A2 · أساسي فصل 9

Rules, Obligations, and Opinions

5 القواعد الإجمالية
53 أمثلة
5 دقيقة

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Navigate Korean social rules and express your thoughts with polite, natural nuance.

  • Ask for permission and state rules politely.
  • Express personal and social obligations clearly.
  • Share your soft opinions and describe how things change.
Master the art of polite requests and social boundaries.

ما ستتعلمه

You've mastered the Korean basics – fantastic! Now, let's level up your fluency and confidence so you can speak more like a native. This chapter is all about navigating social interactions and expressing yourself with nuance. Imagine you're in a Korean café and want to politely ask a friend if you can borrow their book, or you need to say, May I go? You'll learn the perfect way with «-아/어/여도 되다». Then, we'll dive into must-nots and prohibitions. Want to explain a rule like "You can't take photos here,

or firmly advise someone
You shouldn't do that«? »-(으)면 안 되다" is your go-to. Next, you'll master how to express necessity – the musts and have-tos of daily life. Whether you need to say
I have to go to work
or
It must be done,
«-아야/어야 하다/되다» will make your Korean sound natural and authentic. We’ll also cover how to describe changes, like saying
the weather is getting cold
or "I'm getting tired using ~아/어/여지다
. Finally, for those moments when you want to share an opinion or make a soft guess – like
It seems like it's going to rain or I think this book is interesting" – you'll learn «-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다» to sound incredibly natural and polite. These five grammar patterns are interconnected tools that will empower you to express permissions, rules, obligations, changes, and soft opinions with precision and grace in any modern Korean conversation. Ready to speak Korean with true confidence? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Ask for permission in various social settings using -아/어/여도 되다.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Identify and explain prohibitions or rules using -(으)면 안 되다.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Express necessity and personal duties using -아야/어야 하다.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Describe transitions in state or weather using -아/어/여지다.
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to: Soften your opinions and make polite guesses using -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다.

دليل الفصل

نظرة عامة

Congratulations on reaching the A2 level in your Korean grammar journey! You've mastered the fundamentals, and now it's time to unlock a new layer of fluency and expressiveness. This chapter is your key to navigating daily social interactions with greater confidence and nuance, helping you sound more like a native speaker.
We'll explore essential structures that allow you to express rules, obligations, permissions, and even your personal opinions. Imagine being able to politely ask if you can borrow something, state a rule like No photos allowed, or share a soft guess about the weather. These skills are crucial for practical communication in any Korean-speaking environment.
By understanding these interconnected grammar patterns, you'll gain the ability to articulate complex thoughts and feelings, making your Korean conversations richer and more authentic. Get ready to elevate your language skills and speak A2 Korean with precision and grace!

كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة

This chapter introduces five vital Korean grammar patterns that will significantly boost your communicative abilities. First, to ask for permission, you'll use -아/어/여도 되다. Attach -아도 되다 to verb stems ending in ㅏ/ㅗ, -어도 되다 to others, and -여도 되다 for 하다 verbs.
For example, 들어가도 돼요? (May I come in?). To express prohibition or what must not be done, we use -(으)면 안 되다. If the verb stem ends in a consonant, use -으면 안 되다; if it ends in a vowel, use -면 안 되다.
So, 여기 앉으면 안 돼요. (You mustn't sit here.). When expressing necessity, meaning must or have to, the pattern is -아야/어야 하다/되다. Similar to permission, -아야 하다/되다 is for ㅏ/ㅗ, -어야 하다/되다 for others, and -여야 하다/되다 for 하다 verbs.
For instance, 숙제해야 해요. (I have to do homework.) or 숙제해야 돼요. (I have to do homework.). To describe a change of state, or to become something, we use -아/어/여지다. This is applied to adjective or verb stems, as in 날씨가 따뜻해졌어요. (The weather became warm.).
Finally, to express guesses or opinions politely, you'll master -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다. For verbs, use -는 것 같다 (present tense) or -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (past tense). For adjectives, use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (present tense).
For example, 비가 오는 것 같아요. (It seems like it's raining.) or 이 책이 좋은 것 같아요. (This book seems good/I think this book is good.).

