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A2 adverb 9分で読める

이른바

ireunba

練習する例文メモとヒント 이른바 30秒で

解説 이른바 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn basic Korean. You might not use the word '이른바' (ireunba) yourself yet, but you might see it in simple news headlines or children's books that explain new words. Think of it as a way to say 'This is the name of this thing.' For example, if a book is showing a picture of a special Korean food like 'Kimchi,' it might say '이것이 이른바 김치입니다' (This is what is called Kimchi). At this stage, focus on recognizing that '이른바' comes before a noun and acts like a pointer. It helps you identify that the next word is a specific name or term. It’s like when a teacher says, 'This is called a pencil.' You don't need to worry about the deep grammar; just know it introduces a title. Try to remember it as 'Name + Pointer.' It is a very polite and clear way to introduce something new. Even though it's an adverb, you can think of it as a 'labeling word.' If you hear it, listen closely to the word that follows it—that's the important information!

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At the A2 level, you can begin to use '이른바' to talk about popular trends or things you've learned about Korean culture. When you want to describe something that has a specific nickname, '이른바' is very useful. For example, if you are talking about a famous singer, you could say '그는 이른바 국민 가수입니다' (He is the so-called nation's singer). This shows that you understand that '국민 가수' is a title given by the public. Using '이른바' makes your Korean sound more organized and slightly more formal. It’s a step up from just saying 'He is a singer.' It tells the listener, 'I know this is a special term people use.' You should practice using it with nouns that represent roles or social groups. For instance, if you're talking about your busy friend, you could jokingly say '이른바 워커홀릭' (so-called workaholic). It’s a great way to add a bit of 'flavor' to your descriptions without needing complex grammar endings. Just remember: always put it right before the noun!

By the B1 level, you should be comfortable using '이른바' in both speaking and writing, especially when discussing social issues or sharing opinions. At this stage, you can use it to introduce 'buzzwords' or technical terms you've encountered in your studies. For example, '우리는 이른바 1인 가구 시대에 살고 있습니다' (We are living in the so-called era of single-person households). This demonstrates that you are engaged with current events and can use the appropriate terminology to describe them. You can also start to use '이른바' to show a slight distance from a term. If you don't entirely agree with a label, '이른바' allows you to mention it while signaling that it's someone else's definition. This adds a layer of sophistication to your communication. In your writing, use it to define the scope of your topic. If you're writing an essay about technology, '이른바 인공지능(AI)' is a great way to introduce your subject. It acts as a professional-sounding transition that prepares your reader for a deeper discussion.

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At the B2 level, '이른바' becomes a tool for nuanced argumentation and precise reporting. You will notice it frequently in news articles and editorials. As a B2 learner, you should be able to distinguish between '이른바' and its Sino-Korean counterpart '소위' (sowi). While '소위' is often more formal, '이른바' is preferred in many contexts for its native Korean feel. You can use '이른바' to frame a debate. For instance, '이른바 공정성이라는 가치가 왜 중요한가?' (Why is the so-called value of fairness important?). Here, the word highlights that 'fairness' is the specific concept being interrogated. You should also be aware of the ironic potential of '이른바.' Use it to critique concepts that you find problematic or misleading. For example, '그의 이른바 혁신적인 아이디어는 실패했다' (His so-called innovative idea failed). The use of '이른바' here emphasizes the failure by contrasting it with the 'innovative' label. This level of linguistic control allows you to express subtle attitudes and complex viewpoints more effectively.

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At the C1 level, you should have a masterly grasp of '이른바' and use it with stylistic intent. You can use it to structure complex academic or professional presentations, using the word to anchor key concepts throughout your discourse. It becomes a way to manage the 'lexical density' of your speech, providing clear markers for listeners as you navigate through abstract theories or intricate data. You should also be able to use it to discuss the linguistics of the word itself—how it functions as a metalinguistic marker that comments on the language being used. In literature or high-level journalism, you might see '이른바' used to introduce metaphors that have become so common they act like terms. You can emulate this in your own writing to create a more 'writerly' tone. Furthermore, at this level, you can explore the historical usage of '이른바' and how it has evolved from the verb '이르다' to a fixed adverbial form. This deep understanding allows you to use the word not just for its meaning, but for the specific 'weight' it gives to a sentence.

