問 (8)

No, it can be used in affirmative, but it is much more common in negative.

Mostly for intransitive verbs or verbs expressing physical states.

Sakna is ability; Bhav Vachya is involuntary impossibility.

It is neutral and used in all registers.

It marks the agent in passive constructions.

Yes, 'Mujhse chala nahi gaya'.

Extremely common.

The auxiliary 'jata' changes if the object is feminine, but usually it stays masculine singular.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

No se puede

Hindi uses the oblique case for the agent.

French moderate

On ne peut pas

Hindi is more specific about the agent.

German moderate

Man kann nicht

Hindi is more personal.

Japanese low

Dekinai

Hindi uses a passive structure.

Arabic low

La astati'u

Hindi is passive.

Chinese low

Bu neng

Hindi is passive and oblique.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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