الأخطاء الشائعة

  1. 1Wrong: «여기 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
Correct: «여기서 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
*Explanation:* The particle for location where an action occurs is -에서, not -이/가. When stating a prohibition for an action at a specific place, use -에서.
  1. 1Wrong: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
Correct: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» or «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
*Explanation:* While grammatically correct, -아/어/여지다 often sounds more natural with adjectives that describe a *change* in state rather than a simple statement of one's current state. For verbs like to be tired (피곤하다), the -아/어/여지다 form is perfectly fine and often used, but ensure correct conjugation. A common mistake is misapplying the vowel combination (e.g., 피곤하아지다 instead of 피곤해지다).
  1. 1Wrong: «제가 가야 돼요?» (I have to go?)
Correct: «제가 가야 해요?» or «제가 가야 돼요?» (Do I have to go?)
*Explanation:* While both 하다 and 되다 can be used with -아야/어야 to express necessity, 하다 is generally more common and slightly more direct when referring to one's own obligation. 되다 can sometimes imply a slightly more external or unavoidable necessity. Both are acceptable, but it's good to be aware of the subtle nuance. The mistake here is more about not realizing both are options rather than one being strictly wrong. The most common mistake is mixing up the vowel ending for -아야/어야.

محادثات حقيقية

A

A

여기 앉아도 돼요? (May I sit here?)
B

B

네, 앉으세요. (Yes, please sit.)
A

A

죄송하지만, 여기는 사진을 찍으면 안 돼요. (Excuse me, but you mustn't take photos here.)
B

B

아, 몰랐어요. 죄송합니다. (Oh, I didn't know. I'm sorry.)
A

A

내일 일찍 일어나야 해요. (I have to wake up early tomorrow.)
B

B

왜요? 무슨 일 있어요? (Why? Is something happening?)

أسئلة شائعة

Q

What's the difference between -아야 해요 and -아야 돼요 when expressing necessity?

Both mean have to or must. -아야 해요 is slightly more common and often implies a personal obligation, while -아야 돼요 can sometimes suggest an external or general necessity, but in many contexts, they are interchangeable.

Q

Can -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 be used with past tense?

Yes! For verbs, use -은/는 것 같다 for present (e.g., 비가 오는 것 같아요 - It seems like it's raining) and -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 비가 왔던 것 같아요 - It seems like it rained). For adjectives, use -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 날씨가 추웠던 것 같아요 - It seems like the weather was cold).

Q

How do I make a polite request using -아/어/여도 되다?

Simply add -요 to 되다 to make it -아/어/여도 돼요? for a standard polite question. For even more politeness, you can use -아/어/여도 괜찮아요? (Is it okay if I...?)

Q

Are there informal ways to say you must not in Korean?

Yes, you can drop the -요 ending for casual situations with friends: -(으)면 안 돼. For example, 만지면 안 돼. (Don't touch it.).

السياق الثقافي

In Korean culture, politeness and indirectness are highly valued. Grammar patterns like -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 are frequently used to soften statements and opinions, avoiding direct assertions that might sound presumptuous or confrontational. Similarly, when making requests or stating rules, using polite forms like -아/어/여도 돼요? and -(으)면 안 돼요. is crucial to maintain harmony and respect.
The frequent use of -아야/어야 하다/되다 reflects a society that values responsibility and fulfilling obligations. Mastering these nuances will make your A2 Korean sound more natural and culturally appropriate.

أمثلة رئيسية (6)

1

I have to wake up early tomorrow.

لازم أصحى بدري بكرة.

يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
2

You must set a password of 8 characters or more.

يجب عليك تعيين كلمة مرور من 8 خانات أو أكثر.

يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
3

The weather suddenly got cold.