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For C2 learners, '이른바' is a versatile instrument in a vast linguistic orchestra. You use it with total precision, often to navigate the fine line between objective reporting and subjective commentary. You can utilize '이른바' to deconstruct societal labels, using it to preface terms that you then proceed to analyze or challenge. Your usage of the word reflects a deep cultural awareness; you know exactly which terms are 'so-called' in the eyes of the Korean public and which are accepted as absolute. You might use it in legal or philosophical contexts where the definition of a term is the very thing at stake. In these scenarios, '이른바' serves as a crucial disclaimer. You are also capable of using it to create stylistic rhythm in your prose, balancing it with other similar markers like '말하자면' or '소위' to avoid repetition while maintaining a consistent level of formality. At this level, the word is no longer a vocabulary item to be learned, but a strategic asset to be deployed for maximum rhetorical effect in the most sophisticated forms of Korean discourse.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

이른바 30秒で

이른바 is an adverb meaning 'so-called' or 'what is known as,' used to introduce specific terms, titles, or nicknames.
It is primarily used in formal contexts like news, academic writing, and professional discussions to provide objective distance.
The word is derived from the Korean verb '이르다' (to say) and is the native equivalent of the Sino-Korean '소위'.
It can be used neutrally to define a concept or ironically to cast doubt on the accuracy of a particular label.

The Korean word 이른바 is a sophisticated adverb that functions similarly to the English expression 'so-called' or 'what is known as.' At its core, it is used to introduce a term, a title, or a concept that is widely recognized by the public or a specific group of people. However, its usage often carries a subtle layer of distance; by using 이른바, the speaker indicates that they are merely reporting a name or a label that others use, rather than necessarily endorsing it as an absolute truth or their own personal definition.

Etymological Root: The word is derived from the verb '이르다' (to say or to call) combined with the bound noun '바' (thing, fact, or what). Literally, it translates to 'the thing that is said' or 'what people call.'

In daily conversation, you might not hear this word as frequently as '그거' or '진짜,' but in the realms of news broadcasting, academic writing, and formal debates, it is indispensable. It allows a speaker to frame a complex topic within a recognizable label. For instance, if a journalist is discussing a new economic phenomenon, they might use 이른바 to introduce the specific term coined by economists.

그는 이른바 천재라고 불리는 사람이다. (He is a person who is called a so-called genius.)

One of the most interesting aspects of 이른바 is its ability to handle irony. Just like the English 'so-called,' it can be used to cast doubt on a title. If someone calls a poorly managed project a 'success,' a critic might refer to it as 'the so-called success' (이른바 성공) to highlight the discrepancy between the label and the reality. This makes it a powerful tool for nuanced communication and critical thinking in Korean.

Contextual Flexibility: While often formal, it can appear in casual settings when the speaker wants to sound more precise or when they are quoting someone else's terminology. It bridges the gap between common speech and literary style.

이것이 이른바 4차 산업혁명입니다. (This is what is called the Fourth Industrial Revolution.)

Understanding 이른바 is key to mastering mid-to-high level Korean because it appears constantly in non-fiction reading materials. It signals to the reader that a definition or a specific term is following, helping them organize the information in their mind. It is also a synonym for the Sino-Korean word '소위' (所謂), but 이른바 is the native Korean version, often preferred for its natural flow in various sentence structures.

Distinction from '이른': Do not confuse this with '이른' (the adjective form of '이르다' meaning 'early'). While they look similar, their meanings are entirely unrelated. One refers to time, the other to naming.

우리는 이른바 MZ 세대에 대해 논의하고 있습니다. (We are discussing the so-called MZ generation.)

Using 이른바 correctly involves understanding its placement as an adverb that modifies a noun phrase. It almost always precedes the term it is identifying. Think of it as a set of verbal quotation marks that you place around a word to indicate its status as a 'known term.'

Sentence Structure: Subject + [이른바 + Noun Phrase] + Verb. For example: '이것은 이른바 맛집이다' (This is a so-called famous restaurant).

When you use 이른바, you are often introducing a new concept to your listener. It’s very helpful in educational settings. If you are teaching someone about Korean culture, you might say, '이것이 이른바 정(Jeong)이라는 것입니다' (This is what is called 'Jeong'). This usage is helpful because it prepares the listener to receive a specific, potentially unfamiliar term.

그는 이른바 엄친아(엄마 친구 아들)의 정석이다. (He is the epitome of the so-called 'Um-Chin-Ah' - the perfect son.)

