A2 · 初中級 チャプター 10

Building Sentences with Core Particles

3 トータルルール
32 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the essential particles that act as the invisible glue for natural Korean sentences.

  • Distinguish between topic and subject particles.
  • Link nouns and people using casual connectors.
  • Express choices, suggestions, and surprise with flexible particles.
Glue your Korean words together for perfect flow!

学べること

Hey there, language adventurer! You've already built a fantastic foundation with Korean words and basic sentences. Now, are you ready to truly make your sentences shine and sound super natural, just like a native speaker? In this exciting chapter, we're diving deep into the core particles that act as the invisible glue for your sentences, making them flow perfectly and express exactly what you mean. Think of them as the magical connectors that bring your words to life! First, we’ll master the subtle but incredibly important difference between **은/는 (Topic Particle)** and **이/가 (Subject Particle)**. You’ve definitely encountered them before, but now you’ll learn precisely when to use each. Want to introduce the main topic or draw a clear comparison? 은/는 is your go-to. Need to highlight new information or emphasize the subject of your sentence? 이/가 is perfect! Imagine you're at a restaurant, trying to say 'Kimchi is delicious' or telling a friend 'My friend arrived' – choosing the right particle truly changes everything. Then, we’ll add **도 (Also/Too/Even)** to your toolkit. It’s incredibly versatile and easy to use – just swap it in for other particles! You'll effortlessly say things like 'I *also* like kimchi' or 'He's *also* a student'. For casual chats with friends, **(이)랑 (Casual 'And/With')** is your new best friend! This particle lets you link nouns or say you’re doing something 'with' someone, perfect for friendly conversations like 'me *and* my friend' or 'I’m going *with* my brother'. And finally, get ready for **(이)나 (Or, Casual Suggestions, Surprise)**. This little particle packs a punch! Use it to offer choices ('coffee *or* tea?'), make casual suggestions ('something *like* that'), or even express shock at a large quantity ('Wow, you bought ten apples?!'). By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to construct longer, more nuanced sentences, making your Korean sound much more confident and natural in everyday conversations. You’ve got this – let’s go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly identify when to use 은/는 versus 이/가 in everyday scenarios.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use (이)랑 to describe companions and (이)나 to offer choices.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language adventurer! You've already built a fantastic foundation with Korean words and basic sentences. Now, are you ready to truly make your sentences shine and sound super natural, just like a native speaker?
In this exciting chapter, we're diving deep into the core particles that act as the invisible glue for your sentences, making them flow perfectly and express exactly what you mean. Think of them as the magical connectors that bring your words to life! Mastering these Korean grammar A2 particles is crucial for moving beyond basic communication and expressing more nuanced ideas.
This chapter focuses on key Korean particles that will elevate your speaking and listening skills. We'll clarify the subtle but incredibly important difference between 은/는 (Topic Particle) and 이/가 (Subject Particle), which is often a sticking point for learners. You’ll also add 도 (Also/Too/Even) to your toolkit, a versatile particle for expressing inclusion.
For casual chats, (이)랑 (Casual 'And/With') will become your new best friend, allowing for smooth, friendly connections between nouns.
Finally, get ready for (이)나 (Or, Casual Suggestions, Surprise), a small but mighty particle that packs a punch with multiple uses. By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to construct longer, more nuanced sentences, making your A2 Korean sound much more confident and natural in everyday conversations. You’ve got this – let’s go!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down these essential Korean grammar particles and see them in action. Understanding these will unlock a new level of fluency in your A2 Korean journey.
First, the dynamic duo: 은/는 (Topic Particle) vs. 이/가 (Subject Particle). The topic particle 은/는 (used after consonants/vowels respectively) introduces the main topic of your sentence, often something already known or being generally discussed.
It's great for comparisons or setting the scene. For example, 저는 학생입니다. (As for me, I am a student.) or 사과는 맛있어요. (Apples are delicious.) – a general statement about apples. In contrast, the subject particle 이/가 (used after consonants/vowels respectively) highlights the *subject* of the verb, often introducing new information or emphasizing who or what performed the action.
If someone asks, Who came?, you'd respond, 친구가 왔어요. (A friend came.) – emphasizing that the *friend* is the one who arrived.
Next, we have 도 (Also/Too/Even). This particle is wonderfully versatile! It simply replaces 은/는, 이/가, or the object particle 을/를 to add the meaning of also, too, or even. For example, if you said 저는 학생입니다. (I am a student.), to say
I *also* am a student,
you'd say 저도 학생입니다. (I am also a student.) Or, if you like kimchi, you could say 김치도 좋아해요. (I also like kimchi.)
For casual connections, (이)랑 (Casual 'And/With') is your go-to. This particle links nouns in a friendly, informal way. You use 이랑 after a consonant and 랑 after a vowel.
It can mean and when connecting two nouns, like 빵이랑 우유 (Bread and milk), or with when indicating accompaniment, as in 친구랑 영화 봤어요. (I watched a movie with a friend.)
Finally, the multi-faceted (이)나 (Or, Casual Suggestions, Surprise). Similar to (이)랑, you use 이나 after a consonant and 나 after a vowel. Its primary meaning is or for nouns, like 커피나 차 드릴까요? (Would you like coffee or tea?).
It can also be used for casual suggestions, implying
or something like that,
as in 점심으로 밥이나 먹을까요? (Shall we eat rice or something like that for lunch?). Lastly, it can express surprise or emphasis at a large quantity, often translated as as many as or even, for instance, 사과를 열 개나 샀어요! (You bought as many as ten apples!).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 왔어요. (I came.)
✓ Correct: 제가 왔어요. (I came.)
*Explanation:* While 저는 왔어요 isn't grammatically wrong, it sounds unnatural if you're introducing new information about who arrived. 제가 왔어요 emphasizes I as the subject who came, which is more common when responding to Who came?. 은/는 sets a topic, 이/가 identifies the subject.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 먹이랑 자요. (Eat and sleep.)
✓ Correct: 먹고 자요. (Eat and sleep.)
*Explanation:* The particle (이)랑 is used to connect *nouns* (e.g., bread and milk) or to mean with someone. To connect *verbs* or clauses, you need conjunctions like -고 (and) or -아서/어서 (and then, so).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 갈거나 올 거예요. (I will go or come.)
✓ Correct: 갈 거예요 아니면 올 거예요? (Will you go or will you come?) OR 커피나 차 드릴까요? (Would you like coffee or tea?)
*Explanation:* (이)나 is used for or with nouns or to make casual suggestions. It doesn't combine with verb stems to form
verb A or verb B.
For
verb A or verb B,
you would typically use -거나 (e.g., 먹거나 마시거나 - eat or drink) or structure the sentence with 아니면 for or between clauses.

