A2 · 初中級 チャプター 9

Rules, Obligations, and Opinions

5 トータルルール
53 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Navigate Korean social rules and express your thoughts with polite, natural nuance.

  • Ask for permission and state rules politely.
  • Express personal and social obligations clearly.
  • Share your soft opinions and describe how things change.
Master the art of polite requests and social boundaries.

学べること

You've mastered the Korean basics – fantastic! Now, let's level up your fluency and confidence so you can speak more like a native. This chapter is all about navigating social interactions and expressing yourself with nuance. Imagine you're in a Korean café and want to politely ask a friend if you can borrow their book, or you need to say, May I go? You'll learn the perfect way with «-아/어/여도 되다». Then, we'll dive into must-nots and prohibitions. Want to explain a rule like "You can't take photos here,

or firmly advise someone
You shouldn't do that«? »-(으)면 안 되다" is your go-to. Next, you'll master how to express necessity – the musts and have-tos of daily life. Whether you need to say
I have to go to work
or
It must be done,
«-아야/어야 하다/되다» will make your Korean sound natural and authentic. We’ll also cover how to describe changes, like saying
the weather is getting cold
or "I'm getting tired using ~아/어/여지다
. Finally, for those moments when you want to share an opinion or make a soft guess – like
It seems like it's going to rain or I think this book is interesting" – you'll learn «-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다» to sound incredibly natural and polite. These five grammar patterns are interconnected tools that will empower you to express permissions, rules, obligations, changes, and soft opinions with precision and grace in any modern Korean conversation. Ready to speak Korean with true confidence? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Ask for permission in various social settings using -아/어/여도 되다.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Identify and explain prohibitions or rules using -(으)면 안 되다.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Express necessity and personal duties using -아야/어야 하다.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Describe transitions in state or weather using -아/어/여지다.
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to: Soften your opinions and make polite guesses using -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Congratulations on reaching the A2 level in your Korean grammar journey! You've mastered the fundamentals, and now it's time to unlock a new layer of fluency and expressiveness. This chapter is your key to navigating daily social interactions with greater confidence and nuance, helping you sound more like a native speaker.
We'll explore essential structures that allow you to express rules, obligations, permissions, and even your personal opinions. Imagine being able to politely ask if you can borrow something, state a rule like No photos allowed, or share a soft guess about the weather. These skills are crucial for practical communication in any Korean-speaking environment.
By understanding these interconnected grammar patterns, you'll gain the ability to articulate complex thoughts and feelings, making your Korean conversations richer and more authentic. Get ready to elevate your language skills and speak A2 Korean with precision and grace!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces five vital Korean grammar patterns that will significantly boost your communicative abilities. First, to ask for permission, you'll use -아/어/여도 되다. Attach -아도 되다 to verb stems ending in ㅏ/ㅗ, -어도 되다 to others, and -여도 되다 for 하다 verbs.
For example, 들어가도 돼요? (May I come in?). To express prohibition or what must not be done, we use -(으)면 안 되다. If the verb stem ends in a consonant, use -으면 안 되다; if it ends in a vowel, use -면 안 되다.
So, 여기 앉으면 안 돼요. (You mustn't sit here.). When expressing necessity, meaning must or have to, the pattern is -아야/어야 하다/되다. Similar to permission, -아야 하다/되다 is for ㅏ/ㅗ, -어야 하다/되다 for others, and -여야 하다/되다 for 하다 verbs.
For instance, 숙제해야 해요. (I have to do homework.) or 숙제해야 돼요. (I have to do homework.). To describe a change of state, or to become something, we use -아/어/여지다. This is applied to adjective or verb stems, as in 날씨가 따뜻해졌어요. (The weather became warm.).
Finally, to express guesses or opinions politely, you'll master -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다. For verbs, use -는 것 같다 (present tense) or -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (past tense). For adjectives, use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (present tense).
For example, 비가 오는 것 같아요. (It seems like it's raining.) or 이 책이 좋은 것 같아요. (This book seems good/I think this book is good.).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «여기 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
✓ Correct: «여기서 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
*Explanation:* The particle for location where an action occurs is -에서, not -이/가. When stating a prohibition for an action at a specific place, use -에서.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
✓ Correct: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» or «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
*Explanation:* While grammatically correct, -아/어/여지다 often sounds more natural with adjectives that describe a *change* in state rather than a simple statement of one's current state. For verbs like to be tired (피곤하다), the -아/어/여지다 form is perfectly fine and often used, but ensure correct conjugation. A common mistake is misapplying the vowel combination (e.g., 피곤하아지다 instead of 피곤해지다).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «제가 가야 돼요?» (I have to go?)
✓ Correct: «제가 가야 해요?» or «제가 가야 돼요?» (Do I have to go?)
*Explanation:* While both 하다 and 되다 can be used with -아야/어야 to express necessity, 하다 is generally more common and slightly more direct when referring to one's own obligation. 되다 can sometimes imply a slightly more external or unavoidable necessity. Both are acceptable, but it's good to be aware of the subtle nuance. The mistake here is more about not realizing both are options rather than one being strictly wrong. The most common mistake is mixing up the vowel ending for -아야/어야.