In more complex sentences, 이른바 can be used to contrast a popular label with a different reality. For instance, '그 이른바 전문가라는 사람은 아무것도 몰랐다' (That so-called expert didn't know anything). Here, the word helps emphasize the speaker's skepticism or sarcasm. This versatility is what makes it such a rich addition to your vocabulary.

Formal vs. Informal: In formal writing (reports, essays), 이른바 is used to maintain an objective tone. In informal speech, it might sound a bit 'bookish,' but it is used when discussing serious topics or pop culture trends.

정부는 이른바 그린 뉴딜 정책을 발표했다. (The government announced the so-called Green New Deal policy.)

Another common pattern is using 이른바 with quotes. While not strictly necessary, sometimes people put the noun in quotes to further emphasize the 'so-called' nature. However, the word 이른바 itself usually provides enough context that quotes are redundant in spoken Korean. It functions as a linguistic bracket.

Common Collocations: It is frequently paired with words like '전문가' (expert), '천재' (genius), '혁명' (revolution), and '현상' (phenomenon).

그들은 이른바 황금 세대라고 불린다. (They are called the so-called Golden Generation.)

If you turn on a Korean news channel like KBS, MBC, or SBS, you are almost guaranteed to hear 이른바 within the first ten minutes. News anchors and reporters use it to describe current events, social trends, or government initiatives that have specific names. It provides a level of professional distance and objectivity that is crucial in journalism.

Media Usage: Journalists use it to introduce nicknames for suspects, specific legislative bills, or catchy names for economic cycles. It signals that the name is a label given by society.

In the academic world, professors use 이른바 when introducing theories or established terms to students. It’s a way of saying, 'This is the term you will find in your textbooks.' It helps students identify the key vocabulary of the lecture. If you are watching a TED-style talk in Korean (like 'Sebasi'), the speaker will use it to introduce their core message or a unique concept they've developed.

심리학에서 이른바 플라시보 효과는 매우 유명합니다. (In psychology, the so-called placebo effect is very famous.)

You will also find 이른바 in documentaries. Narrators use it to describe historical eras or cultural shifts. For example, '1970년대는 이른바 격동의 시기였다' (The 1970s was what is called a period of upheaval). It adds a narrative weight to the description, making the term feel more significant.

Legal and Political Context: In courtrooms or National Assembly debates, lawyers and politicians use it to refer to specific laws by their common names (e.g., 'the so-called Kim Young-ran Act') rather than their long, official titles.

검찰은 이른바 N번방 사건의 주범을 검거했다. (The prosecution arrested the main culprit of the so-called Nth Room case.)

Lastly, in the business world, during presentations or meetings, managers use 이른바 to introduce market trends or competitor strategies. It shows that the speaker is well-informed about the industry's 'buzzwords.' If you're reading a Korean business newspaper like 'Maeil Business,' look for this word to find the main topic of an article.

The most frequent mistake learners make with 이른바 is confusing it with the adjective '이른,' which means 'early.' Because '이른 아침' (early morning) is a very common phrase, beginners often see 이른바 and try to translate it as 'early bar' or something related to time. It is crucial to remember that 이른바 is a fixed adverb that has nothing to do with the clock.

Mistake #1: Misplacement: Some learners place it after the noun, like '천재 이른바.' This is incorrect. It must come before the noun phrase it refers to: '이른바 천재.'

Another common error is overusing it in very casual, intimate conversations. While it's not 'wrong,' using 이른바 while talking to your close friends about what you had for lunch can sound overly stiff or even pretentious. For simple everyday items, you don't need to call them 'so-called.' Reserve it for terms that actually have a label-like quality.

Incorrect: 나는 이른바 사과를 먹었다. (I ate a so-called apple - sounds weird unless the apple isn't actually an apple.)

Learners also sometimes confuse 이른바 with '말하자면' (so to speak). While they are similar, '말하자면' is used more for metaphors or rephrasing an idea in your own words, whereas 이른바 is used for names and terms that already exist in society. Use '말하자면' when you are explaining a concept, and 이른바 when you are naming it.

Mistake #2: Neglecting the Nuance: Forgetting that 이른바 can imply sarcasm. If you use it for a friend's title without meaning to be sarcastic, they might think you are doubting their status!

Caution: 이른바 리더인 철수. (If Chul-soo is actually the leader and you like him, just say '리더인 철수'. Adding 이른바 might sound like you don't think he's a good leader.)

Korean has several ways to say 'so-called' or to introduce a term. Understanding the differences between 이른바 and its alternatives will greatly improve your fluency and ability to choose the right register for any situation.