Real Conversations

A

A

이것은 사과예요. 저것은 바나나예요. (This is an apple. That is a banana.)
B

B

사과는 맛있는데, 바나나는 별로 안 좋아해요. (Apples are delicious, but I don't really like bananas.)
A

A

저는 김치를 좋아해요. (I like kimchi.)
B

B

저도 김치를 좋아해요! 우리 같이 먹으러 갈까요? (I also like kimchi! Shall we go eat together?)
A

A

주말에 뭐 할 거예요? (What are you going to do this weekend?)
B

B

친구랑 영화나 볼까 생각 중이에요. (I'm thinking of watching a movie with a friend or something like that.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 은/는 and 이/가 in Korean grammar?

은/는 marks the topic, often something already known or for comparison, while 이/가 marks the subject, often introducing new information or emphasizing who/what performs an action.

Q

Can I use 도 with all particles in Korean?

도 primarily replaces 은/는, 이/가, and 을/를. It generally doesn't combine with or replace other particles like location particles (에/에서) or time particles.

Q

When should I use (이)랑 instead of 하고 for 'and' in Korean?

(이)랑 is a more casual and conversational way to say and or with between nouns, often used with friends or family. 하고 is also casual but can be slightly more formal than (이)랑 in some contexts, and it can also connect verbs in some informal speech, although -고 is more common for verbs.

Q

How does (이)나 express surprise in Korean sentences?

When (이)나 is attached to a number or quantity, it often implies as many as or even, expressing the speaker's surprise at the large amount. For example, 돈이 천만 원이나 있어요! (You have *as much as* ten million won!)

Cultural Context

In Korean conversation, the subtle choice between 은/는 and 이/가 can convey significant nuance, reflecting whether you're introducing a new piece of information or discussing an established topic. The casual nature of (이)랑 and (이)나 is also very common in everyday interactions among friends and family, making your speech sound much more natural and less textbook-like. Mastering these particles helps you sound more like a native speaker, reflecting the inherent context-rich communication style of Korean culture.

重要な例文 (4)

1

커피랑 빵을 먹어요.

コーヒーとパンを食べます。

カジュアルな「と・と一緒に」( (이)랑 )
2

친구랑 같이 영화 봤어.

友達と一緒に映画を見たよ。

カジュアルな「と・と一緒に」( (이)랑 )
3

San-ina bada-ro gal-kka-yo?

山か海へ行きましょうか？

助詞 (i)na (이나): 「〜か」「〜でも（提案）」「〜も（驚き）」
4

Simsim-han-de yeonghwa-na bol-lae?

