波斯语简单过去时：我做了，他去了 (-am, -i, -)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The simple past describes completed actions; just add the correct personal ending to the past stem of the verb.
- Find the past stem by removing '-an' from the infinitive (e.g., raftan -> raft).
- Add the personal ending: -am, -i, - (none), -im, -id, -and.
- For negatives, add the prefix 'na-' to the beginning of the verb.
Overview
bought 和 caught。波斯语要轻松得多。简单过去时是你学习波斯语的基石。你可以用它告诉朋友你的周末过得怎么样，或者解释为什么你 Zoom 会议迟到了。在波斯语中，过去时非常规律。一旦你找到了动词的“过去词干”，你就完成了 90% 的工作。这就像玩乐高积木一样简单。How This Grammar Works
an (ـن) 结尾。要变成过去时，我们只需要砍掉那个结尾。剩下的就是“过去词干”。例如，raftan（去）变成了 raft。这个词干就是你的通关金牌。不像英语中 go 会变成 went，波斯语的词干对每个人称都是一致的。你只需要在末尾添加一个小后缀来表示是谁做了这个动作。
Formation Pattern
khordan（吃）。
an (ـن) 得到过去词干：khord (خورد)。
-am -> khordam（我吃了）
-i -> khordi（你吃了）
khord（他吃了）
-im -> khordim（我们吃了）
-id -> khordid（你们吃了）
-and -> khordand（他们吃了）
When To Use It
- 社交媒体： “我发了一个动态” (
estori gozashtam)。 - 日常任务： “我买了面包” (
nan kharidam)。 - Netflix： “我看完了整季” (
tamam-e fasl-o didam)。
Common Mistakes
raft-esh，只需说 raft。另一个错误是混淆现在词干和过去词干。记住：如果它来自不定式减去 an，它就是过去时。另外，不要忘记复数“你” (-id)，即使只对一个人说话，为了礼貌也要使用它。Contrast With Similar Patterns
raftam) 和现在完成时 (rafte-am)。如果你刚开始学习，请坚持使用简单过去时。不要把它与使用前缀 mi- 的“过去进行时”混淆。Quick FAQ
an。词干本身永远不会改变。na-。raftam（我去了）变成 naraftam（我没去）。Meanings
The simple past is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
Completed Action
An action that happened and finished in the past.
“او کتاب را خواند”
“ما ناهار خوردیم”
Narrative Past
Used in storytelling to sequence events.
“او وارد شد، سلام کرد و نشست”
“خورشید طلوع کرد”
Negative Past
Denying an action occurred.
“من نرفتم”
“او نخورد”
Conjugation of 'Raftan' (To Go)
| Pronoun | Ending | Conjugated Form |
|---|---|---|
| Man (I) | -am | Raftam |
| To (You) | -i | Rafti |
| Ou (He/She) | none | Raft |
| Ma (We) | -im | Raftim |
| Shoma (You pl.) | -id | Raftid |
| Anha (They) | -and | Raftand |
Reference Table
| Person | Suffix | Example (Raftan - to go) |
|---|---|---|
| I (Man) | -am | raftam (I went) |
| You (To) | -i | rafti (You went) |
| He/She (U) | (none) | raft (He/She went) |
| We (Mā) | -im | raftim (We went) |
| You pl. (Shomā) | -id | raftid (You went) |
| They (Anhā) | -and | raftand (They went) |
正式程度
من به فروشگاه رفتم. (Daily errand)
من به مغازه رفتم. (Daily errand)
رفتم مغازه. (Daily errand)
زدم تو کار مغازه. (Daily errand)
Anatomy of a Past Tense Verb
The Base
- Past Stem Infinitive minus -an
The Suffixes
- -am, -i, -im Personal endings
Formal vs. Informal 'You'
How to Conjugate
Is the subject He/She/It?
Is it negative?
Essential Past Stems
Movement
- • raft (went)
- • āmad (came)
- • resid (arrived)
Actions
- • khord (ate)
- • did (saw)
- • nevesht (wrote)
Examples by Level
من دیروز غذا خوردم
I ate food yesterday
او به خانه رفت
He went home
ما فیلم دیدیم
We watched a movie
تو کتاب خواندی
You read a book
من دیروز به مدرسه نرفتم
I didn't go to school yesterday
آیا تو دیروز کار کردی؟
Did you work yesterday?
آنها دیر رسیدند
They arrived late
شما چه چیزی خریدید؟
What did you buy?