소위 (Sowi): This is the Hanja (Sino-Korean) equivalent of 이른바. It is extremely common in academic texts and news. While interchangeable with 이른바, 소위 often sounds slightly more formal or 'stiff.' If you want to sound very intellectual, use 소위.

Another alternative is 말하자면 (malhajamyeon). As mentioned before, this means 'so to speak' or 'to put it another way.' It is better for explanations. For example, '그는 우리 팀의 심장, 말하자면 가장 중요한 사람이다' (He is the heart of our team, so to speak, the most important person). Use this for metaphors.

Comparison: 이른바 (Focus on Name) vs. 말하자면 (Focus on Explanation).

For a more casual way to introduce a name, you can use the structure ~라는 것 or ~라고 불리는. Instead of '이른바 맛집,' you could say '맛집이라고 불리는 곳' (a place called a famous restaurant). This is more descriptive and sounds more natural in everyday spoken Korean among friends.

흔히 말하는 (Heun-hi mal-haneun): This means 'what people commonly say.' It’s a bit more colloquial and less 'technical' than 이른바. It’s great for referring to common social stereotypes or widely held beliefs.

그는 흔히 말하는 워커홀릭이다. (He is what people commonly call a workaholic.)

Finally, there is 명색이 (myeongsaegi). This is a unique word that means 'in name only' or 'calling oneself.' It is almost always used with a negative or ironic nuance. If you say '명색이 의사인데...' it means 'He calls himself a doctor, but (he doesn't act like one).' Use 이른바 when the label is neutral or established, and 명색이 when you want to criticize someone for not living up to their title.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

Despite being native Korean, it is often replaced by the Hanja word '소위' (Sowi) in extremely formal documents, but '이른바' is considered more elegant in literary prose.

発音ガイド

UK i.ɾɯn.ba

US i.ɾɯn.ba

The stress is relatively even across all three syllables, typical of Korean word rhythm.

韻が合う語

바 (ba) 가 (ga) 나 (na) 다 (da) 라 (ra) 마 (ma) 사 (sa) 자 (ja)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'reun' as 'run' (English 'uh' sound).
Pronouncing 'ba' with a very heavy English 'B' sound.
Confusing the pitch with the word for 'early' (이른).

難易度

読解 3/5

Common in written news and books, easy to recognize once learned.

ライティング 4/5

Requires understanding of where it fits in a sentence (before the noun).

スピーキング 4/5

Using it naturally requires a sense of formal vs. informal register.

リスニング 3/5

Very common in media; easy to hear but sometimes confused with other 'i' words.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

이르다 바 이름 말하다 것

次に学ぶ

소위 말하자면 일컫다 칭하다 명색이

上級

담론 (Discourse) 패러다임 (Paradigm) 뉘앙스 (Nuance) 함의 (Implication) 맥락 (Context)

知っておくべき文法

~라는/고 하는 (Noun defining clause)

이른바 '사랑'이라고 하는 감정.

~ㄴ 바 (Bound noun usage)

내가 아는 바와 다르다.

~라 불리는 (Passive naming)

이른바 천재라 불리는 아이.

Adverbial placement

이른바 [Noun] (Adverb modifies the following noun phrase).

Quotation markers in Korean

이른바 '...' (Using quotes with 이른바).

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レベル別の例文

이것이 이른바 한복입니다.

This is what is called Hanbok.

Simple identification using 이른바 before the noun.

그는 이른바 천재예요.

He is a so-called genius.

Using 이른바 to introduce a compliment or title.

이른바 맛집에 갔어요.

I went to a so-called famous restaurant.

Using 이른바 to describe a popular place.

이것은 이른바 비빔밥입니다.

This is what is called Bibimbap.

Introducing a specific food name.

그녀는 이른바 미인이에요.

She is a so-called beauty.

Using 이른바 with a common descriptive noun.

이른바 선물 세트예요.

It's a so-called gift set.

Identifying a specific type of product.

여기가 이른바 명동입니다.

This is the so-called Myeong-dong.

Introducing a famous location.

이른바 친구라고 해요.

We call them so-called friends.

Using 이른바 to define a relationship.

그는 이른바 엄친아예요.

He is a so-called 'perfect son'.

Using a popular Korean slang term with 이른바.

이른바 한류 열풍이 대단해요.

The so-called Hallyu wave is amazing.

Discussing a cultural phenomenon.

