Address Forms
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Lao address forms depend on the age, status, and relationship between speakers using specific pronouns and polite particles like 'doy' or 'jao'.
- Use 'jao' (ເຈົ້າ) as a polite 'you' for strangers or superiors.
- Use 'khoy' (ຂ້ອຍ) as a neutral 'I' in most social contexts.
- Add 'doy' (ໂດຍ) or 'jao' (ເຈົ້າ) at the end of sentences to show politeness.
Meanings
Lao address forms are a system of pronouns and sentence-ending particles used to signal social distance, respect, and hierarchy.
Polite/Formal
Used for elders, strangers, or professional settings.
“ເຈົ້າໄປໃສ?”
“ໂດຍ, ຂ້ອຍຈະໄປຕະຫຼາດ.”
Neutral/Peer
Used between friends or people of similar age.
“ເຈົ້າໄປບໍ່?”
“ຂ້ອຍໄປ.”
Intimate/Casual
Used with close family or very close friends.
“ມຶງໄປໃສ?”
“ກູໄປນັ້ນ.”
Pronoun and Register Table
| Register | Pronoun (I) | Pronoun (You) | Particle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formal | ຂ້ານ້ອຍ | ທ່ານ | ໂດຍ |
| Polite | ຂ້ອຍ | ເຈົ້າ | ເຈົ້າ |
| Neutral | ຂ້ອຍ | ເຈົ້າ | ເດີ້ |
| Informal | ກູ | ມຶງ | ນໍ |
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Pronoun + Verb + Particle | ຂ້ອຍໄປໂດຍ |
| Negative | Pronoun + ບໍ່ + Verb + Particle | ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ໄປໂດຍ |
| Question | Pronoun + Verb + ບໍ່ + Particle | ເຈົ້າໄປບໍ່ເຈົ້າ |
| Polite Request | Verb + ແດ່ + Particle | ຊ່ວຍແດ່ເຈົ້າ |
| Formal Agreement | ໂດຍ + Verb | ໂດຍ, ຂ້ອຍໄປ |
| Casual Agreement | ໄປເດີ້ | ໄປເດີ້ |
フォーマル度スペクトル
ຂ້ານ້ອຍຈະໄປຕະຫຼາດໂດຍ. (Daily routine)
ຂ້ອຍຈະໄປຕະຫຼາດ. (Daily routine)
ກູໄປຕະຫຼາດ. (Daily routine)
ໄປຕະຫຼາດລະເດີ້. (Daily routine)
Lao Address Hierarchy
Superior
- ທ່ານ You (formal)
Peer
- ເຈົ້າ You (neutral)
Inferior/Close
- ມຶງ You (informal)
Examples by Level
ເຈົ້າສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
Are you well?
ຂ້ອຍສະບາຍດີ.
I am well.
ຂອບໃຈເຈົ້າ.
Thank you.
ໂດຍ.
Yes/Okay.
ເຈົ້າຊື່ຫຍັງ?
What is your name?
ຂ້ອຍຊື່ສົມສີ.
My name is Somsi.
ເຈົ້າໄປໃສ?
Where are you going?
ຂ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ.
I am going to the market.
ອ້າຍໄປເຮັດວຽກບໍ່?
Are you (older brother) going to work?
ນ້ອງຈະໄປກິນເຂົ້າ.
I (younger sibling) will go eat.
ເຈົ້າຊ່ວຍຂ້ອຍແດ່.
Could you please help me?
ໂດຍ, ຂ້ອຍຈະຊ່ວຍ.
Yes, I will help.
ທ່ານຕ້ອງການຫຍັງບໍ່?
Do you (very formal) need anything?
ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ສະດວກໃນຕອນນີ້.
I am not available right now.
ເຈົ້າຄິດວ່າແນວໃດ?
What do you think?
ຂ້ອຍເຫັນດີນຳເຈົ້າ.
I agree with you.
ຂໍໂທດເດີ້ອ້າຍ, ຂ້ອຍມາຊ້າ.
Sorry, older brother, I am late.
ນ້ອງຂໍອະນຸຍາດຖາມ.
May I (younger) ask?
ທ່ານມີຄວາມເຫັນແນວໃດ?
What is your opinion?
ຂ້ອຍຂໍສະເໜີແນວນີ້.
I would like to propose this.
ຂ້ານ້ອຍຂໍຮັບໃຊ້.
I (humble) am at your service.
ທ່ານມີກຽດມາຢາມເຮົາ.
You (honored) have honored us with your visit.
ຂ້ອຍຮູ້ສຶກເປັນກຽດຫຼາຍ.
I feel very honored.
ຂໍໃຫ້ທ່ານໂຊກດີ.
I wish you good luck.
