A2 · 初级 章节 9

Rules, Obligations, and Opinions

5 总规则
53 例句
5 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Navigate Korean social rules and express your thoughts with polite, natural nuance.

  • Ask for permission and state rules politely.
  • Express personal and social obligations clearly.
  • Share your soft opinions and describe how things change.
Master the art of polite requests and social boundaries.

你将学到什么

You've mastered the Korean basics – fantastic! Now, let's level up your fluency and confidence so you can speak more like a native. This chapter is all about navigating social interactions and expressing yourself with nuance. Imagine you're in a Korean café and want to politely ask a friend if you can borrow their book, or you need to say, May I go? You'll learn the perfect way with «-아/어/여도 되다». Then, we'll dive into must-nots and prohibitions. Want to explain a rule like "You can't take photos here,

or firmly advise someone
You shouldn't do that«? »-(으)면 안 되다" is your go-to. Next, you'll master how to express necessity – the musts and have-tos of daily life. Whether you need to say
I have to go to work
or
It must be done,
«-아야/어야 하다/되다» will make your Korean sound natural and authentic. We’ll also cover how to describe changes, like saying
the weather is getting cold
or "I'm getting tired using ~아/어/여지다
. Finally, for those moments when you want to share an opinion or make a soft guess – like
It seems like it's going to rain or I think this book is interesting" – you'll learn «-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다» to sound incredibly natural and polite. These five grammar patterns are interconnected tools that will empower you to express permissions, rules, obligations, changes, and soft opinions with precision and grace in any modern Korean conversation. Ready to speak Korean with true confidence? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Ask for permission in various social settings using -아/어/여도 되다.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Identify and explain prohibitions or rules using -(으)면 안 되다.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Express necessity and personal duties using -아야/어야 하다.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Describe transitions in state or weather using -아/어/여지다.
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to: Soften your opinions and make polite guesses using -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다.

章节指南

Overview

Congratulations on reaching the A2 level in your Korean grammar journey! You've mastered the fundamentals, and now it's time to unlock a new layer of fluency and expressiveness. This chapter is your key to navigating daily social interactions with greater confidence and nuance, helping you sound more like a native speaker.
We'll explore essential structures that allow you to express rules, obligations, permissions, and even your personal opinions. Imagine being able to politely ask if you can borrow something, state a rule like No photos allowed, or share a soft guess about the weather. These skills are crucial for practical communication in any Korean-speaking environment.
By understanding these interconnected grammar patterns, you'll gain the ability to articulate complex thoughts and feelings, making your Korean conversations richer and more authentic. Get ready to elevate your language skills and speak A2 Korean with precision and grace!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces five vital Korean grammar patterns that will significantly boost your communicative abilities. First, to ask for permission, you'll use -아/어/여도 되다. Attach -아도 되다 to verb stems ending in ㅏ/ㅗ, -어도 되다 to others, and -여도 되다 for 하다 verbs.
For example, 들어가도 돼요? (May I come in?). To express prohibition or what must not be done, we use -(으)면 안 되다. If the verb stem ends in a consonant, use -으면 안 되다; if it ends in a vowel, use -면 안 되다.
So, 여기 앉으면 안 돼요. (You mustn't sit here.). When expressing necessity, meaning must or have to, the pattern is -아야/어야 하다/되다. Similar to permission, -아야 하다/되다 is for ㅏ/ㅗ, -어야 하다/되다 for others, and -여야 하다/되다 for 하다 verbs.
For instance, 숙제해야 해요. (I have to do homework.) or 숙제해야 돼요. (I have to do homework.). To describe a change of state, or to become something, we use -아/어/여지다. This is applied to adjective or verb stems, as in 날씨가 따뜻해졌어요. (The weather became warm.).
Finally, to express guesses or opinions politely, you'll master -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다. For verbs, use -는 것 같다 (present tense) or -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (past tense). For adjectives, use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (present tense).
For example, 비가 오는 것 같아요. (It seems like it's raining.) or 이 책이 좋은 것 같아요. (This book seems good/I think this book is good.).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «여기 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
✓ Correct: «여기서 사진 찍으면 안 돼요.» (You must not take pictures here.)
*Explanation:* The particle for location where an action occurs is -에서, not -이/가. When stating a prohibition for an action at a specific place, use -에서.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
✓ Correct: «저는 피곤해졌어요.» or «저는 피곤해졌어요.» (I became tired.)
*Explanation:* While grammatically correct, -아/어/여지다 often sounds more natural with adjectives that describe a *change* in state rather than a simple statement of one's current state. For verbs like to be tired (피곤하다), the -아/어/여지다 form is perfectly fine and often used, but ensure correct conjugation. A common mistake is misapplying the vowel combination (e.g., 피곤하아지다 instead of 피곤해지다).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «제가 가야 돼요?» (I have to go?)
✓ Correct: «제가 가야 해요?» or «제가 가야 돼요?» (Do I have to go?)
*Explanation:* While both 하다 and 되다 can be used with -아야/어야 to express necessity, 하다 is generally more common and slightly more direct when referring to one's own obligation. 되다 can sometimes imply a slightly more external or unavoidable necessity. Both are acceptable, but it's good to be aware of the subtle nuance. The mistake here is more about not realizing both are options rather than one being strictly wrong. The most common mistake is mixing up the vowel ending for -아야/어야.