이것이 이른바 정이라는 거예요.

This is what is called 'Jeong'.

Explaining a unique Korean cultural concept.

이른바 혼밥을 하는 사람들이 많아요.

There are many people who do so-called 'solo dining'.

Describing a social trend.

우리는 이른바 단짝 친구예요.

We are so-called best friends.

Using 이른바 for a close personal relationship.

이른바 가성비가 좋은 식당이에요.

It's a restaurant with so-called good value for money.

Using a common economic term in daily life.

그는 이른바 운동광입니다.

He is a so-called fitness fanatic.

Describing someone's hobby or obsession.

이른바 힐링 여행을 떠났어요.

I went on a so-called healing trip.

Describing a specific type of vacation.

이른바 MZ 세대의 특징은 무엇인가요?

What are the characteristics of the so-called MZ generation?

Asking a question about a social group.

그는 이른바 자수성가한 사업가입니다.

He is a so-called self-made businessman.

Using a more complex descriptive noun.

이른바 가짜 뉴스가 큰 문제입니다.

So-called fake news is a big problem.

Discussing a modern social issue.

이른바 워라밸을 중요하게 생각해요.

I consider so-called work-life balance important.

Discussing personal values and lifestyle.

그들은 이른바 황금 세대라고 불립니다.

They are called the so-called golden generation.

Referring to a group with a specific title.

이른바 4차 산업혁명이 시작되었습니다.

The so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution has begun.

Introducing a major historical or economic term.

이것이 이른바 블루오션 시장입니다.

This is the so-called blue ocean market.

Using a business metaphor.

그는 이른바 마당발로 통합니다.

He is known as a so-called 'wide foot' (socialite).

Using an idiomatic expression with 이른바.

정부는 이른바 그린 뉴딜 정책을 추진 중이다.

The government is pursuing the so-called Green New Deal policy.

Formal usage in a political context.

이른바 전문가들의 의견이 엇갈리고 있다.

Opinions of so-called experts are divided.

Using 이른바 to show distance or potential skepticism.

이른바 님비(NIMBY) 현상이 심화되고 있다.

The so-called NIMBY phenomenon is intensifying.

Discussing a specific sociological term.

그는 이른바 시대의 아이콘으로 떠올랐다.

He emerged as a so-called icon of the era.

Describing someone's cultural significance.

이른바 플랫폼 노동자들의 권익 보호가 필요하다.

Protection of the rights of so-called platform workers is necessary.

Discussing labor rights and modern economy.

이른바 '묻지마 범죄'에 대한 대책이 시급하다.

Measures against so-called 'random crimes' are urgent.

Referring to a specific category of crime using its common name.

이것이 이른바 낙수 효과의 실체입니다.

This is the reality of the so-called trickle-down effect.

Critiquing an economic theory.

그들은 이른바 '디지털 노마드'의 삶을 산다.

They live the life of so-called 'digital nomads'.

Describing a modern lifestyle choice.

이른바 '포스트 진실' 시대의 도래를 우려한다.

I am concerned about the arrival of the so-called 'post-truth' era.

Discussing a complex philosophical/sociological concept.

이른바 거대 담론의 실종에 대해 논의해 봅시다.

Let's discuss the disappearance of the so-called grand narratives.

Academic usage in a seminar or lecture.

이른바 '유리 천장'은 여전히 견고하게 존재한다.

The so-called 'glass ceiling' still exists firmly.

Using a well-known metaphor for social barriers.

이른바 '확증 편향'이 사회적 갈등을 부추긴다.

So-called 'confirmation bias' fuels social conflict.

Using psychological terminology in a social critique.

이른바 '공유 경제'의 명암을 분석해야 한다.

We must analyze the light and shadow (pros and cons) of the so-called 'sharing economy'.

Formal analytical usage.

이른바 '문화 지체' 현상이 나타나고 있다.

The so-called 'cultural lag' phenomenon is appearing.

Using specific sociological terminology.

그는 이른바 '보이지 않는 손'의 역할을 강조했다.

He emphasized the role of the so-called 'invisible hand'.

Referring to a classic economic theory.

이른바 '창조적 파괴'가 혁신의 핵심이다.

So-called 'creative destruction' is the core of innovation.

Using a paradoxical economic concept.

이른바 '언어의 감옥'에서 벗어나기란 쉽지 않다.

It is not easy to escape from the so-called 'prison of language'.

Using a deep philosophical metaphor.