Real Conversations

A

A

여기 앉아도 돼요? (May I sit here?)
B

B

네, 앉으세요. (Yes, please sit.)
A

A

죄송하지만, 여기는 사진을 찍으면 안 돼요. (Excuse me, but you mustn't take photos here.)
B

B

아, 몰랐어요. 죄송합니다. (Oh, I didn't know. I'm sorry.)
A

A

내일 일찍 일어나야 해요. (I have to wake up early tomorrow.)
B

B

왜요? 무슨 일 있어요? (Why? Is something happening?)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the difference between -아야 해요 and -아야 돼요 when expressing necessity?

Both mean have to or must. -아야 해요 is slightly more common and often implies a personal obligation, while -아야 돼요 can sometimes suggest an external or general necessity, but in many contexts, they are interchangeable.

Q

Can -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 be used with past tense?

Yes! For verbs, use -은/는 것 같다 for present (e.g., 비가 오는 것 같아요 - It seems like it's raining) and -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 비가 왔던 것 같아요 - It seems like it rained). For adjectives, use -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 날씨가 추웠던 것 같아요 - It seems like the weather was cold).

Q

How do I make a polite request using -아/어/여도 되다?

Simply add -요 to 되다 to make it -아/어/여도 돼요? for a standard polite question. For even more politeness, you can use -아/어/여도 괜찮아요? (Is it okay if I...?)

Q

Are there informal ways to say you must not in Korean?

Yes, you can drop the -요 ending for casual situations with friends: -(으)면 안 돼. For example, 만지면 안 돼. (Don't touch it.).

Cultural Context

In Korean culture, politeness and indirectness are highly valued. Grammar patterns like -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 are frequently used to soften statements and opinions, avoiding direct assertions that might sound presumptuous or confrontational. Similarly, when making requests or stating rules, using polite forms like -아/어/여도 돼요? and -(으)면 안 돼요. is crucial to maintain harmony and respect.
The frequent use of -아야/어야 하다/되다 reflects a society that values responsibility and fulfilling obligations. Mastering these nuances will make your A2 Korean sound more natural and culturally appropriate.

重要な例文 (8)

1

여기 앉아도 돼요?

ここに座ってもいいですか？

許可を求める：〜してもいいですか？ (-아/어/여도 되다)
2

이거 사진 찍어도 돼요?

これ、写真を撮ってもいいですか？

許可を求める：〜してもいいですか？ (-아/어/여도 되다)
3

여기서 담배를 피우면 안 돼요.

ここでタバコを吸ってはいけません。

「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方
4

전 남자친구한테 연락하면 안 돼!

元カレに連絡しちゃダメだよ！

「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方
5

I have to wake up early tomorrow.