الجو صار بارد فجأة.

التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)
4

Your Korean pronunciation has become really good!

نطقك للغة الكورية صار ممتاز فعلاً!

التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)
5

비가 올 것 같아요.

يبدو أن المطر سيسقط.

التعبير عن التخمين والرأي: 'يبدو أن' (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)
6

그 영화는 재미있는 것 같아요.

أعتقد أن ذلك الفيلم ممتع.

التعبير عن التخمين والرأي: 'يبدو أن' (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

نصائح وحيل (4)

💡

تبديل 되다 بكلمة 괜찮다

تقدر تستخدم '괜찮다' (بمعنى 'بأس') عشان تخلي كلامك ألطف وأقل رسمية، مثل: «가도 괜찮아요?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: طلب الإذن: هل يمكنني؟ (-아/어/여도 되다)
💡

خدعة الكتابة بين 되 و 돼

عشان متغلطش أبداً في كتابة '안 돼요'، جرب تبدلها بكلمة '해요'. لو لقيت النطق لايق، يبقى استخدم '돼'. مثلاً '안 해요' لايقة، فبنكتب «안 돼요».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: المنع في الكورية: يجب ألا تفعل (-(으)면 안 되다)
🎯

تنبيه إملائي!

إياك تكتب '되요' أبداً، الصح دايماً هو '돼요'. فكر فيها إنها دمج '되 + 어 = 돼'. دي أشهر غلطة بيقع فيها حتى الكوريين! «내일 봐야 돼요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
🎯

استخدم الماضي غالباً

بما إننا بنوصف تغيير حصل فعلاً، فغالباً حتستخدم صيغة الماضي «~졌어요» بدل المضارع. مثلاً: «한국어 실력이 좋아졌어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)

المفردات الرئيسية (7)

들어가다 (deureogada) to enter 사진을 찍다 (sajineul jjikda) to take a photo 숙제하다 (sukje-hada) to do homework 춥다 (chupda) to be cold 건강하다 (geongang-hada) to be healthy 생각하다 (saenggak-hada) to think 예쁘다 (yeoppeuda) to be pretty

Real-World Preview

image

At a Korean Art Museum

Review Summary

  • Verb Root + -아/어/여도 되다
  • Verb Root + -(으)면 안 되다
  • Verb Root + -아야/어야 하다/되다
  • Adjective Root + -아/어/여지다
  • Verb/Adj + -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다

أخطاء شائعة

Confusing -면 (if) with -도 (also/even). To ask permission, you must use -도 되다 (Even if I go, is it okay?).

Wrong: 가면 돼요? (Gamyeon dwaeyo?)
صحيح: 가도 돼요? (Gado dwaeyo?)

For change of state, you must conjugate the adjective to the -아/어 form before adding -지다. Don't just attach it to the root.

Wrong: 춥지다 (chupjida)
صحيح: 추워지다 (chuwojida)

Using the verb ending -는 for adjectives. Adjectives use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다, while verbs use -는 것 같다 in the present tense.

Wrong: 먹는 것 같아요 (meokneun geot gat-ayo) for an adjective
صحيح: 매운 것 같아요 (maeun geot gat-ayo)

القواعد في هذا الفصل (5)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to have real, nuanced conversations. Your Korean is starting to sound much more sophisticated and respectful. Keep practicing these social tools!

Write 3 rules for your favorite hobby in Korean.

Look out the window and describe 3 things that are changing (weather, light, etc.) using -아/어지다.

تدريب سريع (9)

أي جملة صحيحة قواعدياً ومعناها 'يجب أن تذهب'؟

اختر الجملة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가야 돼요
رغم إن '가야 해요' صح برضه، بس '가야 되요' غلطة إملائية. الصح في الكلام المهذب هو '돼요'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

املأ الفراغ بالتصريف الصحيح لـ 'يصبح غالياً'.