이른바 '발전적 해체'를 통한 조직 개편을 단행했다.

We carried out organizational restructuring through so-called 'constructive deconstruction'.

High-level professional/business jargon.

이른바 '침묵의 나선' 이론으로 여론을 분석했다.

Public opinion was analyzed using the so-called 'spiral of silence' theory.

Academic reporting of communication theory.

이른바 '지식의 저주'가 소통을 방해하고 있다.

The so-called 'curse of knowledge' is hindering communication.

Discussing cognitive biases at a high level.

이른바 '기저 효과'로 인해 수치가 왜곡될 수 있다.

Figures can be distorted due to the so-called 'base effect'.

Technical economic analysis.

이른바 '경로 의존성' 때문에 변화가 어렵다.

Change is difficult because of so-called 'path dependency'.

Using a sophisticated sociological/economic concept.

이른바 '상징 자본'의 획득이 중요해진 시대이다.

This is an era where the acquisition of so-called 'symbolic capital' has become important.

Using Bourdieu's sociological terminology.

이른바 '패러다임의 전환'이 요구되는 시점이다.

This is a point where a so-called 'paradigm shift' is required.

Using a high-level conceptual term.

よく使う組み合わせ

이른바 전문가

이른바 천재

이른바 현상

이른바 혁명

이른바 세대

이른바 시대

이른바 효과

이른바 정책

이른바 명칭

이른바 위기

よく使うフレーズ

이른바 ~라고 불리다

— To be called the so-called ~.

그는 이른바 천재라고 불린다.

이른바 ~라는 것

— The thing that is so-called ~.

이것이 이른바 사랑이라는 것이다.

이른바 ~의 정석

— The standard/epitome of the so-called ~.

그는 이른바 모범생의 정석이다.

이른바 ~의 일환으로

— As part of the so-called ~.

이른바 구조조정의 일환으로 해고되었다.

이른바 ~와 같은

— Such as the so-called ~.

이른바 멘토와 같은 존재.

이른바 ~에 따르면

— According to the so-called ~.

이른바 전문가들의 분석에 따르면...

이른바 ~를 말한다

— Refers to the so-called ~.

민주주의란 이른바 국민의 정치를 말한다.

이른바 ~에 불과하다

— To be nothing more than the so-called ~.

그의 계획은 이른바 몽상에 불과하다.

이른바 ~를 겨냥하다

— To aim at the so-called ~.

이 광고는 이른바 MZ세대를 겨냥했다.

이른바 ~에 직면하다

— To face the so-called ~.

우리는 이른바 위기에 직면해 있다.

よく混同される語

이른바 vs 이른 (Early)

이른 is an adjective for time; 이른바 is an adverb for naming.

이른바 vs 이름 (Name)

이름 is a noun; 이른바 is an adverb that introduces a name.

이른바 vs 이르다 (To be early / To say)

이른바 comes from the 'to say' meaning, not the 'early' meaning.

慣用句と表現

"이른바 입에 오르내리다"

— To be the subject of 'so-called' gossip or public talk.

그 사건은 이른바 사람들의 입에 오르내렸다.

Neutral

"이른바 이름값을 하다"

— To live up to one's so-called name or reputation.

그는 이른바 이름값을 하는 선수다.

Neutral

"이른바 꼬리표가 붙다"

— To have a 'so-called' label or stigma attached to one.

그에게는 이른바 반역자라는 꼬리표가 붙었다.

Neutral

"이른바 한 배를 타다"

— To be in the so-called 'same boat' (sharing the same fate).

우리는 이른바 한 배를 탄 운명이다.

Neutral

"이른바 도마 위에 오르다"

— To be on the 'so-called' chopping block (subject to criticism).

그의 행동이 이른바 도마 위에 올랐다.

Neutral

"이른바 뼈를 깎는 노력"

— So-called 'bone-chilling' (extreme) effort.

그는 이른바 뼈를 깎는 노력으로 성공했다.

Neutral

"이른바 눈 가리고 아웅"

— A so-called 'covering eyes and meowing' (shallow deception).

정부의 대책은 이른바 눈 가리고 아웅 식이다.

Informal/Idiomatic

"이른바 밑 빠진 독에 물 붓기"

— A so-called 'pouring water into a bottomless jar' (futile effort).

이 사업은 이른바 밑 빠진 독에 물 붓기다.

Informal/Idiomatic

"이른바 산 넘어 산"

— So-called 'mountain after mountain' (one problem after another).