明日は早く起きなければなりません。

〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
6

You must set a password of 8 characters or more.

パスワードを8桁以上に設定しなければなりません。

〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
7

The weather suddenly got cold.

天気が急に寒くなりました。

状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）
8

Your Korean pronunciation has become really good!

韓国語の発音が本当に良くなりましたね！

状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

괜찮다 と入れ替えOK

「되다」の代わりに「괜찮다（大丈夫だ）」を使うと、より柔らかい印象になります。 «가도 괜찮아요?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 許可を求める：〜してもいいですか？ (-아/어/여도 되다)
💡

「되」と「돼」の書き分けハック

「안 돼요」の綴りに迷ったら、その部分を「하/해」に置き換えてみて。「안 해요」が自然なら「돼」を使えばOKです！ «여기서 하면 안 돼요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方
🎯

スペルに注意！

「되요」と書くのは間違いで、正解はいつも「돼요」です。「되 + 어 = 돼」になると覚えておきましょう。「공부해야 돼요.」が正しい書き方です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
🎯

過去形と一緒に使おう

変化はすでに起きたことが多いので、現在形よりも過去形の «~졌어요» を使うのが自然ですよ。 «날씨가 따뜻해졌어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

重要な語彙 (7)

들어가다 (deureogada) to enter 사진을 찍다 (sajineul jjikda) to take a photo 숙제하다 (sukje-hada) to do homework 춥다 (chupda) to be cold 건강하다 (geongang-hada) to be healthy 생각하다 (saenggak-hada) to think 예쁘다 (yeoppeuda) to be pretty

Real-World Preview

image

At a Korean Art Museum

Review Summary

  • Verb Root + -아/어/여도 되다
  • Verb Root + -(으)면 안 되다
  • Verb Root + -아야/어야 하다/되다
  • Adjective Root + -아/어/여지다
  • Verb/Adj + -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다

よくある間違い

Confusing -면 (if) with -도 (also/even). To ask permission, you must use -도 되다 (Even if I go, is it okay?).

Wrong: 가면 돼요? (Gamyeon dwaeyo?)
正解: 가도 돼요? (Gado dwaeyo?)

For change of state, you must conjugate the adjective to the -아/어 form before adding -지다. Don't just attach it to the root.

Wrong: 춥지다 (chupjida)
正解: 추워지다 (chuwojida)

Using the verb ending -는 for adjectives. Adjectives use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다, while verbs use -는 것 같다 in the present tense.

Wrong: 먹는 것 같아요 (meokneun geot gat-ayo) for an adjective
正解: 매운 것 같아요 (maeun geot gat-ayo)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

許可を求める：〜してもいいですか？ (-아/어/여도 되다)

A2
許可を求めたり与えたりする時は «-아/어/여도 되다» を使いましょう。日常の「«いいですか？»」や「«大丈夫ですよ»」をこれ一つでカバーできます！
여기 앉아도 돼요?
12 例文
2

「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方

A2
ルールや強いアドバイス、禁止事項を伝える時に使う魔法のフレーズです。«-(으)면 안 되다» を使って、何がダメかをハッキリ伝えましょう。
여기서 담배를 피우면 안 돼요.
10 例文
3

〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

A2
義務やルールを伝えるための魔法のフレーズ「아야/어야 하다/되다」をマスターして、自然な韓国語を話しましょう。
I have to wake up early tomorrow.
10 例文
4

状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

A2
形容詞に «~아/어/여지다» をつけるだけで、状態が変わる様子を表現できます。「〜くなる」「〜になる」という変化の魔法の言葉です。
The weather suddenly got cold.
10 例文
5

推測や意見を伝える：「〜のようです・〜みたいです」 (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

A2
自分の意見や予想を「〜みたい」「〜だと思う」と柔らかく伝える魔法の言葉 «것 같다» をマスターしましょう！
비가 올 것 같아요.
11 例文

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to have real, nuanced conversations. Your Korean is starting to sound much more sophisticated and respectful. Keep practicing these social tools!

