Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The simple past describes completed actions; just add the correct personal ending to the past stem of the verb.
- Find the past stem by removing '-an' from the infinitive (e.g., raftan -> raft).
- Add the personal ending: -am, -i, - (none), -im, -id, -and.
- For negatives, add the prefix 'na-' to the beginning of the verb.
Overview
How This Grammar Works
an (ـن) で終わります。過去形にするには、この語尾を切り落とすだけです。残ったものが「過去語幹」です。例えば、raftan（行く）は raft になります。この語幹は魔法のチケットです。英語のように go が went に変わることはありません。どの主語でも raft は変わりません。最後に小さな接尾辞を足すだけです。
Formation Pattern
khordan 食べる）。
an (ـن) を取って過去語幹を作ります：khord (خورد)。
-am -> khordam（食べた）
-i -> khordi（食べた）
khord（食べた）
-im -> khordim（食べた）
-id -> khordid（食べた）
-and -> khordand（食べた）
When To Use It
- SNS: 「ストーリーを投稿した」(
estori gozashtam)。 - 日常: 「パンを買った」(
nan kharidam)。 - Netflix: 「全シーズン見た」(
tamam-e fasl-o didam)。
Common Mistakes
raft-esh とは言わず、ただ raft と言います。また、初対面の人や目上の人には、丁寧な -id を使うのを忘れないでください。Contrast With Similar Patterns
raftam) と現在完了 (rafte-am) があります。初心者はまず単純過去をマスターしましょう。進行中の過去を表す「未完了過去」(mi- がつく形) と混同しないようにしましょう。Quick FAQ
過去語幹は常に規則的ですか？
はい！不定詞から an を取るだけです。
否定形はどう作りますか？
最初に na- を付けます。naraftam（行かなかった）。
「私」などの代名詞は必要ですか？
普通は不要です。動詞の語尾で誰が主語かわかるからです。
Meanings
The simple past is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
Completed Action
An action that happened and finished in the past.
“او کتاب را خواند”
“ما ناهار خوردیم”
Narrative Past
Used in storytelling to sequence events.
“او وارد شد، سلام کرد و نشست”
“خورشید طلوع کرد”
Negative Past
Denying an action occurred.
“من نرفتم”
“او نخورد”
Conjugation of 'Raftan' (To Go)
| Pronoun | Ending | Conjugated Form |
|---|---|---|
| Man (I) | -am | Raftam |
| To (You) | -i | Rafti |
| Ou (He/She) | none | Raft |
| Ma (We) | -im | Raftim |
| Shoma (You pl.) | -id | Raftid |
| Anha (They) | -and | Raftand |
Reference Table
| Person | Suffix | Example (Raftan - to go) |
|---|---|---|
| I (Man) | -am | raftam (I went) |
| You (To) | -i | rafti (You went) |
| He/She (U) | (none) | raft (He/She went) |
| We (Mā) | -im | raftim (We went) |
| You pl. (Shomā) | -id | raftid (You went) |
| They (Anhā) | -and | raftand (They went) |
フォーマル度スペクトル
من به فروشگاه رفتم. (Daily errand)
من به مغازه رفتم. (Daily errand)
رفتم مغازه. (Daily errand)
زدم تو کار مغازه. (Daily errand)
Anatomy of a Past Tense Verb
The Base
- Past Stem Infinitive minus -an
The Suffixes
- -am, -i, -im Personal endings
Formal vs. Informal 'You'
How to Conjugate
Is the subject He/She/It?
Is it negative?
Essential Past Stems
Movement
- • raft (went)
- • āmad (came)
- • resid (arrived)
Actions
- • khord (ate)
- • did (saw)
- • nevesht (wrote)
レベル別の例文
من دیروز غذا خوردم
I ate food yesterday
او به خانه رفت
He went home
ما فیلم دیدیم
We watched a movie
تو کتاب خواندی
You read a book
من دیروز به مدرسه نرفتم
I didn't go to school yesterday
آیا تو دیروز کار کردی؟
Did you work yesterday?
آنها دیر رسیدند
They arrived late
شما چه چیزی خریدید؟
What did you buy?