Real Conversations

A

A

여기 앉아도 돼요? (May I sit here?)
B

B

네, 앉으세요. (Yes, please sit.)
A

A

죄송하지만, 여기는 사진을 찍으면 안 돼요. (Excuse me, but you mustn't take photos here.)
B

B

아, 몰랐어요. 죄송합니다. (Oh, I didn't know. I'm sorry.)
A

A

내일 일찍 일어나야 해요. (I have to wake up early tomorrow.)
B

B

왜요? 무슨 일 있어요? (Why? Is something happening?)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the difference between -아야 해요 and -아야 돼요 when expressing necessity?

Both mean have to or must. -아야 해요 is slightly more common and often implies a personal obligation, while -아야 돼요 can sometimes suggest an external or general necessity, but in many contexts, they are interchangeable.

Q

Can -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 be used with past tense?

Yes! For verbs, use -은/는 것 같다 for present (e.g., 비가 오는 것 같아요 - It seems like it's raining) and -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 비가 왔던 것 같아요 - It seems like it rained). For adjectives, use -았던/었던 것 같다 for past (e.g., 날씨가 추웠던 것 같아요 - It seems like the weather was cold).

Q

How do I make a polite request using -아/어/여도 되다?

Simply add -요 to 되다 to make it -아/어/여도 돼요? for a standard polite question. For even more politeness, you can use -아/어/여도 괜찮아요? (Is it okay if I...?)

Q

Are there informal ways to say you must not in Korean?

Yes, you can drop the -요 ending for casual situations with friends: -(으)면 안 돼. For example, 만지면 안 돼. (Don't touch it.).

Cultural Context

In Korean culture, politeness and indirectness are highly valued. Grammar patterns like -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 are frequently used to soften statements and opinions, avoiding direct assertions that might sound presumptuous or confrontational. Similarly, when making requests or stating rules, using polite forms like -아/어/여도 돼요? and -(으)면 안 돼요. is crucial to maintain harmony and respect.
The frequent use of -아야/어야 하다/되다 reflects a society that values responsibility and fulfilling obligations. Mastering these nuances will make your A2 Korean sound more natural and culturally appropriate.

关键例句 (8)

1

여기서 담배를 피우면 안 돼요.

这里不可以抽烟。

禁止表达：“不能做某事” -(으)면 안 되다
2

전 남자친구한테 연락하면 안 돼!

你不准联系前男友！

禁止表达：“不能做某事” -(으)면 안 되다
3

I have to wake up early tomorrow.

明天我得早起。

必须 & 应该：表达必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
4

You must set a password of 8 characters or more.

密码必须设置在8位以上。

必须 & 应该：表达必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
5

The weather suddenly got cold.

天气突然变冷了。

状态的变化（变得...）
6

Your Korean pronunciation has become really good!

韩语发音真的变好了呢！

状态的变化（变得...）
7

내일 비가 올 것 같아요.

明天好像要下雨。

表达推测与意见：“好像/觉得” (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)
8

그 영화는 재미있는 것 같아요.

我觉得那部电影挺有意思的。

表达推测与意见：“好像/觉得” (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

技巧与窍门 (4)

💡

可以和 괜찮다 互换

你可以把 '되다' 换成 '괜찮다' (没关系)，听起来更温柔：«지금 가도 괜찮아요?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 寻求许可：可以吗？ (-아/어/여道 되다)
💡

되 和 돼 的拼写小妙招

分不清 «안 돼요» 怎么写？试试把 '되' 换成 '하'，把 '돼' 换成 '해'。如果 '해' 听起来更顺（比如 안 해요），那就用 '돼'，所以正确拼写是 «안 돼요»。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 禁止表达：“不能做某事” -(으)면 안 되다
🎯

拼写警报！

千万不要写成 «되요»，正确的写法永远是 «돼요»。你可以把它想成 «되 + 어 = 돼»。这是连韩国人都会写错的常见错误！例如： «지금 가야 돼요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 必须 & 应该：表达必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)
🎯

多用过去式

因为我们通常是看到“已经发生”的变化，所以你会发现 «~졌어요»（过去式）比 «~져요»（现在式）更常用。比如：«예뻐졌어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状态的变化（变得...）

核心词汇 (7)

들어가다 (deureogada) to enter 사진을 찍다 (sajineul jjikda) to take a photo 숙제하다 (sukje-hada) to do homework 춥다 (chupda) to be cold 건강하다 (geongang-hada) to be healthy 생각하다 (saenggak-hada) to think 예쁘다 (yeoppeuda) to be pretty

Real-World Preview

image

At a Korean Art Museum

Review Summary

  • Verb Root + -아/어/여도 되다
  • Verb Root + -(으)면 안 되다
  • Verb Root + -아야/어야 하다/되다
  • Adjective Root + -아/어/여지다
  • Verb/Adj + -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다

常见错误

Confusing -면 (if) with -도 (also/even). To ask permission, you must use -도 되다 (Even if I go, is it okay?).