Write 3 rules for your favorite hobby in Korean.

Look out the window and describe 3 things that are changing (weather, light, etc.) using -아/어지다.

Continue to: Building Sentences with Core Particles

クイック練習 (10)

形容詞の現在形の推測として、正しいものはどれですか？

「高いようです（高いと思います）」を韓国語で選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비싼 것 같아요
形容詞（비싸다）の現在形を推測する時は -(으)ㄴ を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 推測や意見を伝える：「〜のようです・〜みたいです」 (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

「（価格が）高くなりました」という形を作ってみましょう。

채소 가격이 너무 ___ (비싸다).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비싸졌어요
비싸다は母音がㅏなので、~아지다がつきます。過去形なので비싸졌어요になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

「天気が暖かくなりました」として正しいのはどれ？

正しい翻訳を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 날씨가 따뜻해졌어요.
따뜻하다のような「하다形容詞」は「해지다」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

도서관에서 크게 ___ 안 돼요. (図書館で大きな声で騒いではいけません。 - 떠들다)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 떠들면
떠들다（騒ぐ）は ㄹパッチムで終わるので、母音語幹と同じように -면 を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方

「공부하다（勉強する）」を正しい形に変えて空欄を埋めてください。

시험이 내일이라서 오늘 밤에 ___. (明日が試験なので、今夜勉強しなければなりません。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부해야 돼요
必要性（〜しなければならない）を表すには「-해야 돼요」の形を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

「〜しなくてもいい」という意味になるように、間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

한국에 가면 김치를 먹어야 해요? (「食べなくてもいいですよ」と答えるには？)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 안 먹어도 돼요
「〜しなくてもいい」は「-지 않아도 되다」または「안 -아도 되다」を使います。「안 먹어야 해요」は「食べてはいけない」という意味になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

「行かなければなりません」という意味で、スペルが正しいものを選んでください。

正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가야 돼요
「가야 해요」も正解ですが、「가야 되요」はスペルミスです。正しくは「돼요」と書きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜しなければならない：義務と必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

この文章の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

기분이 좋았졌어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 기분이 좋아졌어요.
좋다は母音がㅗなので、~아지다をつけます。「좋았」のように先に過去形を入れないように注意しましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態の変化（〜くなる、〜になる）

正しい綴りの文章はどれですか？

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 여기에 주차하면 안 돼요.
「하/해」の法則を思い出して！「안 해요」が正しいので「안 돼요」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「～してはいけない」：-(으)면 안 되다 の使い方

現在の動作を表す推測の形として、間違っている部分を直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

지수가 지금 공부한 것 같아요. (ジスが今勉強しているみたいです。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부하는 것 같아요
「今していること」を推測する動詞の現在形は -는 を使います。공부한 だと過去（勉強したみたい）になってしまいます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 推測や意見を伝える：「〜のようです・〜みたいです」 (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

直訳すると「〜しても、成る（OKだ）」という意味になります。その行動が現在の状況で許容されることを表します。 «해도 돼요?»
普通は他人に許可を求めたり、他人に許可を与えたりする時に使います。自分に使うと、独り言のように聞こえます。 «나 이제 가도 돼.»
直訳すると「〜したらダメになる」や「〜したらうまくいかない」という意味です。条件を表す韓国語らしい表現ですね。 «하면 안 돼요.»
はい、もちろんです！例えば「비싸면 안 돼요」で「高くてはいけません（高いと困ります）」という意味になります。 «비싸면 안 돼요.»
意味は同じですが、「하다」は書き言葉や公式なルール、「되다」は日常会話でよく使われます。「가야 돼요」の方が会話では自然です。
不規則活用を先に適用します。「듣다」は「들어요」になるので、「들어야 돼요」となります。「돕다」なら「도와야 돼요」です。
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