상황이 이른바 산 넘어 산이다.

Informal/Idiomatic

"이른바 그림의 떡"

— A so-called 'rice cake in a picture' (something unattainable).

내게 그 차는 이른바 그림의 떡이다.

Informal/Idiomatic

間違えやすい

이른바 vs 말하자면

Both translate to 'so to speak'.

이른바 focuses on the specific name/label, while 말하자면 focuses on explaining or rephrasing an idea.

이른바 '천재' (The label), 말하자면 아주 똑똑한 사람 (The explanation).

이른바 vs 소위

They have the exact same meaning.

소위 is Sino-Korean and slightly more formal; 이른바 is native Korean and sounds more natural in prose.

소위 전문가 / 이른바 전문가.

이른바 vs 흔히

Both can describe common things.

흔히 means 'commonly' (frequency); 이른바 means 'so-called' (labeling).

흔히 발생하는 일 (Commonly occurring thing) / 이른바 맛집 (So-called famous restaurant).

이른바 vs 명색이

Both deal with titles.

명색이 implies the person doesn't live up to the title; 이른바 is more neutral.

명색이 의사인데 (He's a doctor in name only) / 이른바 의사 (The so-called doctor).

이른바 vs 일컫는

Both refer to naming.

일컫는 is a verb form (adjective-like); 이른바 is an adverb. '이른바' is more flexible in sentence structure.

천재라 일컫는 사람 / 이른바 천재인 사람.

文型パターン

이것은 이른바 [Noun]입니다.

이것은 이른바 김치입니다.

그는 이른바 [Noun]예요.

그는 이른바 천재예요.

이른바 [Noun] 현상이 나타나고 있다.

이른바 혼밥 현상이 나타나고 있다.

우리는 이른바 [Noun] 시대에 살고 있다.

우리는 이른바 정보 시대에 살고 있다.

정부는 이른바 [Noun] 정책을 발표했다.

정부는 이른바 뉴딜 정책을 발표했다.

이른바 [Noun]라는 비판이 제기되었다.

이른바 독선이라는 비판이 제기되었다.

이른바 [Noun]의 관점에서 보면...

이른바 실용주의의 관점에서 보면...

이른바 [Noun]와 [Noun]의 경계에서...

이른바 예술과 외설의 경계에서...

語族

名詞

이름 (Name)

말 (Word/Speech)

動詞

이르다 (To say/call)

말하다 (To speak)

使い方

frequency

High in media/writing, Medium in daily speech.

よくある間違い

Using '이른' (Early) instead of '이른바'. → 이른바 천재
'이른' means early in time. '이른바' is the adverb for 'so-called'. They are completely different.
Placing '이른바' after the noun. → 이른바 맛집
In Korean, adverbs like this must precede the noun phrase they modify.
Using '이른바' for every single noun. → 사과를 먹었다 (not 이른바 사과)
Only use it for terms that are actually labels, titles, or specific nicknames. Common objects don't need it.
Confusing '이른바' with '말하자면' for simple rephrasing. → 말하자면, 그는 아주 친절해요.
Use '말하자면' when you want to rephrase an idea. Use '이른바' only for names and terms.
Using '이른바' in a very casual way with superiors. → 이른바 ~라고 불리는 것 (more polite)
While not rude, using '이른바' too much can sound a bit stiff or academic in casual speech.

ヒント

Use for Trends

When you see a new word on the news, use '이른바' to introduce it. It makes you sound like you are well-informed about Korean society.

Native Feel

Choose '이른바' over '소위' if you want your writing to feel more like natural, modern Korean literature.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't say '이른바 소위'. Both mean the same thing, so pick one and stick with it.

Noun Modifier

Always follow '이른바' with a noun. It doesn't work well before verbs or adjectives alone.

Check Your Tone

If you say '이른바' with a smirk, it will definitely sound sarcastic. If you say it seriously, it sounds objective.

Essay Anchor

Use it in the introduction of your essay to define the key term you are writing about.

News Marker

When you hear '이른바' on the news, get ready! The very next word is the most important subject of the sentence.

Cultural Bridge

Use it when explaining your own culture to Koreans. 'This is the so-called Thanksgiving...' (이른바 추수감사절...).

The 'Say-What' Rule

Just remember: 이른바 = What (바) is said (이른). It's a simple way to keep the meaning in mind.