وقتی رسیدم، او رفته بود
When I arrived, he had gone
او گفت که دیروز به بازار رفت
He said he went to the market yesterday
اگر میدانستم، میآمدم
If I had known, I would have come
او تصمیم گرفت که برود
He decided to go
او با دقت نامه را نوشت و امضا کرد
He carefully wrote and signed the letter
در آن سال، تغییرات زیادی رخ داد
In that year, many changes occurred
او نتوانست حقیقت را بگوید
He could not tell the truth
ما به نتیجه نرسیدیم
We did not reach a conclusion
او چنان با مهارت سخن گفت که همه تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتند
He spoke with such skill that everyone was impressed
او از فرصت استفاده کرد و پیشنهاد داد
He took the opportunity and made a proposal
این واقعه مسیر تاریخ را تغییر داد
This event changed the course of history
او به ندرت در جلسات شرکت کرد
He rarely participated in the meetings
او در آن لحظه به یاد آورد که چه چیزی را فراموش کرده بود
At that moment, he remembered what he had forgotten
او با وجود مشکلات، به راه خود ادامه داد
Despite the problems, he continued on his way
این تصمیم، سرنوشت او را رقم زد
This decision determined his fate
او در نهایت به حقیقت پی برد
He finally realized the truth
Easily Confused
Learners often use the simple past for habitual actions.
Learners use simple past when the time is not specified.
Mixing up completed actions with ongoing past actions.
常见错误
Raftam-am
Raftam
Na-raft
Naraft
Raft-i-am
Raftam
Raftan-i
Rafti
Man rafti
Man raftam
Raftam diruz
Diruz raftam
Naraftam-i
Naraftam
Raftam-e
Raftam
Raftam-im
Raftim
Naraft-am
Naraftam
Raftam-e-bud
Raftam
Raft-e
Raft
Naraft-e
Naraft
Sentence Patterns
من دیروز ___ کردم.
آیا تو ___ رفتی؟
ما ___ را ندیدیم.
او گفت که ___ کرد.
Real World Usage
کجا رفتی؟
من در آن پروژه کار کردم.
من بلیط را خریدم.
امروز خیلی خوش گذشت!
من پیتزا سفارش دادم.
رئیس جمهور سخنرانی کرد.
Drop the Pronoun
The Silent 3rd Person
Politeness Matters
Smart Tips
Always learn the infinitive and past stem together.
The 'na-' prefix is always attached.
Focus on the ending sound.
Use time markers to clarify.
发音
Stress
Stress usually falls on the last syllable of the stem.
Question
Rafti? ↑
Rising pitch at the end indicates a question.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember 'Past is a Blast': Take the stem, add the ending, and you're done!
Visual Association
Imagine a train (the verb) arriving at a station (the past). The passengers (the endings) hop on at the end of the train.
Rhyme
Take the stem and add the bit, now you've made the past of it!
Story
Yesterday, I (raftam) to the store. I (kharidam) bread. I (khordam) lunch. It was a good day.
Word Web
挑战
Write 5 sentences about what you did this morning in 5 minutes.
文化笔记
In casual speech, the final 'd' in 'raftand' is often dropped.
Always use the full 'd' ending in writing.
The simple past is the primary tense for historical narration.
The Persian simple past is derived from the Old Persian past participle.
Conversation Starters
دیروز چه کار کردی؟
آخر هفته کجا رفتی؟
اولین باری که به ایران آمدی چه حسی داشتی؟
در دوران کودکی چه بازیهایی انجام دادی؟
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Man film rā ____. (I watched the movie)
Choose the right option:
Find and fix the mistake:
Mā ghazā khord.
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesمن به خانه ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
او نرفتم.
من غذا ___.
دیروز / رفتم / من / بازار
They arrived.
Match: Man, To, Ma
Infinitive: 'Khandan'
ما فیلم ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesShomā be Tehrān ____.
They read the book. (to read = khāndan, book = ketāb)
kharidam / man / nān
Match them:
To ketāb khāndam.
Choose the negative form:
Man emruz dars ____.
We ate.
didid / shomā / rā / film
Past stem of neveshtan:
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
Remove the '-an' from the infinitive verb. For example, 'raftan' becomes 'raft'.
Yes, the endings are consistent for almost every verb in Persian.
Add 'na-' to the beginning of the verb. 'Raftam' becomes 'naraftam'.
Most Persian verbs are regular in the past tense. Only a few have irregular stems.
No, this is only for past actions.
No, Persian verbs do not change based on the gender of the subject.
Use the same structure as a statement but raise your intonation at the end.
Confusing the past stem with the present stem.
In Other Languages
Pretérito indefinido
Spanish has more irregular stems.
Passé composé
Persian uses suffixes, not auxiliaries.
Präteritum
German has strong/weak verb classes.
Ta-form
Persian conjugates for person.
Madi
Arabic has gendered endings.
Le particle
Persian is inflectional.
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