Easily Confused
Learners often swap I and You.
Both are polite.
Using informal with elders.
よくある間違い
ມຶງສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
ເຈົ້າສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
ຂ້ອຍໄປ.
ຂ້ອຍໄປໂດຍ.
ເຈົ້າໄປ.
ຂ້ອຍໄປ.
ສະບາຍດີ.
ສະບາຍດີເຈົ້າ.
ເຈົ້າກິນເຂົ້າບໍ່?
ເຈົ້າກິນເຂົ້າບໍ່ເຈົ້າ?
ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ຮູ້.
ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ຮູ້ໂດຍ.
ທ່ານໄປໃສ?
ເຈົ້າໄປໃສ?
ອ້າຍກິນເຂົ້າບໍ່?
ອ້າຍກິນເຂົ້າບໍ່ເຈົ້າ?
ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ຢາກໄປ.
ຂ້ອຍບໍ່ສະດວກໄປ.
ເຈົ້າເວົ້າຫຍັງ?
ທ່ານເວົ້າຫຍັງ?
ຂ້ານ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ.
ຂ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ.
ທ່ານໄປກິນເຂົ້າບໍ່?
ທ່ານໄປຮັບປະທານອາຫານບໍ່?
ເຈົ້າເຮັດວຽກຫຍັງ?
ທ່ານເຮັດວຽກຫຍັງ?
ຂ້ອຍຂໍໂທດ.
ຂ້ານ້ອຍຂໍອະໄພ.
Sentence Patterns
ຂ້ອຍ ___ ໂດຍ.
ເຈົ້າ ___ ບໍ່ເຈົ້າ?
ອ້າຍ ___ ບໍ່?
ທ່ານ ___ ແນວໃດ?
Real World Usage
ເອົາເຂົ້າໜຽວໂດຍ.
ໄປໃສນໍ?
ຂ້ອຍມີປະສົບການໂດຍ.
ໄປວັດໄປໃສເຈົ້າ?
ງາມຫຼາຍເດີ້.
ທາງໄປຕະຫຼາດໄປທາງໃດເຈົ້າ?
When in doubt, use 'Jao'
Avoid 'Mung/Gu'
Use particles
Respect elders
Smart Tips
Use 'Jao' and end with 'doy'.
Use 'Ai' or 'Nong'.
Use 'Jao' + 'doy'.
Use 'Than'.
発音
Particle intonation
Particles like 'doy' should have a rising tone to sound polite.
Polite Question
ເຈົ້າໄປບໍ່ເຈົ້າ? ↗
Rising tone at the end shows politeness.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Jao is for the Joe you don't know; Khoy is for the guy (I) who is shy.
Visual Association
Imagine a ladder. The higher you go, the more formal the words (ທ່ານ). The lower you go, the more casual (ມຶງ).
Rhyme
Use 'Jao' for a stranger you meet, 'Khoy' for yourself to be sweet.
Story
Somsi meets a stranger. She says 'Jao' to be polite. She introduces herself as 'Khoy'. She ends with 'doy' to show she is a good person.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to use 'doy' at the end of every sentence you say in Lao for 5 minutes.
文化メモ
Vientiane speakers are generally more formal in public.
They have a unique, softer way of speaking.
More direct but still polite.
Lao honorifics evolved from ancient Tai social structures.
Conversation Starters
ເຈົ້າຊື່ຫຍັງ?
ອ້າຍເຮັດວຽກຫຍັງ?
ທ່ານມີຄວາມເຫັນແນວໃດ?
ເຈົ້າໄປໃສມາ?
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
___ ສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
ຂ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
ມຶງໄປໃສ? (to an elder)
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
I am eating.
Answer starts with: ຂ້ອ...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Which sentence is most polite?
___ ຊື່ຫຍັງ?
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercises___ ສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
ຂ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
ມຶງໄປໃສ? (to an elder)
ເຈົ້າ / ໄປ / ບໍ່ / ໃສ
I am eating.
Formal vs Informal
Which sentence is most polite?
___ ຊື່ຫຍັງ?
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, it is neutral, but add 'doy' for politeness.
It is a sign of respect for an older male.
Yes, it is the standard polite 'you'.
People will understand, but you might sound rude.
Yes, particles vary by region.
Add 'jao' at the end.
Yes, but Lao is more conservative.
Yes, if the context is clear.
In Other Languages
Usted/Tú
Lao uses particles, Spanish uses verb conjugation.
Vous/Tu
Lao is more particle-dependent.
Sie/Du
Lao is more hierarchical.
Keigo
Japanese changes verbs, Lao changes particles.
Formal/Dialect
Lao is more pronoun-based.
Nin/Ni
Lao uses particles for tone.