Critique Tool

Use it to challenge established norms by calling them 'so-called' norms, forcing the listener to rethink them.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'I-REUN-BA' as 'I RUN the BAR'—when you run the bar, you give things their 'so-called' names (like naming a cocktail).

視覚的連想

Imagine a person pointing a large, glowing label-maker at a group of people, slapping labels like 'EXPERT' or 'GENIUS' on them.

Word Web

이르다 (to say) 바 (thing) 소위 (synonym) 이름 (name) 말 (speech) 칭하다 (to title) 불리다 (to be called) 정의 (definition)

チャレンジ

Try to use '이른바' to describe three different things in your room: a 'so-called' desk, a 'so-called' window, and a 'so-called' bed.

語源

The word is a combination of the verb '이르다' (meaning 'to say' or 'to call') and the bound noun '바' (meaning 'thing', 'fact', or 'what'). It appeared in Middle Korean and has remained a stable part of the language.

元の意味： Literally 'the thing that is said' or 'what [people] call [it].'

Native Korean (Pure Korean)

文化的な背景

Be careful using it with people's actual professional titles (like '이른바 교수님') as it can sound like you are doubting their credentials.

It is exactly equivalent to 'so-called' in English, but it is used slightly more often in professional Korean speech than 'so-called' is in English speech.

Commonly used in 'Sebasi' (Korea's version of TED Talks). Frequently heard in historical dramas (Sageuk) when characters discuss titles. A staple word in the 'Hankyoreh' or 'Chosun Ilbo' newspaper editorials.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

News Reporting

이른바 ~ 사건
이른바 ~ 법안
이른바 ~ 현상
이른바 ~ 측

Academic Lectures

이른바 ~ 이론
이른바 ~ 효과
이른바 ~ 원리
이른바 ~ 개념

Business Meetings

이른바 ~ 트렌드
이른바 ~ 니즈
이른바 ~ 리스크
이른바 ~ 가치

Socializing (Slang)

이른바 ~ 맛집
이른바 ~ 인싸
이른바 ~ 꿀팁
이른바 ~ 케미

Politics

이른바 ~ 개혁
이른바 ~ 연대
이른바 ~ 프레임
이른바 ~ 민심

会話のきっかけ

"요즘 이른바 'MZ 세대'에 대해 어떻게 생각하세요?"

"한국에서 이른바 '정'이라는 문화가 정말 중요한가요?"

"당신이 가본 이른바 '맛집' 중에 최고는 어디였나요?"

"이른바 '워라밸'을 지키기 위해 무엇을 하시나요?"

"최근 이른바 '가짜 뉴스' 문제를 어떻게 해결해야 할까요?"

日記のテーマ

내가 생각하는 이른바 '성공'의 정의는 무엇인가?

최근 사회에서 이른바 '공정'이 왜 중요한 화두가 되었는지 적어보자.

나의 이른바 '인생 영화' 세 편과 그 이유를 설명해 보자.

이른바 '디지털 노마드'의 삶에 대해 나의 장단점 분석을 해보자.

내가 닮고 싶은 이른바 '롤모델'은 누구인가?

よくある質問

10 問

No, it is used for people, objects, concepts, laws, eras, and any phenomenon that has a name or label. For example, '이른바 4차 산업혁명' (the so-called 4th Industrial Revolution).

Yes, but it might sound a bit formal or ironic. If you use it to talk about a 'so-called' delicious snack, it adds a humorous, slightly exaggerated tone to your speech.

They are essentially the same. '소위' is the Hanja version and '이른바' is the native Korean version. '소위' is seen more in legal or very old-fashioned academic texts, while '이른바' is preferred in modern high-quality writing.

It always goes right before the noun or the noun phrase it is labeling. You should never put it at the end of a sentence.

Not necessarily. It often just means 'what people call it.' However, depending on your tone of voice, it can be used to imply that the label is inaccurate or sarcastic.

It is considered a mid-to-high level word (CEFR A2/B1 and above). While the concept is simple, using it correctly in context shows a good grasp of Korean nuance.

Absolutely. It is an excellent word to use in a job interview when discussing professional trends or your specific role (e.g., '이른바 멀티플레이어로서...').

No, '이른바' is already a fixed form. You cannot shorten it further.

No, '이른바' is an adverb and cannot be turned into a '-적' adjective. You just use it as is before a noun.

It is neutral by itself, but it is frequently used in negative contexts to highlight a discrepancy between a label and reality (e.g., 'so-called freedom').

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