وقتی رسیدم، او رفته بود
When I arrived, he had gone
او گفت که دیروز به بازار رفت
He said he went to the market yesterday
اگر میدانستم، میآمدم
If I had known, I would have come
او تصمیم گرفت که برود
He decided to go
او با دقت نامه را نوشت و امضا کرد
He carefully wrote and signed the letter
در آن سال، تغییرات زیادی رخ داد
In that year, many changes occurred
او نتوانست حقیقت را بگوید
He could not tell the truth
ما به نتیجه نرسیدیم
We did not reach a conclusion
او چنان با مهارت سخن گفت که همه تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتند
He spoke with such skill that everyone was impressed
او از فرصت استفاده کرد و پیشنهاد داد
He took the opportunity and made a proposal
این واقعه مسیر تاریخ را تغییر داد
This event changed the course of history
او به ندرت در جلسات شرکت کرد
He rarely participated in the meetings
او در آن لحظه به یاد آورد که چه چیزی را فراموش کرده بود
At that moment, he remembered what he had forgotten
او با وجود مشکلات، به راه خود ادامه داد
Despite the problems, he continued on his way
این تصمیم، سرنوشت او را رقم زد
This decision determined his fate
او در نهایت به حقیقت پی برد
He finally realized the truth
間違えやすい
Learners often use the simple past for habitual actions.
Learners use simple past when the time is not specified.
Mixing up completed actions with ongoing past actions.
よくある間違い
Raftam-am
Raftam
Na-raft
Naraft
Raft-i-am
Raftam
Raftan-i
Rafti
Man rafti
Man raftam
Raftam diruz
Diruz raftam
Naraftam-i
Naraftam
Raftam-e
Raftam
Raftam-im
Raftim
Naraft-am
Naraftam
Raftam-e-bud
Raftam
Raft-e
Raft
Naraft-e
Naraft
文型パターン
من دیروز ___ کردم.
آیا تو ___ رفتی؟
ما ___ را ندیدیم.
او گفت که ___ کرد.
Real World Usage
کجا رفتی؟
من در آن پروژه کار کردم.
من بلیط را خریدم.
امروز خیلی خوش گذشت!
من پیتزا سفارش دادم.
رئیس جمهور سخنرانی کرد.
Drop the Pronoun
The Silent 3rd Person
Politeness Matters
Smart Tips
Always learn the infinitive and past stem together.
The 'na-' prefix is always attached.
Focus on the ending sound.
Use time markers to clarify.
発音
Stress
Stress usually falls on the last syllable of the stem.
Question
Rafti? ↑
Rising pitch at the end indicates a question.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember 'Past is a Blast': Take the stem, add the ending, and you're done!
視覚的連想
Imagine a train (the verb) arriving at a station (the past). The passengers (the endings) hop on at the end of the train.
Rhyme
Take the stem and add the bit, now you've made the past of it!
Story
Yesterday, I (raftam) to the store. I (kharidam) bread. I (khordam) lunch. It was a good day.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 5 sentences about what you did this morning in 5 minutes.
文化メモ
In casual speech, the final 'd' in 'raftand' is often dropped.
Always use the full 'd' ending in writing.
The simple past is the primary tense for historical narration.
The Persian simple past is derived from the Old Persian past participle.
会話のきっかけ
دیروز چه کار کردی؟
آخر هفته کجا رفتی؟
اولین باری که به ایران آمدی چه حسی داشتی؟
در دوران کودکی چه بازیهایی انجام دادی؟
日記のテーマ
Test Yourself
Man film rā ____. (I watched the movie)
Choose the right option:
Find and fix the mistake:
Mā ghazā khord.
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesمن به خانه ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
او نرفتم.
من غذا ___.
دیروز / رفتم / من / بازار
They arrived.
Match: Man, To, Ma
Infinitive: 'Khandan'
ما فیلم ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesShomā be Tehrān ____.
They read the book. (to read = khāndan, book = ketāb)
kharidam / man / nān
Match them:
To ketāb khāndam.
Choose the negative form:
Man emruz dars ____.
We ate.
didid / shomā / rā / film
Past stem of neveshtan:
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
Remove the '-an' from the infinitive verb. For example, 'raftan' becomes 'raft'.
Yes, the endings are consistent for almost every verb in Persian.
Add 'na-' to the beginning of the verb. 'Raftam' becomes 'naraftam'.
Most Persian verbs are regular in the past tense. Only a few have irregular stems.
No, this is only for past actions.
No, Persian verbs do not change based on the gender of the subject.
Use the same structure as a statement but raise your intonation at the end.
Confusing the past stem with the present stem.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pretérito indefinido
Spanish has more irregular stems.
Passé composé
Persian uses suffixes, not auxiliaries.
Präteritum
German has strong/weak verb classes.
Ta-form
Persian conjugates for person.
Madi
Arabic has gendered endings.
Le particle
Persian is inflectional.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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