Wrong: 가면 돼요? (Gamyeon dwaeyo?)
正确: 가도 돼요? (Gado dwaeyo?)

For change of state, you must conjugate the adjective to the -아/어 form before adding -지다. Don't just attach it to the root.

Wrong: 춥지다 (chupjida)
正确: 추워지다 (chuwojida)

Using the verb ending -는 for adjectives. Adjectives use -(으)ㄴ 것 같다, while verbs use -는 것 같다 in the present tense.

Wrong: 먹는 것 같아요 (meokneun geot gat-ayo) for an adjective
正确: 매운 것 같아요 (maeun geot gat-ayo)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to have real, nuanced conversations. Your Korean is starting to sound much more sophisticated and respectful. Keep practicing these social tools!

Write 3 rules for your favorite hobby in Korean.

Look out the window and describe 3 things that are changing (weather, light, etc.) using -아/어지다.

Continue to: Building Sentences with Core Particles

快速练习 (10)

哪句话正确地询问了是否可以吃东西？

选择语法正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 이거 먹어도 돼요?
因为 '먹' 的元音是 'ㅓ'，所以我们使用 '-어도 되다'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 寻求许可：可以吗？ (-아/어/여道 되다)

填空以请求使用电话的许可。

휴대폰을 ___ 돼요? (사용하다)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 사용해도
对于 '하다' 结尾的动词，语法形式变为 '-해도 되다'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 寻求许可：可以吗？ (-아/어/여道 되다)

用 '오다'（来）的正确将来形式填空。

친구가 곧 ___ 것 같아요. (朋友好像马上就要来了。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 올
将来时的推测需要使用 -(으)ㄹ，所以 '오다' 变成 '올'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 表达推测与意见：“好像/觉得” (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

哪句话语法正确且意思是“你必须去”？

选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가야 돼요
虽然 '가야 해요' 也是正确的，但 '가야 되요' 是拼写错误。正确的非正式礼貌拼写是 '돼요'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 必须 & 应该：表达必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

哪一个句子的拼写是正确的？

选择语法正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 여기에 주차하면 안 돼요.
记住“하/해”小技巧！'안 하요' 听起来不对，但 '안 해요' 是对的。因此，'안 돼요' 才是正确拼写。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 禁止表达：“不能做某事” -(으)면 안 되다

哪一个是形容词现在时的正确接法？

选择“好像很贵”的正确表达：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비싼 것 같아요
形容词如 '비싸다' 在表达现在推测时使用 -(으)ㄴ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 表达推测与意见：“好像/觉得” (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

找出并修正动词现在时推测中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

지수가 지금 공부한 것 같아요. (我觉得智秀现在正在学习。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부하는 것 같아요
对于正在进行的动词，使用 -는。'공부한' 表示过去已经学过了。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 表达推测与意见：“好像/觉得” (-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다)

找出并修正变形中的错误。

매운 음식을 먹면 안 돼요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 매운 음식을 먹으면 안 돼요.
먹다 以辅音 (ㄱ) 结尾，因此需要 '으' 作为缓冲，变成 먹으면。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 禁止表达：“不能做某事” -(으)면 안 되다

请用 '공부하다' (学习) 的正确形式填空。

시험이 내일이라서 오늘 밤에 ___. (因为明天考试，我今晚必须学习。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부해야 돼요
要表达必要性（“必须学习”），请使用 '-해야 돼요' 形式。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 必须 & 应该：表达必要性 (-아야/어야 하다/되다)

找并修正拼写错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

여기 앉아도 되요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 여기 앉아도 돼요?
'되다' + '-어요' 缩写为 '돼요'，而不是 '되요'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 寻求许可：可以吗？ (-아/어/여道 되다)

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

它字面上意思是“即使做了[动作]，也行/也成”。表示在当前情况下该行为是被允许的。«해도 돼요.»
通常是用来请求别人许可或允许别人做某事。对自己用听起来像是在用第三人称说话，很奇怪。
它的字面意思是“如果做了某事，就不行”或“如果做了某事，就不会变得没问题”。这体现了韩语语法的逻辑性和条件性，例如 «가면 안 돼요»。
当然可以！例如 «비싸면 안 돼요» 意思是“不能太贵”。你用它来陈述一个必要的条件。
理论上它们意思一样。但 «하다» 更多出现在正式写作、演讲或官方规则中，而 «되다» 在日常口语中使用频率极高。例如： «지금 가야 돼요.» (现在得走了。)
先应用不规则变化规则！ «듣다» 变成 «들어요»，所以是 «들어야 돼요»。 «돕다» 变成 «도와요»，所以是 «도와야 돼요»。
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