채소 가격이 너무 ___ (비싸다).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비싸졌어요
بما أن 비싸다 تنتهي بـ ㅏ، نضيف ~아지다. وفي الماضي تصبح 비싸졌어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)

ابحث عن الخطأ في تخمين الفعل المضارع وصححه.

Find and fix the mistake:

지수가 지금 공부한 것 같아요. (أعتقد أن جيسو تدرس الآن.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부하는 것 같아요
لفعل بيحصل دلوقتي (مضارع)، بنستخدم -는. كلمة '공부한' معناها إنها 'بدت وكأنها درست' (ماضي).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التخمين والرأي: 'يبدو أن' (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

املأ الفراغ بالصيغة الصحيحة لفعل '공부하다' (يذاكر).

시험이 내일이라서 오늘 밤에 ___. (لازم أذاكر الليلة عشان الامتحان بكرة.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부해야 돼요
للتعبير عن الضرورة (لازم أذاكر)، بنستخدم صيغة '-해야 돼요'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

أي جملة هي التصريف الصحيح لصفة في زمن المضارع؟

اختر الطريقة الصحيحة لقول 'يبدو غاليًا':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비싼 것 같아요
الصفات زي '비싸다' بتستخدم -(으)ㄴ للتعبير عن التخمين في المضارع.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التخمين والرأي: 'يبدو أن' (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

أي جملة تعني 'الجو صار دافئاً' بشكل صحيح؟

اختر الترجمة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 날씨가 따뜻해졌어요.
الصفات التي تنتهي بـ 하다 تتحول دائماً إلى 해지다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)

صحح الخطأ في الجملة التالية لتعني 'لست مضطراً للأكل'.

한국에 가면 김치를 먹어야 해요? (حولها لـ: مش لازم تاكل...)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 안 먹어도 돼요
عشان نقول 'مش لازم'، بنستخدم '-지 않아도 되다' أو '안 -아도 되다'. أما '안 먹어야 해요' فمعناها 'ممنوع تاكل'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: يجب وعليك: التعبير عن الضرورة (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

املأ الفراغ بصيغة المستقبل الصحيحة للفعل '오다' (يأتي).

친구가 곧 ___ 것 같아요. (يبدو أن صديقي سيصل قريبًا.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
تخمين المستقبل بيحتاج -(으)ㄹ، عشان كده '오다' بتبقى '올'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التخمين والرأي: 'يبدو أن' (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

صحح الخطأ في هذه الجملة.

기분이 좋았졌어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 기분이 좋아졌어요.
الأصل هو 좋다، وبما أن حرف العلة هو ㅗ، نضيف 아지다 لتصبح 좋아지다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التعبير عن التغيير (يصبح...)

Score: /9

أسئلة شائعة (6)

معناها الحرفي 'حتى لو فعلت [كذا]، فإنه يصبح/يسير'. تعبر عن أن الفعل مقبول في السياق الحالي، مثل: «여기 앉아도 돼요?»
عادة تستخدم لطلب الإذن من الآخرين أو إعطائهم الإذن. استخدامها لنفسك يبدو غريباً كأنك تتحدث عن شخص ثالث: «제가 해도 돼요?»
المعنى الحرفي هو 'إذا فعلت [كذا]، فلن يصبح الأمر جيداً'. مثل: «하면 안 돼요» تعني 'إذا فعلت، لن يكون الأمر بخير'.
بالتأكيد! مثلاً: «비싸면 안 돼요» تعني 'لا يجب أن يكون غالي الثمن'.
تقنياً هما نفس المعنى. لكن '하다' بنشوفها أكتر في الكتابة الرسمية والقواعد، أما '되다' فهي اللي بنستخدمها طول الوقت في الكلام اليومي. «열심히 공부해야 돼요.»
طبق قاعدة الفعل غير المنتظم الأول! '듣다' بتبقى '들어요'، فبالتالي بتبقى «들어야 돼요». و '돕다' بتبقى «도와야 돼요».