暇だし、映画でも見ない？

助詞 (i)na (이나): 「〜か」「〜でも（提案）」「〜も（驚き）」

ヒントとコツ (3)

💡

「初めて」のルール

会話で新しい名詞が初めて登場するときは «이/가» を使います。一度話題に上がったら、次は «은/는» に切り替えると自然ですよ。ドラマでも «강아지가 있어요. 그 강아지는...» のように使われています。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 話題 (은/는) と主語 (이/가) の区別
🎯

リズムよく繰り返そう

テンションが上がった時は、全部の名詞に付けても可愛いですよ！ «치킨이랑 피자랑 콜라랑!»（チキンとピザとコーラ！）
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: カジュアルな「と・と一緒に」( (이)랑 )
💬

あえて「曖昧」にする優しさ

韓国では相手に配慮して、断る余地を残すのがマナーです。「〜でも」というニュアンスで使うと、押し付けがましくない優しい誘いになります。 «커피나 마실까요?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助詞 (i)na (이나): 「〜か」「〜でも（提案）」「〜も（驚き）」

重要な語彙 (5)

친구 (chingu) friend 커피 (keopi) coffee 맛있다 (masitda) to be delicious 가다 (gada) to go 먹다 (meokda) to eat

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering at a Cafe

Review Summary

  • Noun + 은/는 (Topic) vs Noun + 이/가 (Subject)
  • Noun + (이)랑
  • Noun + (이)나

よくある間違い

Even though you are talking about the apple, 'like' usually takes the object marker 를. Don't confuse the subject of the sentence with the object of your affection.

Wrong: 저는 사과가 좋아해요.
正解: 저는 사과를 좋아해요.

While '친구랑' implies 'with a friend', adding '같이' (together) makes the sentence much more natural in Korean.

Wrong: 친구랑 가요.
正解: 친구랑 같이 가요.

Using (이)나 implies a choice (coffee or something else). If you just want coffee, use the object marker 를.

Wrong: 커피나 마셔요.
正解: 커피를 마셔요.

Next Steps

You've mastered the glue of the Korean language! Keep practicing, and you'll be speaking fluently before you know it.

Write a diary entry using all three particles.

Continue to: Setting Boundaries: Time, Place, and Frequency

クイック練習 (8)

「パンと牛乳」を正しく表現しているのはどれ？

正しい形を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 빵이랑 우유
「빵」はパッチム（子音）で終わるので、「이랑」を繋げるのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: カジュアルな「と・と一緒に」( (이)랑 )

助詞の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

나는 좋아하는 음식이 떡볶이예요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 내가 좋아하는 음식이 떡볶이예요.
「好きな〜」という連体形の中では、主語は «은/는» ではなく «이/가» を使う必要があります。«나 + 가» は «내가» になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 話題 (은/는) と主語 (이/가) の区別

2つのことを比較する時、最も自然な文はどれですか？

「天気はいいけど、交通は悪いです」と言いたい時：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 날씨는 좋은데 교통은 나빠요.
対照的な2つのことを比べる時は、両方に «은/는» を使うのが最も自然で、比較の意図がはっきり伝わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 話題 (은/는) と主語 (이/가) の区別

この文の間違いを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

음식이 맛있는데 가격이 좀 비싸요. (意図：味と価格を比較している)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음식은 맛있는데 가격은 좀 비싸요.
味は良いが価格は高い、という対比を強調したい場合は、両方に «은/는» を使うのがベストです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 話題 (은/는) と主語 (이/가) の区別

不自然な使い方を見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

目上の人に使うと失礼になる提案はどれですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sajangnim-ina mannalkkayo? (社長にでも会いましょうか？)
人に '(i)na' を使うと「代わりの選択肢」のようなニュアンスになり、社長 (Sajangnim) のような目上の人には失礼です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助詞 (i)na (이나): 「〜か」「〜でも（提案）」「〜も（驚き）」

文脈に合う助詞を選んでください。

갑자기 전화___ 왔어요. (突然電話が来ました。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가
「전화」は母音で終わるので「가」を使います。また「突然」という新しい情報の登場なので «이/가» が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 話題 (은/는) と主語 (이/가) の区別

「or（か）」を正しく使っている文はどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jib-ina hakgyo (家か学校)
'Jib' はパッチム（ㅂ）で終わるので、 '-ina' を付けます。 '-geona' は動詞用です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助詞 (i)na (이나): 「〜か」「〜でも（提案）」「〜も（驚き）」

「ミンジと一緒に行きました」という意味の文で、間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

민지이랑 같이 갔어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 민지랑 같이 갔어요.
「민지」は母音で終わるので、「이랑」ではなく「랑」を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: カジュアルな「と・と一緒に」( (이)랑 )

Score: /8

よくある質問 (6)

「은/는」は「何について話すか（主題）」や「比較」を表し、「이/가」は「誰が・何が（主語）」を強調したり新しい情報を出したりする時に使います。 «저는 학생이에요»（私は学生です）は自己紹介の定番です。
はい、とても多いです！ «오늘은 비가 와요»（今日は雨が降ります）のように、«오늘은» で話題（今日）を決め、«비가» で新しい情報（雨）を伝えます。
はい、会話ではとても万能です！ «커피랑 빵»（コーヒーとパン）のように、物にも人にも使えますよ。
«하고» は少し丁寧で、どんな場面でも使いやすいです。対して «(이)랑» はもっと親しみやすく、仲の良い友達と話す時にぴったりな響きになります。
いいえ。「食べるか寝るか」のように動詞に使う場合は -geona ({거나}) を使います。 (i)na は名詞専用です。
良い質問ですね！ 'ㄹ' は子音なので、基本ルール通り ina を付けます。例えば Jihacheol (地下鉄) → Jihacheol-ina となります。
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